As of September 2024, Pune was the leading Indian city in local purchasing power among other Indian cities, with an index score of over ***. It was followed by Gurgaon and Hyderabad. The local purchasing power index depicts the relative purchasing power of goods and services in a city for the average net salary in that city.

The dataset contains Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)-derived Vertical Land Motion (VLM) measurements and building damage risk maps for five rapidly growing Indian megacities: New Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Kolkata. Researchers can visualize and extract values, including latitude and longitude information, using ArcGIS, QGIS, or any programming language that supports the ESRI shapefile format.

As per a decadal analysis of forest cover change in megacities of India between 2011 and 2021, Hyderabad emerged as the city with a *** percent growth in forest area, followed by Chennai and Delhi. Ahmedabad lost ** percent of its forest cover in a period of ten years.

As of September 2024, Mumbai had the highest cost of living among other cities in the country, with an index value of ****. Gurgaon, a satellite city of Delhi and part of the National Capital Region (NCR) followed it with an index value of ****.  What is cost of living? The cost of living varies depending on geographical regions and factors that affect the cost of living in an area include housing, food, utilities, clothing, childcare, and fuel among others. The cost of living is calculated based on different measures such as the consumer price index (CPI), living cost indexes, and wage price index. CPI refers to the change in the value of consumer goods and services. The wage price index, on the other hand, measures the change in labor services prices due to market pressures. Lastly, the living cost indexes calculate the impact of changing costs on different households. The relationship between wages and costs determines affordability and shifts in the cost of living. Mumbai tops the list Mumbai usually tops the list of most expensive cities in India. As the financial and entertainment hub of the country, Mumbai offers wide opportunities and attracts talent from all over the country. It is the second-largest city in India and has one of the most expensive real estates in the world.

This dataset contains hourly online measurements of VOC mixing ratios using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionisation Detector (GC-FID) at Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women (IGDTUW), Dehli, India. Mixing ratios are reported in parts per billion by volume (ppbV). The stationary inlet was located on the roof of a single-story building. This data was collected over two measurements periods (28/05/2018 - 05/06/2018 and 05/10/2018 - 27/10/2018), for the APHH-India DelhiFlux project, by the University of York. Data analysis was completed by Beth Nelson and Jim Hopkins at the University of York. Mixing ratios for the following species are included: ethane, ethene, propane, propane, iso-butane, n-butane, acetylene, trans-2-butene, 1-butene, iso-butene*, cis-2-butene, cyclopentane*, iso-pentane, n-pentane, 1,3-butadiene, trans-2-pentene, 1-pentene, n-octane, n-hexane, isoprene, n-heptane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, combined m,p-xylene, o-xylene, methanol, acetone, ethanol, 1,2-butadiene*, propyne*. Date and time given in Local time as Julian day where 2018 01 01 = 0 Calibrations have been performed using a certified NPL 30 component mixture, and certified NPL 6 component mixture for o-VOC calibration. NOTE: any compound not contained therein has been assumed to have the same response factor as its closest isomer*. The data were collected as part of the DelhiFlux project part of Air Pollution & Human Health in a Developing Indian Megacity (APHH-India) programme.

Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainableHalf of humanity – 3.5 billion people – lives in cities today. By 2030, almost 60% of the world’s population will live in urban areas.828 million people live in slums today and the number keeps rising.The world’s cities occupy just 2% of the Earth’s land, but account for 60 – 80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions. Rapid urbanization is exerting pressure on fresh water supplies, sewage, the living environment, and public health. But the high density of cities can bring efficiency gains and technological innovation while reducing resource and energy consumption.Cities have the potential to either dissipate the distribution of energy or optimise their efficiency by reducing energy consumption and adopting green – energy systems. For instance, Rizhao, China has turned itself into a solar – powered city; in its central districts, 99% of households already use solar water heaters.68% of India’s total population lives in rural areas (2013-14).By 2030, India is expected to be home to 6 mega-cities with populations above 10 million. Currently 17% of India’s urban population lives in slums.This map layer is offered by Esri India, for ArcGIS Online subscribers, If you have any questions or comments, please let us know via content@esri.in.

