In 2024, the national debt of India amounted to around 3.16 trillion U.S. dollars. Projections show an upward trend, with a significant increase each year. Honor thy national debtNational debt, also called government debt or public debt, is money owed by the federal government. It can be divided into internal debt, (which is owed to lenders in the country) and external debt (which is owed to foreign lenders). National debt is created and increased by using government bonds, for example, or by borrowing money from other nations due to financial struggles (well-known case in point: Greece). A quite complex issue, national debt is expected to be paid back in accordance with certain regulations overseen by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), a financial organization owned by central banks. India’s debt is rising, but so is its economic growthIndia’s liabilities have increased significantly, and forecasts show no end in sight. While India is a fast-growing economy and considered one of the main emerging economies, the so-called BRIC countries, India has been investing and borrowing money from commercial banks as well as several non-banking finance companies, and its national debt today makes up almost 70 percent of its GDP. Luckily, even though the national debt is forecast to increase, this share of GDP is predicted to decrease, as is the trade deficit in the long run, despite a significant jump back into the red in 2017.

The statistic shows the national debt in India from 2020 to 2023 in relation to gross domestic product (GDP), with projections up until 2030. In 2023, the national debt of India amounted to about 81.23 percent of the gross domestic product. India’s economy on the rise India is one of the most populous countries in the world, and although a large share of inhabitants are living below the poverty line – or probably due to this fact –, the country’s economy is growing steadily. India’s GDP growth is expected to remain steady at more than 7 percent for the next few years, which is almost double that of the global GDP, and both GDP and GDP per capita are expected to increase significantly. Almost half of India’s workforce is employed in the agricultural sector, but services and industry share the other half quite equally. India’s GDP is mostly generated by the services sector, which includes transport, retailing, and offering services in the hospitality and tourism industry. India’s trade balance has been in the red for a decade now, but seems to recover slowly. A trade deficit usually means that a country’s import costs are higher than the amount of money generated with exporting goods. India’s imports could not be compensated for by the country’s exports, as imports have been consistently, even if only slightly, higher over the years both in terms of volume and value. Still, all signs point to India’s economy growing and thriving, reducing India’s debt (as seen above) and unemployment rate, enabling the inhabitants to create a better life for themselves.

In 2024, the national debt of India amounted to around 3.16 trillion U.S. dollars. Projections show an upward trend, with a significant increase each year. Honor thy national debtNational debt, also called government debt or public debt, is money owed by the federal government. It can be divided into internal debt, (which is owed to lenders in the country) and external debt (which is owed to foreign lenders). National debt is created and increased by using government bonds, for example, or by borrowing money from other nations due to financial struggles (well-known case in point: Greece). A quite complex issue, national debt is expected to be paid back in accordance with certain regulations overseen by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), a financial organization owned by central banks. India’s debt is rising, but so is its economic growthIndia’s liabilities have increased significantly, and forecasts show no end in sight. While India is a fast-growing economy and considered one of the main emerging economies, the so-called BRIC countries, India has been investing and borrowing money from commercial banks as well as several non-banking finance companies, and its national debt today makes up almost 70 percent of its GDP. Luckily, even though the national debt is forecast to increase, this share of GDP is predicted to decrease, as is the trade deficit in the long run, despite a significant jump back into the red in 2017.

Key information about India National Government Debt

• India National Government Debt reached 2,144.6 USD bn in Sep 2024, compared with 2,113.5 USD bn in the previous quarter.
• India National Government Debt data is updated quarterly, available from Dec 1998 to Sep 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 2,144.6 USD bn in Sep 2024 and a record low of 232.8 USD bn in Dec 1998.

CEIC converts quarterly Government Debt into USD. The Ministry of Finance provides Government Debt in local currency. The Federal Reserve Board period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Government Debt covers Central Government only.


Related information about India National Government Debt

• In the latest reports, India Consolidated Fiscal Balance recorded a deficit equal to 4.6 % of its Nominal GDP in Sep 2024.
• The country's Government debt accounted for 58.3 % of its Nominal GDP in Sep 2024.
• India Nominal GDP reached 873.7 USD bn in Mar 2023.

The statistic shows the 20 countries with the lowest national debt in 2024 in relation to the gross domestic product (GDP). The data refer to the debts of the entire state, including the central government, the provinces, municipalities, local authorities and social insurance. In 2024, Russia's estimated level of national debt reached about 20.3 percent of the GDP, ranking 16th of the countries with the lowest national debt. National debt and GDP The debt-to-GDP ratio is an indicator of a country’s ability to produce and sell goods in order to pay back any present debts, however these countries should not retain newer debts in the process. Many economists believe that if a country is able to produce more without impairing its own economical growth, it can be considered more stable, particularly for the future. However, the listed countries, with the exception of Russia and Saudi Arabia, are not necessarily economic first-world powers. Additionally, economically powerful countries such as the United States and France maintain one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios, signifying that occurring debt does not necessarily damage the state of the economy and is sometimes necessary in order to help develop it. Saudi Arabia has maintained one of the lowest debt-to-GDP ratios due to its high export rates, which primarily consist of petroleum and petroleum goods. Given the significance of oil in today’s world, Saudi Arabia produces enough oil and earns enough revenue to maintain a high GDP and additionally refrain from incurring debt.

