On average, about ** percent of all rural households surveyed across India reported being in debt in 2022. This share was higher in agricultural households during the survey period. The incidence of indebtedness increased from 2017 to 2022.

Key information about India Household Debt: % of GDP

• India household debt accounted for 17.1 % of the country's Nominal GDP in Mar 2024, compared with the ratio of 14.9 % in the previous year.
• India household debt to GDP ratio is updated yearly, available from Mar 1998 to Mar 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 17.1 % in Mar 2024 and a record low of 2.2 % in Mar 1999.

CEIC calculates annual Household Debt as % of Nominal GDP from annual Household Debt and annual Nominal GDP. The Reserve Bank of India provides Household Debt in local currency. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation provides Nominal GDP in local currency based on SNA 2008, at 2011-2012 prices. Loans are used due to the lack of Flow of Funds statistics. Household Debt includes Consumer Durables, Housing and Rest of Personal Loans. Household Debt as % of Nominal GDP is in annual frequency, ending in March of each year.


Related information about India Household Debt: % of GDP

• In the latest reports, India Household Debt reached 617.3 USD bn in Mar 2024.
• Money Supply M2 in India increased 7.9 % YoY in Nov 2024.
• India Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 547.5 USD bn in Dec 2024.
• The Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 9.2 Months of Import in May 2023.
• India Domestic Credit reached 3,168.1 USD bn in Dec 2024, representing an increased of 11.1 % YoY.
• The country's Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 2.8 % in Mar 2024, compared with the ratio of 3.9 % in the previous year.

In 2024, the national debt of India amounted to around 3.16 trillion U.S. dollars. Projections show an upward trend, with a significant increase each year. Honor thy national debtNational debt, also called government debt or public debt, is money owed by the federal government. It can be divided into internal debt, (which is owed to lenders in the country) and external debt (which is owed to foreign lenders). National debt is created and increased by using government bonds, for example, or by borrowing money from other nations due to financial struggles (well-known case in point: Greece). A quite complex issue, national debt is expected to be paid back in accordance with certain regulations overseen by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), a financial organization owned by central banks. India’s debt is rising, but so is its economic growthIndia’s liabilities have increased significantly, and forecasts show no end in sight. While India is a fast-growing economy and considered one of the main emerging economies, the so-called BRIC countries, India has been investing and borrowing money from commercial banks as well as several non-banking finance companies, and its national debt today makes up almost 70 percent of its GDP. Luckily, even though the national debt is forecast to increase, this share of GDP is predicted to decrease, as is the trade deficit in the long run, despite a significant jump back into the red in 2017.

Abstract

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) conducted, for the first time during November 1951 to August 1952, the “All India Rural Credit Survey” in 75 selected districts spread all over the country. The main objective of this survey was to study two aspects, viz.,(i) the demand for credit from rural families and (ii) the supply of credit by credit agencies -both institutional and non-institutional. The data were collected mainly for formulating the banking policies. The design of the survey was not suitable for providing estimates of indebtedness at the state and national level. The second such survey on rural “Debt and Investment” was conducted by the RBI in the year 1961-62 for obtaining reliable estimates of debt, borrowing, capital formation etc. The third comprehensive enquiry in this series of decennial surveys was entrusted by the RBI to the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) and was conducted along with the survey on “Land Holding” during the year 1971-72, as a part of the NSSO programme in its 26th round survey operation. The fourth such survey was conducted in the 37th round (January to December 1982) along with Land Holdings as per the ten years programme charted by the Governing Council. The fifth such survey “All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS)” was conducted along with “Land and Livestock Holdings” in the 48th round (January to December, 1992).

In the 59th round (January to December, 2003) also, “All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS)” will be carried out along with “Land and Livestock Holdings”. The objectives of the AIDIS remain the same as those of the earlier surveys, namely, to obtain quantitative information on the stock of assets, incidence of indebtedness, capital formation and other indicators or rural/urban economy which will be of value in developing the credit structure in particular, and also for obtaining other allied information required in the field of planning and development. Further, since the survey will be of the kind of a repeat survey of that of the NSS 48th round, it is considered necessary to plan the survey in such a way as to ensure, as far as practicable, comparability with the estimates of the various characteristics generated from the earlier rounds.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Leh (Ladakh) and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (iii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.

Analysis unit

Household

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design

Outline of sample design: A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 59th round survey. The first stage unit (FSU) is the census village in the rural sector and UFS block in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USUs) will be households in both the sectors. Hamlet-group / sub-block will constitute the intermediate stage if these are formed in the selected area.

Sampling Frame for First Stage Units: For rural areas, the list of villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) as per Population Census 1991 and for urban areas the latest UFS frame, will be used as sampling frame. For stratification of towns by size class, provisional population of towns as per Census 2001 will be used.

Stratification

Rural sector: Two special strata will be formed at the State/ UT level, viz.

• Stratum 1: all FSUs with population between 0 to 50 and
• Stratum 2: FSUs with population more than 15,000.

Special stratum 1 will be formed if at least 50 such FSU's are found in a State/UT. Similarly, special stratum 2 will be formed if at least 4 such FSUs are found in a State/UT. Otherwise, such FSUs will be merged with the general strata.

From FSUs other than those covered under special strata 1 & 2, general strata will be formed and its numbering will start from 3. Each district of a State/UT will be normally treated as a separate stratum. However, if the census rural population of the district is greater than or equal to 2 million as per population census 1991 or 2.5 million as per population census 2001, the district will be split into two or more strata, by grouping contiguous tehsils to form strata. However, in Gujarat, some districts are not wholly included in an NSS region. In such cases, the part of the district falling in an NSS region will constitute a separate stratum.

Urban sector: In the urban sector, strata will be formed within each NSS region on the basis of size class of towns as per Population Census 2001. The stratum numbers and their composition (within each region) are given below. - stratum 1: all towns with population less than 50,000 - stratum 2: all towns with population 50,000 or more but less than 2 lakhs - stratum 3: all towns with population 2 lakhs or more but less than 10 lakhs - stratum 4, 5, 6, ...: each city with population 10 lakhs or more The stratum numbers will remain as above even if, in some regions, some of the strata are not formed.

Total sample size (FSUs): 10736 FSUs have been allocated at all-India level on the basis of investigator strength in different States/UTs for central sample and 11624 for state sample.

Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total number of sample FSUs is allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 subject to the availability of investigators ensuring more or less uniform work-load.