Urbanization is a major driver of biodiversity change but how it interacts with spatial and temporal gradients to influence the dynamics of plant-pollinator networks is poorly understood, especially in tropical urbanization hotspots. Here, we analyzed the drivers of environmental, spatial, and temporal turnover of plant-pollinator interactions (interaction β-diversity) along an urbanization gradient in Bengaluru, a South Indian megacity. The compositional turnover of plant-pollinator interactions differed more between seasons and with local urbanization intensity than with spatial distance, suggesting that seasonality and environmental filtering were more important than dispersal limitation for explaining plant-pollinator interaction β-diversity. Furthermore, urbanization amplified the seasonal dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions, with stronger temporal turnover in urban compared to rural sites, driven by greater turnover of native non-crop plant species (not managed by people). Our study demonstrates that environmental, spatial, and temporal gradients interact to shape the dynamics of plant-pollinator networks and urbanization can strongly amplify these dynamics.

Delhi was the largest city in terms of number of inhabitants in India in 2023.The capital city was estimated to house nearly 33 million people, with Mumbai ranking second that year. India's population estimate was 1.4 billion, ahead of China that same year.

This dataset and codebook correspond to the second round of survey data gathered in Delhi and Mumbai (India) in 2024, within the project FULFILL - Fundamental Decarbonisation Through Sufficiency By Lifestyle Changes.

As part of Work Package 3 (WP3) in the FULFILL project, we collected quantitative data from six countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, and India. The first round of the survey, consisted of recruiting a representative sample of approximately 2000 households in each country. In this second survey round, we recruit around 1000 respondents from the initial survey round, ensuring representativity is maintained.

In order to consider sufficiency-oriented lifestyles not only in Europe but also in the Global South, we conducted a similar survey in India. More specifically, we adjusted the survey to fit the context (e.g., including cooling) and, due to the large size and diversity within India, we focused data collection on two Mega Cities (>10Mio inhabitants), namely Mumbai and Delhi. Due to the different cultural context and in exchange with Indian researchers and the supporting market research institute, we decided to change the methodology for data collection from an online survey to face-to-face interviews. The survey includes a quantitative assessment of the carbon footprint in various domains of life, such as housing, mobility, and diet. In addition to this, the survey also measures socio-economic factors such as age, gender, income, education, household size, life stage, and political orientation. Furthermore, the survey includes measures of quality of life, encompassing aspects such as health and well-being, environmental quality, financial security, and comfort.

It is estimated that more than 8 billion people live on Earth and the population is likely to hit more than 9 billion by 2050. Approximately 55 percent of Earth’s human population currently live in areas classified as urban. That number is expected to grow by 2050 to 68 percent, according to the United Nations (UN).The largest cities in the world include Tōkyō, Japan; New Delhi, India; Shanghai, China; México City, Mexico; and São Paulo, Brazil. Each of these cities classifies as a megacity, a city with more than 10 million people. The UN estimates the world will have 43 megacities by 2030.Most cities' populations are growing as people move in for greater economic, educational, and healthcare opportunities. But not all cities are expanding. Those cities whose populations are declining may be experiencing declining fertility rates (the number of births is lower than the number of deaths), shrinking economies, emigration, or have experienced a natural disaster that resulted in fatalities or forced people to leave the region.This Global Cities map layer contains data published in 2018 by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). It shows urban agglomerations. The UN DESA defines an urban agglomeration as a continuous area where population is classified at urban levels (by the country in which the city resides) regardless of what local government systems manage the area. Since not all places record data the same way, some populations may be calculated using the city population as defined by its boundary and the metropolitan area. If a reliable estimate for the urban agglomeration was unable to be determined, the population of the city or metropolitan area is used.Data Citation: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. Statistical Papers - United Nations (ser. A), Population and Vital Statistics Report, 2019, https://doi.org/10.18356/b9e995fe-en.

