According to forecast data from Tellusant, approximately **** percent of the Indonesian population in 2024 would earn at least the equivalent of the top 40 percent of global earners in 2022 constant purchasing power parity. Meanwhile, around *** percent of the population were considered high-class consumers, earning the equivalent of the top ten percent of global earners in 2022 constant purchasing power parity.

In 2024, the number of people living in the middle class and above in Indonesia amounted to over ***** million. In Brunei, over ***** thousand people were middle class and above, accounting for 100 percent of the country's population that year.

In 2016, there were around *** million aspiring middle class, with an average monthly spending between *** to *********** Indonesian rupiah, recorded in Indonesia. Meanwhile, there were about ** million Indonesians, who were still living below poverty line. The growing middle class signifies that the economy in Indonesia is heading in a better direction.

In 2020, the estimated size of the middle class population in the six selected Southeast Asian countries Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam amounted to around *** million. That year, approximately ** million people of Indonesia's total population were part of the middle class.

Pendapatan Bulanan Indonesia dilaporkan sebesar 187 USD pada 2024. Rekor ini turun dibanding sebelumnya yaitu 190 USD untuk 2023. Data Pendapatan Bulanan Indonesia diperbarui tahunan, dengan rata-rata 103 USD dari 1991 sampai 2024, dengan 33 observasi. Data ini mencapai angka tertinggi sebesar 192 USD pada 2022 dan rekor terendah sebesar 34 USD pada 1998. Data Pendapatan Bulanan Indonesia tetap berstatus aktif di CEIC dan dilaporkan oleh CEIC Data. Data dikategorikan dalam Global Economic Monitor World Trend Plus – Table: Monthly Earnings: USD: Annual.

Indonesia can build on its impressive track-record of poverty reduction to tackle more ambitious poverty reduction targets. Indonesia has made impressive gains in reducing poverty, with previously lagging regions catching up, and the Government’s goal to eliminate extreme poverty by 2024 practically met. As an aspiring upper middle-income country, however, Indonesia may want to widen its focus beyond extreme poverty by moving from the US$ 1.90 2011 PPP poverty line to higher lines for middle-income countries. The focus should also include economically insecure households susceptible to falling back into poverty. Is Indonesia’s current effort ready for this challenge Human capital outcomes are disappointing and worrying geographic disparities remain. Low productivity still prevents households from becoming economically secure. Shocks, including from climate change, continue to threaten reversal in poverty gains. In this report the authors identify several major pathways to tackle these challenges in a comprehensive and sustainable manner.

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in South Asia (% of total merchandise exports) in Indonesia was reported at 10.55 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Indonesia - Merchandise exports to developing economies in South Asia (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

In G20 countries, the share of the population that earned at least the equivalent of the highest 10 percent of global income earners as of 2022 in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms varies from over two thirds in Australia to only *** percent in Indonesia. The United States recorded the second-highest upper-class share of the G20 countries. However, looking at for instance China, approximately ** percent of the population counts as middle class or above, whereas just ***** percent counts as upper class or higher.