Allocation of State/UT level sample to rural and urban sectors: State/UT level sample is allocated between two sectors in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 with 1.5 weightage to urban sector subject to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. should not exceed the rural sample size. Earlier practice of giving double weightage to urban sector has been modified considering the fact that two main topics (sch. 18.1 and sch 33) are rural based and there has been considerable growth in urban population. More samples have been allocated to rural sector of Meghalaya state sample at the request of the DES, Meghalaya. The sample sizes by sector and State/UT are given in Table 1 at the end of this Chapter.

Allocation to strata: Within each sector of a State/UT, the respective sample size will be allocated to the different strata in proportion to the stratum population as per census 2001. Allocations at stratum level will be adjusted to a multiple of 2 with a minimum sample size of 2. However, attempt will be made to allocate a multiple of 4 FSUs to a stratum as far as possible. Selection of FSUs: FSUs will be selected with Probability Proportional to Size with replacement (PPSWR), size being the population as per population census 1991 in all the strata for rural sector except for stratum 1. In stratum 1 of rural sector and in all the strata of urban sector, selection will be done using Simple Random Sampling without replacement (SRSWOR). Samples will be drawn in the form of two independent sub-samples. Note: Detail sampling procedure is provided as external resource.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Schedule 18.2 (Debt and Investment) consists of the following blocks:

Block 0- Descriptive identification of sample household: This block is meant for recording descriptive identification particulars of the sample household and the sample village/block to which the sample household belongs.

Block 1- Identification of sample household: The identification particulars of the sample household are to be recorded against items 1, 5 to 15.

Block 2- Particulars of field operation: The identity of the Investigator, Assistant Superintendent and Superintendent associated, date of survey/inspection/scrutiny of schedules, despatch, etc., will be recorded in this block against the appropriate items in the relevant columns.

Block 3- Household characteristics: Certain household characteristics, such as, household size, household type, religion, social-group, household industry, household occupation, consumer expenditure, and operation of land etc., which are intended to be used mainly as classificatory characteristics in tabulation will be recorded in this block. This block will be filled-in in visit 1 only.

Block 4- Demographic and other particulars of household members: All members of the sample household will be listed in this block. Demographic particulars viz. Relation to head, age, sex, marital status, general education and usual activity particulars with industry of work will be recorded for each member, using one line for each.

Block 5- Land owned by the household as on date of survey and related transactions during 1.7.02 to date of survey: This block will be filled in only during the first visit to the sample household. This block is meant for recording area and value of each type of land, including the house site and other residential areas, owned by the sample household on the date of survey and also the acquisition and disposal of land during the period 1.7.02 to date of survey. With the help of these data, the area and value of land owned by the household as on 30.6.02 will be derived.

Block 6- Buildings and other constructions owned by the household on the date of survey and related transactions during 1.7.02 to date of survey: This block will be filled in only during the first visit to the sample household. This block is meant for recording approximate floor area (sq mts 0.00) and value (Rs) of all owned buildings and constructions on the date of survey and also the value of acquisition and disposal of these

Abstract

The All-India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) was carried out as part of the 48th Round of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) during January to December 1992. This was the fifth such survey conducted at the all-India level. At present, the decenially conducted AIDIS is the only nation-wide enquiry providing data on household assets, indebtedness and capital expenditure.

Objective: The main objective of the AIDIS is to generate reliable estimates on assets, liabilities and capital expenditure of the household sector. The survey provides the details of household liabilities required for the formulation of credit policy of financial institutions and planning for development.

Geographic coverage

State and all-India level in rural and urban sectors.

The 48th Round was planned to cover the whole of Indian Union except (i) Ladakh and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) 768 interior villages of Nagaland (out of a total of 1119 villages ) located beyond 5 kms. of a bus route, (iii) 172 villages in Andaman & Nicobar Islands (out of a total of 520 villages) which are inaccessible throughout the year. However, the survey could not be conducted in certain districts of Jammu & Kashmir viz. Anantnag, Pulwana, Srinagar, Badgam, Baramula and Kupwara, and the district of Amritsar in Punjab due to unfavourable field conditions.

Analysis unit

Household

Universe

Households (self employed and others) in state and all-India level in rural and urban sectors.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design A stratified two-stage sampling design was adopted for the survey with the first stage units as census villages for rural areas and the Urban Frame Survey blocks for urban areas. Households formed the second statge units in both rural and urban areas.

Sampling frame for first stage units(FSU's): In the rural sector, the sampling frame in most of the strata was the 1981 census list of villages. However, in Assam, where the 1981 census was not undertaken, and in a few districts of other states, where the available list as per 1981 census was incomplete, the 1971 census list of villages was used. In the urban sector, the sampling frames used in most cases were the lists of NSS Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks. However, the 1991 census house listing enumeration blocks were considered as the sampling units for some of the new towns declared as urban areas in the 1991 population census.

Stratification: Each state/union territory (u.t.) was divided into one or more agro-economic regions by grouping contiguous districts which are similar with respect to population density and crop pattern. In Gujarat, however, some districts were subdivided for the purpose of region formation on the basis of location of dry areas and the distribution of tribal population in the state. The total number of regions formed in the India as whole was 78.

In the rural sector, within each region, each district with a rural population of less than 1.8 million according to the 1981 census formed a single basic stratum. Districts with larger population were divided into two or more strata, depending on population, by grouping contiguous tehsils, similar as far as possible in respect of rural population density and crop pattern. In Gujarat, however, in the case of districts extending over more than one region, the portion of a district falling in each region constituted a separate stratum even if the rural population of the district as a whole was less than 1.8 million. Further, in Assam, the strata formed for the earlier NSS rounds on the basis of 1971 census rural population exactly in the above manner, but with a cut-off of 1.5 million population, were retained as the strata for rural sampling.

In the urban sector, strata were formed, again within NSS regions, on the basis of 1981 (1991 in some of the new towns) census population of towns. Each city with a population 10 lakhs or more formed a separate stratum by itself. The remaining towns of each region were grouped to form three different strata on the basis of 1981 (1991 in a few cases) census population.

Allocation of sample: A total all-India sample of 6,812 first stage units (4,328 villages and 2,484 urban blocks) - determined on the basis of investigator strength in different states/u.t.'s and the expected workload per investigator - was initially allocated to the states/u.t's in proportion to central field staff available. The sample thus obtained for each state/u.t. was then allocated to its rural and urban sectors considering the relative sizes of the rural and urban population with almost double weightage being given for the urban sector. Within each sector of state/u.t., the allotted sample size was re-allocated to the different strata in proportion to the stratum population. All allocations were adjusted so that the sample size for a stratum was at least a multiple of 4 for the rural and urban sectors separately. This was done to accomplish equal sized samples in each sub-sample and sub-round. The only exception was Daman & Diu for which the first stage rural sample comprised 2 villages only.