Urbanization is a major driver of land use change and biodiversity decline. While most of the ongoing and future urbanization hot spots are located in the Global South, the impact of urban expansion on agricultural biodiversity and associated functions and services in these regions has widely been neglected. Additionally, most studies assess biodiversity responses at local scale (α-diversity), however, ecosystem functioning is strongly determined by compositional and functional turnover of communities (β-diversity) at regional scales. We investigated taxonomic and functional β-diversity of farmland birds across three seasons on 36 vegetable farms spread along a continuous urbanization gradient in Bangalore, a South Indian megacity. Increasing amount of grey area in the farm surroundings was the dominant driver affecting β-diversity and resulting in taxonomic and functional homogenization of farmland bird communities. Functional diversity losses were higher than expected from species dec...

Many world cities have been going through thermal state intensification induced by the uncertain growth of impervious land. To address this challenge, one of the megacities of South Asia, Bengaluru (India), facing intense urbanization transformation, has been taken up for detailed investigations. Three decadal (1989–2019) patterns and magnitude of natural coverage and its influence on the thermal state are studied in this research for assisting urban planners in adopting mitigation measures to achieve sustainable development in the megacity. The main aim of this research is to monitor the surface urban cool island (SUCI) in Bengaluru city, one of the booming megacities in India, using Landsat data from 1989 to 2019. This study further focused on the analysis of land surface temperature (LST), bare surface (BS), impervious surface (IS), and vegetation surface (VS). The SUCI intensity (SUCII) is examined through the LST difference based on the classified categories of land use/land cover (LU/LC) using urban-rural grid zones. In addition, we have proposed a modified approach in the form of ISBS fraction ratio (ISBS–FR) to cater to the state of urbanization. Furthermore, the relationship between LST and ISBS–FR and the magnitude of the ISBS–FR is also analyzed. The rural zone is assumed based on

In a survey conducted in 2022 among respondents from megacities of India, Surat emerged on the top in terms of clean mobility with a score of ****, among all megacities of India. It was closely followed by Chennai and Pune-Pimpri-Chinwad. The parameter of clean mobility includes impact of air pollution, clean mobility focused policies, willingness to adopt electric mobility, among others. Megacities are defined as the cities with a population of over ************ as per the survey. The Ease of Moving Index is a composite index comprising **** parameters across ** indicators. The parameters include seamless, inclusive, clean, efficient and shared mobility and investment in the city among others.

Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainableHalf of humanity – 3.5 billion people – lives in cities today. By 2030, almost 60% of the world’s population will live in urban areas.828 million people live in slums today and the number keeps rising.The world’s cities occupy just 2% of the Earth’s land, but account for 60 – 80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions. Rapid urbanization is exerting pressure on fresh water supplies, sewage, the living environment, and public health. But the high density of cities can bring efficiency gains and technological innovation while reducing resource and energy consumption.Cities have the potential to either dissipate the distribution of energy or optimise their efficiency by reducing energy consumption and adopting green – energy systems. For instance, Rizhao, China has turned itself into a solar – powered city; in its central districts, 99% of households already use solar water heaters.68% of India’s total population lives in rural areas (2013-14).By 2030, India is expected to be home to 6 mega-cities with populations above 10 million. Currently 17% of India’s urban population lives in slums.Data source: https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/SDG-India-Index-2.0_27-Dec.pdfPlease find detailed metadata here.This web layer is offered by Esri India, for ArcGIS Online subscribers, If you have any questions or comments, please let us know via content@esri.in.

This dataset contains black carbon concentrations using the aethalometer AE33 monitor. Measurements were made at the Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women (IGDTUW), India. Concentrations are reported in micrograms per cubic centimetre (ug.cm-3). The stationary inlet was located on the roof of a 4-storey building at IGDTUW campus. The data were collected over two measurement periods (i) winter: 17/01/2018 - 09/02/2018 and (ii) pre-monsoon: 02/05/2018 - 25/05/2018, by the University of Birmingham. These data were collected as part of the ASAP-Delhi project as part of the Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in an Indian Megacity (APHH) programme.

This dataset contains ionic data within PM2.5 measurements made during the Pre- Monsoon (28/05/2018 08:30:00 - 05/06/2018 17:30:00) and Post-Monsoon periods (09/10/2018 14:54:00 - 0 6/11/2018 10:35:00) of the APHH Delhi campaigns in 2018 at Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women (IGDTUW) site. Measurements were conducted by the University of York High Volume Sampler (Ecotech 3000, Australia) and University of York Dionex ICS-1100 Ion Chromatography System. The data were collected as part of the DelhiFlux project part of Air Pollution & Human Health in a Developing Indian Megacity (APHH-India) programme.