By the middle of the 1990s, Indonesia had enjoyed over three decades of remarkable social, economic, and demographic change and was on the cusp of joining the middle-income countries. Per capita income had risen more than fifteenfold since the early 1960s, from around US$50 to more than US$800. Increases in educational attainment and decreases in fertility and infant mortality over the same period reflected impressive investments in infrastructure. In the late 1990s the economic outlook began to change as Indonesia was gripped by the economic crisis that affected much of Asia. In 1998 the rupiah collapsed, the economy went into a tailspin, and gross domestic product contracted by an estimated 12-15%-a decline rivaling the magnitude of the Great Depression. The general trend of several decades of economic progress followed by a few years of economic downturn masks considerable variation across the archipelago in the degree both of economic development and of economic setbacks related to the crisis. In part this heterogeneity reflects the great cultural and ethnic diversity of Indonesia, which in turn makes it a rich laboratory for research on a number of individual- and household-level behaviors and outcomes that interest social scientists. The Indonesia Family Life Survey is designed to provide data for studying behaviors and outcomes. The survey contains a wealth of information collected at the individual and household levels, including multiple indicators of economic and non-economic well-being: consumption, income, assets, education, migration, labor market outcomes, marriage, fertility, contraceptive use, health status, use of health care and health insurance, relationships among co-resident and non- resident family members, processes underlying household decision-making, transfers among family members and participation in community activities. In addition to individual- and household-level information, the IFLS provides detailed information from the communities in which IFLS households are located and from the facilities that serve residents of those communities. These data cover aspects of the physical and social environment, infrastructure, employment opportunities, food prices, access to health and educational facilities, and the quality and prices of services available at those facilities. By linking data from IFLS households to data from their communities, users can address many important questions regarding the impact of policies on the lives of the respondents, as well as document the effects of social, economic, and environmental change on the population. The Indonesia Family Life Survey complements and extends the existing survey data available for Indonesia, and for developing countries in general, in a number of ways. First, relatively few large-scale longitudinal surveys are available for developing countries. IFLS is the only large-scale longitudinal survey available for Indonesia. Because data are available for the same individuals from multiple points in time, IFLS affords an opportunity to understand the dynamics of behavior, at the individual, household and family and community levels. In IFLS1 7,224 households were interviewed, and detailed individual-level data were collected from over 22,000 individuals. In IFLS2, 94.4% of IFLS1 households were re-contacted (interviewed or died). In IFLS3 the re-contact rate was 95.3% of IFLS1 households. Indeed nearly 91% of IFLS1 households are complete panel households in that they were interviewed in all three waves, IFLS1, 2 and 3. These re-contact rates are as high as or higher than most longitudinal surveys in the United States and Europe. High re-interview rates were obtained in part because we were committed to tracking and interviewing individuals who had moved or split off from the origin IFLS1 households. High re-interview rates contribute significantly to data quality in a longitudinal survey because they lessen the risk of bias due to nonrandom attrition in studies using the data. Second, the multipurpose nature of IFLS instruments means that the data support analyses of interrelated issues not possible with single-purpose surveys. For example, the availability of data on household consumption together with detailed individual data on labor market outcomes, health outcomes and on health program availability and quality at the community level means that one can examine the impact of income on health outcomes, but also whether health in turn affects incomes. Third, IFLS collected both current and retrospective information on most topics. With data from multiple points of time on current status and an extensive array of retrospective information about the lives of respondents, analysts can relate dynamics to events that occurred in the past. For example, changes in labor outcomes in recent years can be explored as a function of earlier decisions about schooling and work. Fourth, IFLS collected extensive measures of health status, including self-reported measures of general health status, morbidity experience, and physical assessments conducted by a nurse (height, weight, head circumference, blood pressure, pulse, waist and hip circumference, hemoglobin level, lung capacity, and time required to repeatedly rise from a sitting position). These data provide a much richer picture of health status than is typically available in household surveys. For example, the data can be used to explore relationships between socioeconomic status and an array of health outcomes. Fifth, in all waves of the survey, detailed data were collected about respondents¹ communities and public and private facilities available for their health care and schooling. The facility data can be combined with household and individual data to examine the relationship between, for example, access to health services (or changes in access) and various aspects of health care use and health status. Sixth, because the waves of IFLS span the period from several years before the economic crisis hit Indonesia, to just prior to it hitting, to one year and then three years after, extensive research can be carried out regarding the living conditions of Indonesian households during this very tumultuous period. In sum, the breadth and depth of the longitudinal information on individuals, households, communities, and facilities make IFLS data a unique resource for scholars and policymakers interested in the processes of economic development.

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise imports) in Indonesia was reported at 0.57353 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Indonesia - Merchandise imports from developing economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in South Asia (% of total merchandise imports) in Indonesia was reported at 3.2257 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Indonesia - Merchandise imports from developing economies in South Asia (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies outside region (% of total merchandise imports) in Indonesia was reported at 11.66 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Indonesia - Merchandise imports from developing economies outside region (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Background: Breast cancer has become a public health concern in Indonesia. Regular breast self-examination (BSE) is considered an important first step for its early detection, especially in countries with limited healthcare access, as it is the case in Indonesia. This study aimed to confirm and assess the psychosocial determinants of intention to perform BSE and BSE performance. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on 204 women aged 18–65 years in Surabaya, Indonesia. A 64-item survey was conducted, included variables from the Reasoned Action Approach, and the Health Belief Model, presented questions about demographics, breast cancer knowledge, and behavior related to BSE. Results: Most women (72.5%) expressed intention to perform BSE; however, only 7.8% and 2.9% performed BSE per week and per month, respectively, in the past year. Breast cancer knowledge and attitudes towards BSE were uniquely associated with BSE performance. Perceived behavioral control (PBC) and BSE attitudes were unique correlates of intention. Perceived benefits and barriers and subjective norms were significantly associated with intention and BSE behavior in bivariate analyses. Conclusions: Breast screening education should incorporate strategies for improving attitudes towards BSE, PBC, and breast cancer knowledge with perceived benefits and barriers and subjective norms as relevant targets.

By 2030, the middle-class population in Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from **** billion people in 2015 to **** billion people. In comparison, the middle-class population of sub-Saharan Africa is expected to increase from *** million in 2015 to *** million in 2030. Worldwide wealth While the middle-class has been on the rise, there is still a huge disparity in global wealth and income. The United States had the highest number of individuals belonging to the top one percent of wealth holders, and the value of global wealth is only expected to increase over the coming years. Around ** percent of the world’s population had assets valued at less than 10,000 U.S. dollars, while less than *** percent had assets of more than one million U.S. dollars. Asia had the highest percentage of investable assets in the world in 2018, whereas Oceania had the highest percentage of non-investable assets. The middle-class The middle class is the group of people whose income falls in the middle of the scale. China accounted for over half of the global population for middle-class wealth in 2017. In the United States, the debate about the middle class “disappearing” has been a popular topic due to the increase in wealth among the top billionaires in the nation. Due to this, there have been arguments to increase taxes on the rich to help support the middle class.