Selection of first stage units: The selection of sample villages was PPS (with replacement) with population as the size variable, in the form of two independent subsamples. The sample blocks were selected by simple random sampling without replacement, also in the form of two independent subsamples.

Selection of hamlet-groups/sub-blocks: Large villages and blocks were divided into a suitable number of hamlet-groups and sub-blocks, respectively, having more or less equal population content. Two hamlet-groups were then selected from large villages, whereas only one sub-block was selected from the large blocks. The hamlet-groups were selected circular systematically and the sub-block with equal probability.

Selection of households: Two different procedures of selection of households were used for the rural and urban sectors. Different procedures for the two sectors were necessary, since in the rural sector schedules of enquiry for LHS survey and Debt & Investment survey were required to be canvassed in two separate sets of sample households, while in the urban sector, both the schedules were to be canvassed in the same set of sample households.

In the rural sector, nine households were selected from each sample village/selected hamlet groups. For selecting a sample of nine households, each sample village/hamlet group was sub-divided into 7 AIDIS sub-strata on the joint consideration of “land possessed” and “indebtedness status” of the households; first, all the households of the sample village/selected hamlet groups were divided into four LHS sub-strata by area of land possessed by them. Households possessing either no land or land less than 0.005 acre were grouped in substratum 1. The rest of the households were then arranged in ascending order by area of land possessed and classified into three substrata, 2, 3 and 4, such that the total area of land possessed by the households in each of the 3 sub-strata was nearly the same. Each of the LHS sub-strata 1 and 2 was further divided into “indebted” and “not indebted” groups to form AIDIS sub-stratum 1 to 4. AIDIS sub-strata 5 to 7 are formed by first merging LHS substrata numbers 3 and 4 and then sub-divided by the merged group into 3 classes, viz., (a) indebted to institutional agencies with or without being indebted to non-institutional agencies ( b) indebted to non-institutional agencies alone and (c) not indebted. Independent sample of size 1,1,1,2,1,1&2 were selected circular systematically from the AIDIS sub-strata 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 respectively

In the urban sector, a sample of 9 households was selected from each sample urban block/sub-block. The households of a sample block/sub -block were classified into 7 AIDIS sub-strata, considering the monthly per capita consumption expenditure (mpce) and indebtedness status of the households. For this, the households were first grouped in three mpce classes, viz., less than A, A to B and B & above. The cut-off points A and B were determined at the state-level on the basis of mpce obtained from the survey on consumer expenditure, NSS 43rd Round, such that the mpce classes, below A, A to B, and B and above, respectively constituted 30 p.c, 60 p.c, and 10 p.c. of the urban population of the state. These mpce classes were further sub-divided by indebtedness status of the households to form 7 AIDIS sub strata. Independent samples were selected circular systematically from each of the sub-stratum. The number of households was selected from sub-strata 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2 & 1.

Sample size: In all, the survey covered 57,031 households spread over 6,650 sample villages/blocks.

Sampling deviation

There have been no deviations from sample design.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The data for this survey is collected in the NSS Schedule 18.2 used for debt & investment. For this round, the schedule had the following blocks:

BLOCK 0 : DESCRIPTIVE IDENTIFICATION OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLD: This block is meant for recording descriptive identification Particulars of the sample household and the sample items in this block are self-explanatory.

BLOCK 1 : IDENTIFICATION PARTICULARS OF SAMPLE VILLAGE/BLOCK

BLOCK 2 : PARTICULARS OF FIELD OPERATION

BLOCK 3 : REMARKS BY INVETIGATOR

BLOCK 4 : REMARKS BY SUPERVISORY OFFICER

BLOCK 5 : HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS : Certain household characteristics, such as, household size, social - group, household type, household industry -

Abstract

The main objective of the All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) is to generate reliable estimates on assets, liabilities and capital expenditure of the household sector. The survey provides the details of household liabilities required for the formulation of credit policy of financial institutions and planning for development.

The required information was collected from the same set of sample households in two visits to each sample. The information to be collected in the second visit to the household was considerably less than that collected in the first visit. In view of this uneven work-load in the two visits, it was decided to extend the survey period of the first visit to eight months - from January to August 1992 - and to reduce the survey period of the second visit to four months - from September to December 1992. As a result, the households which have been visited in the first two months of the first visit were revisited in the first month of the second visit and so on. To reduce the fatigue of the respondent, it was decided that unlike in the 37th round, the sample households in this round would be selected separately for schedules 18.1 and 18.2 in the rural sector. Since the land and livestock holdings were likely to be small in most cases, it was decided to survey the same set of sample households both for schedules 18.1 and 18.2 in the urban sector.

The position in regard to the assets and liabilities of the sample households was required to be collected with reference to a fixed date, namely, as on the 30th June1991. There was a time lag between the reference date and the survey date in the first visit varying from household to household within the range of maximum period of 14 months. To derive the above, therefore, it was decided to collect information on assets and liabilities as on the date of survey and the transactions relating to the said assets and liabilities carried out during the period intervening the date of reference and the date of survey.

Broadly, the following information has been collected in this round of survey:- (i) the asset and the liability position of the households

(ii) the amount of capital expenditure on (a) residential plots, houses or buildings, (b) farm business and (c) non-farm business, incurred by the household during the reference period of agricultural year 1991-22.

(iii) acquisition, disposal and loss of assets during July 1991 to June 1992.The assets owned by the households have been classified into three categories, namely, (a) physical assets contributing to capital formation (b) financial assets and (c) durable household assets. Besides collection of information for deriving the asset and liability position of the households as on 30.6.91, provisions have also been made to collect data on the transactions of physical, financial and household durable assets and also on the cash borrowings and repayments made during the agricultural year 1991-92.

Geographic coverage

The 48th Round was planned to cover the whole of Indian Union except

(i) Ladakh and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) 768 interior villages of Nagaland (out of a total of 1119 villages ) located beyond 5 kms. of a bus route, (iii) 172 villages in Andaman & Nicobar Islands (out of a total of 520 villages) which are inaccessible throughout the year. However, the survey could not be conducted in certain districts of Jammu & Kashmir viz. Anantnag, Pulwana, Srinagar, Badgam, Baramula and Kupwara, and the district of Amritsar in Punjab due to unfavourable field conditions.