In a survey conducted in 2022 among respondents from megacities of India, Pune emerged on the top with a score of **** among all megacities of India, followed by Mumbai and Hyderabad. Megacities are defined as cities with a population of over ************, as per the survey. The Ease of Moving Index is a composite index comprising **** parameters across ** indicators. The parameters include seamless, inclusive, clean, efficient, and shared mobility and investment in the city, among others.

Urbanization is a major threat to biodiversity and food security, as expanding cities, especially in the Global South, increasingly compete with natural and agricultural lands. However, the impact of urban expansion on agricultural biodiversity in tropical regions is overlooked. Here we assessed how urbanization affects the functional response of farmland bees, the most important pollinators for crop production. We sampled bees across three seasons in 36 conventional vegetable-producing farms spread along an urbanization gradient in Bengaluru, an Indian megacity. We investigated how landscape and local environmental drivers affected different functional traits (sociality, nesting behaviour, body size and specialization) and functional diversity (functional dispersion) of bee communities. We found that the functional responses to urbanization were trait specific with more positive than negative effects of grey area (sealed surfaces and buildings) on species richness, functional diversity and abundance of most functional groups. As expected, larger, solitary, cavity-nesting, and surprisingly, specialist bees benefitted from urbanization. In contrast to temperate cities, the abundance of ground-nesters increased in urban areas, presumably because larger patches of bare soil were still available besides roads and buildings. However, overall bee abundance and the abundance of social bees (85% of all bees) decreased with urbanization, threatening crop pollination. Crop diversity promoted taxonomic and functional diversity of bee communities. Locally, flower resources promoted the abundance of all functional groups, and natural vegetation could maintain diverse pollinator communities throughout the year, especially during the non-cropping season. However, exotic plants decreased functional diversity and bee specialization. To safeguard bees and their pollination services in urban farms, we recommend (1) to preserve semi-natural vegetation (hedges) around cropping fields to provide nesting opportunities for above-ground nesters, (2) to promote farm-level crop diversification of beneficial crops (e.g., pulses, vegetables and spices), (3) to maintain native natural vegetation along field-margins, (4) to control and remove invasive exotic plants that disrupt native plant-pollinator interactions. Overall, our results suggest that urban agriculture can maintain functionally diverse bee communities and, if managed in a sustainable manner, can be used to develop win-win solutions for biodiversity conservation of pollinators and food security in and around cities. Methods 36 conventional vegetable-producing smallholder farms as study sites, spread along a continuous urbanization gradient. 100m X 2m transect-walk in each farm. Bees were sampled with sweep nets. 12 sampling rounds (once per month).

This dataset contains NO, NO2 and NOx mixing ratio measurements using the commercially available Thermo 42C chemiluminescence monitor. Measurements were made at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT-Delhi), India. Mixing ratios are reported in parts per billion (ppb). The stationary inlet was located on the roof of a 5-storey building at Block IV, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi campus. The data were collected over three measurement periods (i) winter: 12/01/2018 - 13/02/2018, (ii) pre-monsoon: 26/04/2018 - 05/06/2018 and (iii) post-monsoon: 13/10/2018 - 10/11/2018, by the University of Birmingham. These data were collected as part of the ASAP-Delhi project as part of the Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in an Indian Megacity (APHH) programme.

In a survey conducted in 2022 among respondents from megacities of India, Pune-Pimpri Chinwad emerged on top in terms of inclusive mobility with a score of ****, among all megacities of India. It was closely followed by Mumbai and Bengaluru. The parameter of inclusive mobility includes mobility systems meeting the needs of diverse group of populations including women, children, trans/non-binary, the elderly, the disabled among others.. Megacities are defined as cities with a population of over ************ as per the survey. The Ease of Moving Index is a composite index comprising **** parameters across ** indicators. The parameters include seamless, inclusive, clean, efficient and shared mobility and investment in the city among others.