Indonesia Debit Card Market growth is driven by the increasing middle-class population and growing digital payment adoption in countries like China, India, and Southeast Asia.

Additional file 1. The dataset of healthcare-associated infection.

Indonesia Biohacking Market growth is driven by increasing internet penetration, wellness trends, and growing middle-class income levels.

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in East Asia & Pacific (% of total merchandise imports) in Indonesia was reported at 41.11 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Indonesia - Merchandise imports from developing economies in East Asia & Pacific (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on August of 2025.

The Indonesian real estate market, valued at $64.78 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by a burgeoning middle class, increasing urbanization, and government initiatives promoting infrastructure development. A compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.82% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a significant expansion of the market, reaching an estimated value of approximately $105 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by strong demand across various property types, including residential, office, retail, and hospitality sectors. Jakarta and Bali remain key market drivers, attracting significant investment and exhibiting high property values. However, challenges such as land scarcity in prime locations, regulatory complexities, and fluctuating economic conditions pose potential restraints to market growth. The increasing popularity of sustainable and technologically advanced buildings is a notable trend shaping the market's future. Major players like Agung Podomoro Land, Tokyu Land Indonesia, and Lippo Group are actively shaping the landscape, competing for market share through large-scale projects and strategic partnerships. The diverse segments within the market – encompassing residential, office, retail, hospitality, and industrial properties across different Indonesian cities – provide ample opportunities for various investors and developers. The Indonesian real estate market’s resilience is underpinned by a long-term positive outlook for economic growth and population expansion. The government's focus on infrastructure development, including transportation and utilities, further enhances the attractiveness of the market. Furthermore, the rise of e-commerce and the need for modern logistics infrastructure are stimulating growth in the industrial and warehousing segments. The increasing adoption of smart city initiatives also contributes to the growth of technologically advanced properties. However, careful consideration needs to be given to potential risks associated with inflation, interest rate fluctuations, and geopolitical factors, which could affect investor confidence and project timelines. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for investors and stakeholders to navigate the complexities of this dynamic and promising market. This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the Indonesian real estate market, covering the historical period (2019-2024), base year (2025), and forecast period (2025-2033). It offers invaluable insights for investors, developers, and industry stakeholders seeking to navigate this dynamic and rapidly expanding sector. With a focus on key segments – residential, office, retail, hospitality, and industrial – across major cities like Jakarta and Bali, this report reveals the market's current state and future trajectory. Keywords: Indonesian Real Estate Market, Jakarta Real Estate, Bali Property Market, Indonesian Property Investment, Real Estate Development Indonesia, Indonesian Real Estate Trends. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Population, Increase in Demand for Residential Real Estate. Potential restraints include: Increase in Costs. Notable trends are: Jakarta Emerging as a Prime Rental Market.

Abstract

The Global Investment Competitiveness 2019 Survey was conducted June–November 2019 through 30-minute phone interviews in the primary business language(s) of the host economies. The survey captures the experiences and perceptions of MNE affiliates on global megatrends and investment climate factors in 10 middle-income countries (MICs): Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam. The survey was administered to senior executives of foreign-owned firms. Information was collected on the companies’ general characteristics, the importance and effect of global megatrends on business operations, contribution to the host economy, and the importance of investment policy factors and operational obstacles they face. The survey was designed to generate results that are representative at the country level and comparable across countries.

More information: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/competitiveness/publication/global-investment-competitiveness-report-2019-2020

Geographic coverage

Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam.

Analysis unit

Firm, affiliate of multinational company

Universe

Firms (affiliates of multinational company) in 10 middle-income countries (MICs): Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The survey represents experiences and perceptions of a representative sample of foreign-owned firms in each of 10 MICs: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam. Each country sample comprises roughly 250 foreign-owned firms with at least five employees. In each country, roughly 125 respondent firms operate in the manufacturing sector, and roughly 125 respondent firms operate in the services sector (see tables 1 and 2 in survey report provided as related documents). The only exception is Nigeria, where because of sampling frame limitations, the sample comprises 164 respon¬dents (55 manufacturing and 109 services). Thus, across the 10 target countries, more than 2,400 responses were collected.

Sampling frames comprising partially or fully foreign-owned businesses in the 10 MICs were constructed using commercially available and proprietary sources (Dunn & Bradstreet, Orbis/Bureau van Dijk, Sample Solutions, and others). The frames were de-duplicated and cleaned, and data quality was enhanced using standard sample framing and data manipulation techniques. In some sampling frames, all affiliates were contacted to reach the target sample size. In others, only select affiliates were contacted before the target was reached.

Sampling deviation

The only exception is Nigeria, where because of sampling frame limitations, the sample comprises 164 respon¬dents (55 manufacturing and 109 services). Thus, across the 10 target countries, more than 2,400 responses were collected.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Response rate

The overall response rate for the survey was 9.3 percent. This response rate is consistent with the current expected range for phone-based business surveys. The main fieldwork of the survey leveraged lessons from empirical research in survey design and administration to implement the strategies described below to ensure high response rates.