Analysis unit

Randomly selected households based on sampling procedure and members of the household

Universe

The survey used the interview method of data collection from a sample of randomly selected households and members of the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design A stratified two-stage sampling design was adopted for the survey with the first stage units as census villages for rural areas and the Urban Frame Survey blocks for urban areas. Households formed the second statge units in both rural and urban areas.

Sampling frame for first stage units(FSU's): In the rural sector, the sampling frame in most of the strata was the 1981 census list of villages. However, in Assam, where the 1981 census was not undertaken, and in a few districts of other states, where the available list as per 1981 census was incomplete, the 1971 census list of villages was used. In the urban sector, the sampling frames used in most cases were the lists of NSS Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks. However, the 1991 census house listing enumeration blocks were considered as the sampling units for some of the new towns declared as urban areas in the 1991 population census.

Stratification: Each state/union territory (u.t.) was divided into one or more agro-economic regions by grouping contiguous districts which are similar with respect to population density and crop pattern. In Gujarat, however, some districts were subdivided for the purpose of region formation on the basis of location of dry areas and the distribution of tribal population in the state. The total number of regions formed in the India as whole was 78.

In the rural sector, within each region, each district with a rural population of less than 1.8 million according to the 1981 census formed a single basic stratum. Districts with larger population were divided into two or more strata, depending on population, by grouping contiguous tehsils, similar as far as possible in respect of rural population density and crop pattern. In Gujarat, however, in the case of districts extending over more than one region, the portion of a district falling in each region constituted a separate stratum even if the rural population of the district as a whole was less than 1.8 million. Further, in Assam, the strata formed for the earlier NSS rounds on the basis of 1971 census rural population exactly in the above manner, but with a cut-off of 1.5 million population, were retained as the strata for rural sampling.

In the urban sector, strata were formed, again within NSS regions, on the basis of 1981 (1991 in some of the new towns) census population of towns. Each city with a population 10 lakhs or more formed a separate stratum by itself. The remaining towns of each region were grouped to form three different strata on the basis of 1981 (1991 in a few cases) census population.

Allocation of sample: A total all-India sample of 6,812 first stage units (4,328 villages and 2,484 urban blocks) - determined on the basis of investigator strength in different states/u.t.'s and the expected workload per investigator - was initially allocated to the states/u.t's in proportion to central field staff available. The sample thus obtained for each state/u.t. was then allocated to its rural and urban sectors considering the relative sizes of the rural and urban population with almost double weightage being given for the urban sector. Within each sector of state/u.t., the allotted sample size was re-allocated to the different strata in proportion to the stratum population. All allocations were adjusted so that the sample size for a stratum was at least a multiple of 4 for the rural and urban sectors separately. This was done to accomplish equal sized samples in each sub-sample and sub-round. The only exception was Daman & Diu for which the first stage rural sample comprised 2 villages only.

Selection of first stage units: The selection of sample villages was PPS (with replacement) with population as the size variable, in the form of two independent subsamples. The sample blocks were selected by simple random sampling without replacement, also in the form of two independent subsamples.

Selection of hamlet-groups/sub-blocks: Large villages and blocks were divided into a suitable number of hamlet-groups and sub-blocks, respectively, having more or less equal population content. Two hamlet-groups were then selected from large villages, whereas only one sub-block was selected from the large blocks. The hamlet-groups were selected circular systematically and the sub-block with equal probability.

Selection of households: Two different procedures of selection of households were used for the rural and urban sectors. Different procedures for the two sectors were necessary, since in the rural sector schedules of enquiry for LHS survey and Debt & Investment survey were required to be canvassed in two separate sets of sample households, while in the urban sector, both the schedules were to be canvassed in the same set of sample households.

In the rural sector, nine households were selected from each sample village/selected hamlet groups. For selecting a sample of nine households, each sample village/hamlet group was sub-divided into 7 AIDIS sub-strata on the joint consideration of "land possessed" and "indebtedness status" of the households; first, all the households of the sample village/selected hamlet groups were divided into four LHS sub-strata by area of land possessed by them. Households possessing either no land or land less than 0.005 acre were grouped in substratum 1. The rest of the households were then arranged in ascending order by area of land possessed and classified into three substrata, 2, 3 and 4, such that the total area of land possessed by the households in each of the 3 sub-strata was nearly the same. Each of the LHS sub-strata 1 and 2 was further divided into "indebted" and "not indebted" groups to form AIDIS sub-stratum 1 to 4. AIDIS sub-strata 5 to 7 are formed by first merging LHS substrata numbers 3 and 4 and then sub-divided by the merged group into 3 classes, viz., (a) indebted to institutional agencies with or without being

Abstract

The objectives of the debt and investment survey remain the same as those of the earlier surveys, namely, to obtain quantitative information on the stock of assets, incidence of indebtedness, capital formation and other indicators or rural/urban economy which will be of value in developing the credit structure in particular, and also for obtaining other allied information required in the field of planning and development. Further, since the survey will be of the kind of a repeat survey of that of the NSS 59th round, it is considered necessary to plan the survey in such a way as to ensure, as far as practicable, comparability with the estimates of the various characteristics generated from the earlier rounds. The survey period of the 70th round was from January to December 2013. This survey covers the whole of the Indian Union. Each sample FSU is being visited twice during this round in visit 1 and visit 2. Since the workload of the first visit (i.e. visit 1) is more, the first visit continues till the end of July 2013. Thus, period of the first visit is January - July 2013 and that of the second visit (i.e. visit 2) is August - December 2013. Broadly, the following information will be collected in this round from each household: (i) the assets of the household as on 30th June 2012, classified into (a) physical assets and (b) financial assets (ii) the liabilities of the household as on 30th June 2012 in visit 1 and as on 30th June 2013 in visit 2 (iii) the amount of capital expenditure incurred by the household during July 2012 - June 2013 on (a) residential plots, houses or buildings, (b) farm business, and (c) non-farm business.

Geographic coverage

In this round all the States and Union Territories except Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep are participating.

Analysis unit

Randomly selected households based on sampling procedure and members of the household

Universe

The survey used the interview method of data collection from a sample of randomly selected households and members of the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

1. Sample Design

3.1 Outline of sample design: A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 70th round survey. The first stage units (FSU) are the census villages (Panchayat wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USU) are households in both the sectors. In case of large FSUs, one intermediate stage of sampling is the selection of two hamlet-groups (hgs)/ sub-blocks (sbs) from each rural/ urban FSU.