As of December 2024, Japan held United States treasury securities totaling about 1.06 trillion U.S. dollars. Foreign holders of United States treasury debt According to the Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of the Treasury, foreign countries held a total of 8.5 trillion U.S. dollars in U.S. treasury securities as of December 2024. Of the total held by foreign countries, Japan and Mainland China held the greatest portions, with China holding 759 billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. The U.S. public debt In 2023, the United States had a total public national debt of 33.2 trillion U.S. dollars, an amount that has been rising steadily, particularly since 2008. In 2023, the total interest expense on debt held by the public of the United States reached 678 billion U.S. dollars, while 197 billion U.S. dollars in interest expense were intra governmental debt holdings. Total outlays of the U.S. government were 6.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. By 2029, spending is projected to reach 8.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

Key information about India Household Debt: % of GDP

• India household debt accounted for 17.1 % of the country's Nominal GDP in Mar 2024, compared with the ratio of 14.9 % in the previous year.
• India household debt to GDP ratio is updated yearly, available from Mar 1998 to Mar 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 17.1 % in Mar 2024 and a record low of 2.2 % in Mar 1999.

CEIC calculates annual Household Debt as % of Nominal GDP from annual Household Debt and annual Nominal GDP. The Reserve Bank of India provides Household Debt in local currency. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation provides Nominal GDP in local currency based on SNA 2008, at 2011-2012 prices. Loans are used due to the lack of Flow of Funds statistics. Household Debt includes Consumer Durables, Housing and Rest of Personal Loans. Household Debt as % of Nominal GDP is in annual frequency, ending in March of each year.


Related information about India Household Debt: % of GDP

• In the latest reports, India Household Debt reached 617.3 USD bn in Mar 2024.
• Money Supply M2 in India increased 7.9 % YoY in Nov 2024.
• India Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 547.5 USD bn in Dec 2024.
• The Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 9.2 Months of Import in May 2023.
• India Domestic Credit reached 3,168.1 USD bn in Dec 2024, representing an increased of 11.1 % YoY.
• The country's Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 2.8 % in Mar 2024, compared with the ratio of 3.9 % in the previous year.

Consumer spending across India amounted to 27.2 trillion rupees by the end of the first quarter of 2025. It reached an all-time high during the fourth quarter of 2024, with a value of 28.4 trillion rupees. What is consumer spending? Consumer spending refers to the total money spent on final goods and services by individuals and households in an economy. It is an important metric that directly impacts the GDP of a country. Items that qualify as consumer spending include durable and nondurable goods and services. Various factors such as debt held by consumers, wages, supply and demand, taxes, and government-based economic stimulus can impact consumer spending in a country. Positive consumer outlook in India India’s consumer spending reflects a positive outlook with renewed consumer confidence post-COVID. Its consumer market is set to become one of the largest in the world as the number of middle- to high-income households rises with increasing amounts of disposable incomes. The country’s young demographic is also considered a driving force for increased consumer spending.

Key information about India Household Debt

• India Household Debt reached 617.3 USD bn in Mar 2024, compared with the reported number of 486.7 USD bn in the previous year
• India Household Debt: USD mn data is updated yearly, available from Mar 1998 to Mar 2024
• The data reached an all-time high of 617.3 USD bn in Mar 2024 and a record low of 8.8 USD bn in Mar 1998

CEIC converts annual Household Debt into USD. The Reserve Bank of India provides Household Debt in local currency. The Federal Reserve Board period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Loans are used due to the lack of Flow of Funds statistics. Household Debt includes Consumer Durables, Housing and Rest of Personal Loans. Household Debt is in annual frequency, ending in March of each year.


Further information about India Household Debt

• In the latest reports, India Household Debt accounted for 17.4 % of the country's Nominal GDP in Mar 2024
• Money Supply M2 in India increased 760.6 USD bn YoY in Apr 2024
• India Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 572.6 USD bn in May 2024
• The Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 9.2 Months of Import in May 2023
• India Domestic Credit reached 3,045.9 USD bn in Apr 2024, representing an increased of 11.1 % YoY

Key information about Bangladesh External Debt

• Bangladesh External Debt reached 103.8 USD bn in Jun 2024, compared with 99.3 USD bn in the previous quarter.
• Bangladesh External Debt: USD mn data is updated quarterly, available from Sep 2011 to Jun 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 103.8 USD bn in Jun 2024 and a record low of 22.1 USD bn in Mar 2012.

The World Bank provides External Deb in USD.