3.2 Sampling Frame for First Stage Units: For the rural sector, the list of 2001 census villages updated by excluding the villages urbanised and including the towns de-urbanised after 2001 census (henceforth the term 'village' would mean Panchayat wards for Kerala) constitutes the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the latest updated list of UFS blocks (2007-12) is considered as the sampling frame.

3.3 Stratification:

(a) Stratum has been formed at district level. Within each district of a State/ UT, generally speaking, two basic strata have been formed: i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district and (ii) urban stratum comprising all the urban areas of the district. However, within the urban areas of a district, if there were one or more towns with population 10 lakhs or more as per population census 2011 in a district, each of them formed a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district was considered as another basic stratum.

(b) However, a special stratum in the rural sector only was formed at State/UT level before district- strata were formed in case of each of the following 20 States/UTs: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. This stratum will comprise all the villages of the State with population less than 50 as per census 2001.

(c) In case of rural sectors of Nagaland one special stratum has been formed within the State consisting of all the interior and inaccessible villages. Similarly, for Andaman & Nicobar Islands, one more special stratum has been formed within the UT consisting of all inaccessible villages. Thus for Andaman & Nicobar Islands, two special strata have been formed at the UT level:

(i) special stratum 1 comprising all the interior and inaccessible villages (ii) special stratum 2 containing all the villages, other than those in special stratum 1, having population less than 50 as per census 2001.

3.4 Sub-stratification:

Rural sector: Different sub-stratifications are done for 'hilly' States and other States. Ten (10) States are considered as hilly States. They are: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.

(a) sub-stratification for hilly States: If 'r' be the sample size allocated for a rural stratum, the number of sub-strata formed was 'r/2'. The villages within a district as per frame have been first arranged in ascending order of population. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and have more or less equal population.

(b) sub-stratification for other States (non-hilly States except Kerala): The villages within a district as per frame were first arranged in ascending order of proportion of irrigated area in the cultivated area of the village. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and have more or less equal cultivated area. The information on irrigated area and cultivated area was obtained from the village directory of census 2001.

(c) sub-stratification for Kerala: Although Kerala is a non-hilly State but because of non-availability of information on irrigation at FSU (Panchayat Ward) level, sub-stratification by proportion of irrigated area was not possible. Hence the procedure for sub-stratification was same as that of hilly States in case of Kerala.

Urban sector: There was no sub-stratification for the strata of million plus cities. For other strata, each district was divided into 2 sub-strata as follows:

 sub-stratum 1: all towns of the district with population less than 50000 as per census 2011 
 sub-stratum 2: remaining non-million plus towns of the district

3.5 Total sample size (FSUs): 8042 FSUs have been allocated for the central sample at all-India level. For the state sample, there are 8998 FSUs allocated for all-India. State wise allocation of sample FSUs is given in Table 1.

3.6 Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total number of sample FSUs have been allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to population as per census 2011 subject to a minimum sample allocation to each State/ UT. While doing so, the resource availability in terms of number of field investigators as well as comparability with previous round of survey on the same subjects has been kept in view.

3.7 Allocation of State/ UT level sample to rural and urban sectors: State/ UT level sample size has been allocated between two sectors in proportion to population as per census 2011 with double weightage to urban sector subject to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. should not exceed the rural sample size. A minimum of 16 FSUs (minimum 8 each for rural and urban sector separately) is allocated to each state/ UT.

3.8 Allocation to strata: Within each sector of a State/ UT, the respective sample size has been allocated to the different strata in proportion to the population as per census 2011. Allocations at stratum level are adjusted to multiples of 2 with a minimum sample size of 2.

For special stratum formed in the rural areas of 20 States/UTs, as discussed in para 3.3 (b), 2 FSUs were allocated to each.

For special stratum 1 in the rural areas of Nagaland and Andaman & Nicobar Islands, 4 and 2 FSUs were allocated respectively.

3.9 Allocation to sub-strata:

3.9.1 Rural: Allocation is 2 for each sub-stratum in rural.

3.9.2 Urban: Stratum allocations have been distributed among the two sub-strata in proportion to the number of FSUs in the sub-strata. Minimum allocation for each sub-stratum is 2.

3.10 Selection of FSUs:

For the rural sector, from each stratum x sub-stratum, required number of sample villages has been selected by Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR).

For the urban sector, FSUs have been selected by using Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR) from each stratum x sub-stratum.

Both rural and urban samples were drawn in the form of two independent sub-samples and equal number of samples has been allocated among the two sub rounds.

3.11 Selection of hamlet-groups/ sub-blocks - important steps

3.11.1 Criterion for hamlet-group/ sub-block formation: After identification of the boundaries of the FSU, it is first determined whether listing is to be done in the whole sample FSU or not. In case the approximate present population of the selected FSU is found to be 1200 or more, it is divided into a suitable number (say, D) of 'hamlet-groups' in the rural sector and 'sub-blocks' in the urban sector by more or less equalising the population as stated below.

approximate present population of the sample FSU no. of hg's/sb's to be formed

less than 1200 (no hamlet-groups/sub-blocks) 1
1200 to 1799 3
1800 to

Abstract

The objectives of the debt and investment survey remain the same as those of the earlier surveys, namely, to obtain quantitative information on the stock of assets, incidence of indebtedness, capital formation and other indicators or rural/urban economy which will be of value in developing the credit structure in particular, and also for obtaining other allied information required in the field of planning and development. Further, since the survey will be of the kind of a repeat survey of that of the NSS 59th round, it is considered necessary to plan the survey in such a way as to ensure, as far as practicable, comparability with the estimates of the various characteristics generated from the earlier rounds. The survey period of the 70th round was from January to December 2013. This survey covers the whole of the Indian Union. Each sample FSU is being visited twice during this round in visit 1 and visit 2. Since the workload of the first visit (i.e. visit 1) is more, the first visit continues till the end of July 2013. Thus, period of the first visit is January - July 2013 and that of the second visit (i.e. visit 2) is August - December 2013. Broadly, the following information will be collected in this round from each household: (i) the assets of the household as on 30th June 2012, classified into (a) physical assets and (b) financial assets (ii) the liabilities of the household as on 30th June 2012 in visit 1 and as on 30th June 2013 in visit 2 (iii) the amount of capital expenditure incurred by the household during July 2012 - June 2013 on (a) residential plots, houses or buildings, (b) farm business, and (c) non-farm business.

Geographic coverage

In this round all the States and Union Territories except Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep are participating.

Analysis unit

Randomly selected households based on sampling procedure and members of the household

Universe

The survey used the interview method of data collection from a sample of randomly selected households and members of the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

1. Sample Design

3.1 Outline of sample design: A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 70th round survey. The first stage units (FSU) are the census villages (Panchayat wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USU) are households in both the sectors. In case of large FSUs, one intermediate stage of sampling is the selection of two hamlet-groups (hgs)/ sub-blocks (sbs) from each rural/ urban FSU.

3.2 Sampling Frame for First Stage Units: For the rural sector, the list of 2001 census villages updated by excluding the villages urbanised and including the towns de-urbanised after 2001 census (henceforth the term 'village' would mean Panchayat wards for Kerala) constitutes the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the latest updated list of UFS blocks (2007-12) is considered as the sampling frame.

3.3 Stratification:

(a) Stratum has been formed at district level. Within each district of a State/ UT, generally speaking, two basic strata have been formed: i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district and (ii) urban stratum comprising all the urban areas of the district. However, within the urban areas of a district, if there were one or more towns with population 10 lakhs or more as per population census 2011 in a district, each of them formed a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district was considered as another basic stratum.

(b) However, a special stratum in the rural sector only was formed at State/UT level before district- strata were formed in case of each of the following 20 States/UTs: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. This stratum will comprise all the villages of the State with population less than 50 as per census 2001.

(c) In case of rural sectors of Nagaland one special stratum has been formed within the State consisting of all the interior and inaccessible villages. Similarly, for Andaman & Nicobar Islands, one more special stratum has been formed within the UT consisting of all inaccessible villages. Thus for Andaman & Nicobar Islands, two special strata have been formed at the UT level:

(i) special stratum 1 comprising all the interior and inaccessible villages (ii) special stratum 2 containing all the villages, other than those in special stratum 1, having population less than 50 as per census 2001.

3.4 Sub-stratification:

Rural sector: Different sub-stratifications are done for 'hilly' States and other States. Ten (10) States are considered as hilly States. They are: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.

(a) sub-stratification for hilly States: If 'r' be the sample size allocated for a rural stratum, the number of sub-strata formed was 'r/2'. The villages within a district as per frame have been first arranged in ascending order of population. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and have more or less equal population.

(b) sub-stratification for other States (non-hilly States except Kerala): The villages within a district as per frame were first arranged in ascending order of proportion of irrigated area in the cultivated area of the village. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and have more or less equal cultivated area. The information on irrigated area and cultivated area was obtained from the village directory of census 2001.

(c) sub-stratification for Kerala: Although Kerala is a non-hilly State but because of non-availability of information on irrigation at FSU (Panchayat Ward) level, sub-stratification by proportion of irrigated area was not possible. Hence the procedure for sub-stratification was same as that of hilly States in case of Kerala.

Urban sector: There was no sub-stratification for the strata of million plus cities. For other strata, each district was divided into 2 sub-strata as follows:

 sub-stratum 1: all towns of the district with population less than 50000 as per census 2011 
 sub-stratum 2: remaining non-million plus towns of the district

3.5 Total sample size (FSUs): 8042 FSUs have been allocated for the central sample at all-India level. For the state sample, there are 8998 FSUs allocated for all-India. State wise allocation of sample FSUs is given in Table 1.

3.6 Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total number of sample FSUs have been allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to population as per census 2011 subject to a minimum sample allocation to each State/ UT. While doing so, the resource availability in terms of number of field investigators as well as comparability with previous round of survey on the same subjects has been kept in view.

3.7 Allocation of State/ UT level sample to rural and urban sectors: State/ UT level sample size has been allocated between two sectors in proportion to population as per census 2011 with double weightage to urban sector subject to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. should not exceed the rural sample size. A minimum of 16 FSUs (minimum 8 each for rural and urban sector separately) is allocated to each state/ UT.

3.8 Allocation to strata: Within each sector of a State/ UT, the respective sample size has been allocated to the different strata in proportion to the population as per census 2011. Allocations at stratum level are adjusted to multiples of 2 with a minimum sample size of 2.

For special stratum formed in the rural areas of 20 States/UTs, as discussed in para 3.3 (b), 2 FSUs were allocated to each.

For special stratum 1 in the rural areas of Nagaland and Andaman & Nicobar Islands, 4 and 2 FSUs were allocated respectively.

3.9 Allocation to sub-strata:

3.9.1 Rural: Allocation is 2 for each sub-stratum in rural.

3.9.2 Urban: Stratum allocations have been distributed among the two sub-strata in proportion to the number of FSUs in the sub-strata. Minimum allocation for each sub-stratum is 2.

3.10 Selection of FSUs:

For the rural sector, from each stratum x sub-stratum, required number of sample villages has been selected by Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR).

For the urban sector, FSUs have been selected by using Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR) from each stratum x sub-stratum.

Both rural and urban samples were drawn in the form of two independent sub-samples and equal number of samples has been allocated among the two sub rounds.

3.11 Selection of hamlet-groups/ sub-blocks - important steps

3.11.1 Criterion for hamlet-group/ sub-block formation: After identification of the boundaries of the FSU, it is first determined whether listing is to be done in the whole sample FSU or not. In case the approximate present population of the selected FSU is found to be 1200 or more, it is divided into a suitable number (say, D) of 'hamlet-groups' in the rural sector and 'sub-blocks' in the urban sector by more or less equalising the population as stated below.

approximate present population of the sample FSU no. of hg's/sb's to be formed

less than 1200 (no hamlet-groups/sub-blocks) 1
1200 to 1799 3
1800 to

Abstract

The survey period of the 59th round was from January to December 2003. The required information has been collected from the same set of sample households in two visits. The information to be collected in the second visit to the household is considerably less than that to be collected in the first visit. In view of this uneven work-load in the two visits, it was decided to keep the survey period of the first visit as eight months - from January to August 2003 - and the survey period of the second visit as four months - from September to December 2003. As a result, the households which were visited in the first two months of the first visit will be revisited in the first month of the second visit and so on.

The position in regards to the assets and liabilities of the sample households is required to be collected with reference to a fixed data, namely, as on the 30th June 2002. There was a time lag between the reference date and the survey date in the first visit varying from household to household ranging from 6 months to a maximum period of 14 months. To derive the above, therefore, it was decided to collect information on assets and liabilities as on the date of survey and the transactions relating to the said assets and liabilities carried out during the period intervening the date of reference and the date of survey.