Related information about Bangladesh External Debt

• In the latest reports of Bangladesh, Current Account recorded a deficit of 522.2 USD mn in Jun 2024.
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) increased by 949.0 USD mn in Jun 2024.
• Bangladesh Direct Investment Abroad remained the same 0.0 USD mn in Jun 2024.
• Its Foreign Portfolio Investment fell by 85.9 USD mn in Jun 2024.
• The country's Nominal GDP was reported at 460.2 USD bn in Jun 2022.

Key information about India Non Performing Loans Ratio

• India Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 2.8 % in Mar 2024, compared with the ratio of 3.9 % in the previous year
• India Non Performing Loans Ratio data is updated yearly, available from Mar 1998 to Mar 2024
• The data reached an all-time high of 14.7 % in Mar 1999 and a record low of 2.3 % in Mar 2011

Reserve Bank of India provides annual Non Performing Loans Ratio. Non Performing Loans are defined as loans overdue for more than 90 days.


Further information about India Non Performing Loans Ratio

• In the latest reports, Money Supply M2 in India increased 8.6 % YoY in Sep 2024
• India Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 589.8 USD bn in Oct 2024
• The Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 9.2 Months of Import in May 2023
• The country's Domestic Credit reached 3,162.1 USD bn in Oct 2024, representing an increased of 10.9 % YoY
• Household Debt of India reached 617.3 USD bn in Mar 2024, accounting for 17.4 % of the country's Nominal GDP

Key information about India Domestic Credit Growth

• India Domestic Credit increased 11.1 % YoY in Dec 2024, compared with an increase of 11.5 % YoY in the previous month
• India Domestic Credit Growth YoY data is updated monthly
• It averaged 13.6 %, available from Mar 2000 to Dec 2024
• The data reached an all-time high of 27.1 % in Jul 2009 and a record low of 5.4 % in May 2021

CEIC calculates Domestic Credit Growth from monthly Domestic Credit. The Reserve Bank of India provides Domestic Credit in local currency.


Further information about India Domestic Credit Growth

• In the latest reports, India Domestic Credit reached 3,168.1 USD bn in Dec 2024
• Money Supply M2 in India increased to 765.5 USD bn YoY in Nov 2024
• India Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 547.5 USD bn in Dec 2024
• The Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 9.2 Months of Import in May 2023
• The country's Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 2.8 % in Mar 2024, compared with the ratio of 3.9 % in the previous year
• Household Debt of India reached 17.4 % in Mar 2024, accounting for 17.4 % of the country's Nominal GDP

Key information about Pakistan Total Loans

• Pakistan Total Loans was reported at 51.850 USD bn in Jan 2025
• This records a decrease from the previous number of 56.027 USD bn for Dec 2024
• Pakistan Total Loans data is updated monthly, averaging 42.223 USD bn from Sep 2007 to Jan 2025, with 209 observations
• The data reached an all-time high of 60.190 USD bn in May 2018 and a record low of 34.697 USD bn in Aug 2013
• Pakistan Total Loans data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data
• The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Total Loans: USD: Monthly

CEIC converts monthly Total Loans into USD. The State Bank of Pakistan provides Total Loans in local currency. The State Bank of Pakistan period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Total Loans cover lenders as Scheduled Banks. Total Loans cover debtors as Resident only.

Key information about India Foreign Exchange Reserves

• India Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 537.7 USD bn in Jan 2025, compared with 547.5 USD bn in the previous month
• India Foreign Exchange Reserves: USD mn data is updated monthly, available from Apr 1989 to Jan 2025
• The data reached an all-time high of 617.1 USD bn in Sep 2024 and a record low of 1.1 USD bn in Jun 1991

The Reserve Bank of India provides monthly Foreign Exchange Reserves in USD.


Further information about India Foreign Exchange Reserves

• In the latest reports, India Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 9.2 Months of Import in May 2023.
• Its Money Supply M2 increased 765.5 USD bn YoY in Nov 2024.
• India Domestic Credit reached 3,168.1 USD bn in Dec 2024, representing an increased of 11.1 % YoY.
• The country's Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 2.8 % in Mar 2024, compared with the ratio of 3.9 % in the previous year.
• Household Debt of India reached 17.1 % in Mar 2024, accounting for 17.1 % of the country's Nominal GDP.

Key information about Bangladesh Total Loans

• Bangladesh Total Loans was reported at 181.418 USD bn in Dec 2024
• This records an increase from the previous number of 179.634 USD bn for Nov 2024
• Bangladesh Total Loans data is updated monthly, averaging 33.304 USD bn from Jun 1991 to Dec 2024, with 402 observations
• The data reached an all-time high of 192.818 USD bn in Apr 2022 and a record low of 6.240 USD bn in Nov 1991
• Bangladesh Total Loans data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data
• The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Total Loans: USD: Monthly

CEIC converts monthly Total Loans into USD. Bangladesh Bank provides Total Loans in local currency. Bangladesh Bank period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Total Loans cover lenders as Deposit Money Banks.