Broadly, the following information has been collected in this round of survey :-

(i) the asset and the liability position of the households

(ii) the amount of capital expenditure incurred by the household during the reference period of agricultural year 2002-2003 on (a) residential plots, houses or buildings, (b) farm business and (c) non-farm business,

(iii) sale and loss of assets during July 2002 to June 2003.

The assets owned by the households have been classified into three categories, namely,

(a) physical assets contributing to capital formation
(b) financial assets and 
(c) durable household assets.

Besides collection of information for deriving the asset and liability position of the households as on 30.6.2002, provisions have also been made to collect data on the transactions of physical, financial and household durable assets and also on the cash borrowings and repayments made during the agricultural year 2002-2003.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Leh (Ladakh) and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (iii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.

Analysis unit

Randomly selected households based on sampling procedure and members of the household

Universe

The survey used the interview method of data collection from a sample of randomly selected households and members of the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design

Broad design: A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 59th round survey. The first stage unit (FSU) is the census village in the rural sector and UFS block in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USUs) are households in both the sectors. Hamlet-groups / sub-blocks constitute the intermediate stage whenever these are formed in the selected FSU.

Sampling Frame for First Stage Units: For rural areas, the list of villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) as per Population Census 1991 and for urban areas the latest UFS frame have been used as sampling frame. For stratification of towns by size class, provisional population of towns as per Census 2001 have been used.

Stratification

Rural Sector: Two special strata have been formed at the State/ UT level, viz.,

Stratum 1: all FSUs with population between 0 to 50 and Stratum 2: FSUs with population more than 15,000.

Special stratum 1 was formed whenever at least 50 such FSUs were found in a State/UT. Similarly, special stratum 2 was formed if at least 4 such FSUs were found in a State/UT. Otherwise, such FSUs were merged with the general strata.

Urban Sector: In the urban sector, strata have been formed within each NSS region on the basis of size class of towns as per Population Census 2001. The stratum numbers and their composition (within each region) are given below.

stratum 1 : all towns with population less than 50,000 stratum 2 : all towns with population 50,000 or more but less than 2 lakhs
stratum 3 : all towns with population 2 lakhs or more but less than 10 lakhs
stratum 4, 5, 6,... : each city with population 10 lakhs or more

Total Sample Size (FSUs): 10608 FSUs have been allocated at all-India level on the basis of investigator strength in different States/UTs for central sample and 11496 for state sample.

Sampling deviation

There was no deviation from the original sampling design.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Details of the schedule 18.2 NSS round 59

Block 0: Descriptive identification of sample household: This block is meant for recording descriptive identification particulars of the sample household and the sample village/block to which the sample household belongs.
Block 1: Identification of sample household: The identification particulars of the sample household are to be recorded against items 1 to 15.
Block 2: Particulars of field operation Block 3: Household characteristics: Certain household characteristics, such as, household size, household type, religion, social-group, household industry, household occupation, consumer expenditure, and operation of land etc., which are intended to be used mainly as classificatory characteristics in tabulation will be recorded in this block. This block has been filled-in in visit 1 only. Block 4: Demographic and other particulars of household members: All members of the sample household will be listed in this block. Demographic particulars viz. Relation to head, age, sex, marital status, general education and usual activity particulars with industry of work will be recorded for each member, using one line for each.
Block 5: Land owned by the household as on date of survey and related transactions during 1.7.02 to date of survey: This block has been filled in only during the first visit to the sample household. This block is meant for recording area and value of each type of land, including the house site and other residential areas, owned by the sample household on the date of survey and also the acquisition and disposal of land during the period 1.7.02 to date of survey. With the help of these data, the area and value of land owned by the household as on 30.6.02 will be derived. Block 6: Buildings and other constructions owned by the household on the date of survey and related transactions during 1.7.02 to date of survey: This block has been filled in only during the first visit to the sample household. This block is meant for recording approximate floor area (sq mts 0.00) and value (Rs) of all owned buildings and constructions on the date of survey and also the value of acquisition and disposal of these assets during the period 1.7.02 to the date of survey. With the help of these data the stock position as on 30.6.02 will be derived. The items have been grouped under three major heads viz.

residential buildings, buildings used for farm business, buildings used for non-farm business Block 7: Livestock and poultry owned by the household on the date of survey and related transaction during 1.7.02 to date of survey: This block has been filled in only during the first visit to the sample household. The information on number and value of cattle and buffalo owned by the household with break-up by age, sex and use and of other large heads viz elephant, horse etc., sheeps, goats, pigs , rabbits and of poultry birds has been collected in this block along with the data on the transactions during 1.7.02 to the date of survey. Block 8: Agricultural machinery and implements owned by the household on the date of survey and related transactions during 1.7.02 to date of survey: The number and value of agricultural machinery and implements owned by the household on the date of survey and those acquired or disposed of during 1.7.02 to the date of survey has been collected in this block. Block 9: Non-farm business equipments owned by the household and related transactions Block 10: Transport equipments: This block is to be filled in for visit 1 only. In this block, the number and the value of the household's share of all transport equipments owned on the date of survey has been recorded. Block 11: Durable assets owned by the households and related transactions: This block shall be canvassed both for visit -1 and visit- 2. Block 12: Shares and debentures owned by the household and related transactions: This block is to be filled in for visit 1 only. This block is meant for recording the stock of the financial assets in the form of ownership of shares and debentures in the credit or non-credit cooperative societies, commercial banks, financial and non-financial companies, mutual fund including the Unit Trust of India and other similar financial assets as on the date of survey and also their transactions during 1.7.02 to date of survey. Block 13, Financial assets other than shares and debentures: This block is provided for collecting information on financial assets not covered in block 12 above. The financial assets to be considered here are the different types of certificates/securities issued by the government or banks, viz. NSC, Indira Vikas Patra, Kisan Vikas Patra, RBI Bonds or deposits in post office, cooperative

Abstract

The National Sample Survey (NSS), set up by the Government of India in 1950 to collect socio-economic data employing scientific sampling methods, will start its fifty-ninth round from 1st January 2003.

Fifty-ninth round of NSS is earmarked for collection of data on land and livestock holdings, debt and investment and situation assessment for Indian farmers besides that on household consumer expenditure and employment-unemployment. The field operations of the survey will commence on 1st January 2003 and will continue up to 31st December 2003.

Enquiries on land and livestock holdings (LHS) and all-India debt and investment (AIDIS) form the core of the fifty-ninth round programmes. Enquiry on land holdings was first taken up in the NSS 8th round (July '54 - April '55) as part of FAO programme of World Agricultural Census. It was repeated in the 16th and 17th rounds (July '60 - June '61 and September '61 - July '62). The next NSS survey on the subject was in the 26th round (July '71 - September '72). The All India Rural Credit Survey, the forerunner of the 'All India Debt and Investment' survey (AIDIS) was conducted by the RBI for the first time in the year 1951-52, with a view to obtaining information for formulating banking policies regarding rural credit. The survey on rural debt and investment was again conducted by the RBI in the year 1961-62 for obtaining reliable estimates of debt, borrowings, capital formation etc. The next survey on the subject was entrusted to the NSSO by the RBI and was integrated with the survey on land holdings conducted in NSS 26th round. In accordance with the 10-year programme charted by the NSSO, the enquiries on the topics were carried out again in the NSS 37th round (1982) and subsequently in NSS 48th round (1992). The present round is essentially a repetition of the NSS 48th round. However, some changes have been effected in the sample design and the formats of the survey schedules at the suggestion of the Working Group on the subject for obtaining reliable estimates of various characteristics. The situation assessment survey of Indian farmers (SAS) has been taken up for the first time and it will serve as a benchmark database on Indian farmers.

Data to be collected in this round will relate to the fixed period of the agricultural year July 2002 - June 2003. Hence the calendar year of 2003 has been considered to be the most desirable survey period for this enquiry. In order to reduce the recall error, the total information relating to each sample household will be collected in two visits. The first visit (January to August) will broadly cover the Kharif season of the agricultural year 2002 - 2003 and the second (September to December) the corresponding Rabi season.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Leh (Ladakh) and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (iii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.

Analysis unit

Household

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design

Outline of sample design: A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 59th round survey. The first stage unit (FSU) is the census village in the rural sector and UFS block in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USUs) will be households in both the sectors. Hamlet-group / sub-block will constitute the intermediate stage if these are formed in the selected area.

Sampling Frame for First Stage Units: For rural areas, the list of villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) as per Population Census 1991 and for urban areas the latest UFS frame, will be used as sampling frame. For stratification of towns by size class, provisional population of towns as per Census 2001 will be used.

Stratification

Rural sector: Two special strata will be formed at the State/ UT level, viz.

• Stratum 1: all FSUs with population between 0 to 50 and
• Stratum 2: FSUs with population more than 15,000.

Special stratum 1 will be formed if at least 50 such FSU's are found in a State/UT. Similarly, special stratum 2 will be formed if at least 4 such FSUs are found in a State/UT. Otherwise, such FSUs will be merged with the general strata.

From FSUs other than those covered under special strata 1 & 2, general strata will be formed and its numbering will start from 3. Each district of a State/UT will be normally treated as a separate stratum. However, if the census rural population of the district is greater than or equal to 2 million as per population census 1991 or 2.5 million as per population census 2001, the district will be split into two or more strata, by grouping contiguous tehsils to form strata. However, in Gujarat, some districts are not wholly included in an NSS region. In such cases, the part of the district falling in an NSS region will constitute a separate stratum.

Urban sector: In the urban sector, strata will be formed within each NSS region on the basis of size class of towns as per Population Census 2001. The stratum numbers and their composition (within each region) are given below. - stratum 1: all towns with population less than 50,000 - stratum 2: all towns with population 50,000 or more but less than 2 lakhs - stratum 3: all towns with population 2 lakhs or more but less than 10 lakhs - stratum 4, 5, 6, ...: each city with population 10 lakhs or more The stratum numbers will remain as above even if, in some regions, some of the strata are not formed.

Total sample size (FSUs): 10736 FSUs have been allocated at all-India level on the basis of investigator strength in different States/UTs for central sample and 11624 for state sample.

Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total number of sample FSUs is allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 subject to the availability of investigators ensuring more or less uniform work-load.

Allocation of State/UT level sample to rural and urban sectors: State/UT level sample is allocated between two sectors in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 with 1.5 weightage to urban sector subject to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. should not exceed the rural sample size. Earlier practice of giving double weightage to urban sector has been modified considering the fact that two main topics (sch. 18.1 and sch 33) are rural based and there has been considerable growth in urban population. More samples have been allocated to rural sector of Meghalaya state sample at the request of the DES, Meghalaya. The sample sizes by sector and State/UT are given in Table 1 at the end of this Chapter.

Allocation to strata: Within each sector of a State/UT, the respective sample size will be allocated to the different strata in proportion to the stratum population as per census 2001. Allocations at stratum level will be adjusted to a multiple of 2 with a minimum sample size of 2. However, attempt will be made to allocate a multiple of 4 FSUs to a stratum as far as possible. Selection of FSUs: FSUs will be selected with Probability Proportional to Size with replacement (PPSWR), size being the population as per population census 1991 in all the strata for rural sector except for stratum 1. In stratum 1 of rural sector and in all the strata of urban sector, selection will be done using Simple Random Sampling without replacement (SRSWOR). Samples will be drawn in the form of two independent sub-samples. Note: Detail sampling procedure is provided as external resource.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The schedule 18.1 (Land and Livestock Holdings) consists of the following blocks:

Block 0- Descriptive identification of sample household: This block is meant for recording descriptive identification particulars of a sample household.

Block 1- Identification of sample household: The identification particulars of the sample household are to be recorded against items 1, 5 to 15.

Block 2- Particulars of field operation: The identity of the Investigator, Assistant Superintendent and Superintendent associated, date of survey/inspection/scrutiny of schedules, despatch, etc., will be recorded in this block against the appropriate items in the relevant columns.

Block 3- Household characteristics (only in visit 1): Characteristics which are mainly intended to be used to classify the households for tabulation will be recorded in this block. This block will be filled in visit 1 only.

Block 4- Demographic and other particulars of household members (only in visit 1): All members of the sample household will be listed in this block. Demographic particulars like relation to head, sex, age, marital status, general education and working status will be recorded for each member using one line for one member.

Block 5- Particulars of land of the household as on the date of survey: The information on particulars of land will be collected in this block. The land to be included in this block will cover all land which are owned, possessed on the date of survey and also the land which is not possessed on the date of survey but possessed during major part of a Rabi season or Kharif season of agricultural year 2002-03. It will include the land which is leased-out but not possessed anytime during the agricultural year 2002-03. Inclusion of a plot is independent of its use. As such, homestead land which has not been operated during the reference period will also be included in this block.

Block 6- Some general information of operational holdings for Kharif / Rabi: Some general