As of 2021, approximately **** percent of the population in Aceh, Indonesia were Muslims. Despite being the largest Muslim-majority country, Indonesia is a multi-faith country by the constitution and officially recognizes *** religions – Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism.

In 2023, over ** percent of Indonesians declared themselves to be Muslim, followed by *** percent who were Christians. Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world and for this reason is often recognized as a Muslim nation. However, Indonesia is not a Muslim nation according to its constitution. The archipelago is a multifaith country and officially recognizes six religions – Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism. Not all provinces in Indonesia are Muslim majority The spread of Islam in Indonesia began on the west side of the archipelago, where the main maritime trade routes were located. Until today, most of the Indonesian Muslim population are residing in Western and Central Indonesia, while the majority religion of several provinces in Eastern Indonesia, such as East Nusa Tenggara and Bali, is Christian and Hindu, respectively. Discrimination towards other beliefs in Indonesia The Indonesian constitution provides for freedom of religion. However, the Government Restrictions Index Score on religion in Indonesia is relatively high. Indonesians who practice unrecognized religions, including Indonesia’s indigenous or traditional belief systems, such as animism, dynamism, and totemism, face legal restrictions and discrimination. Indonesian law requires its citizens to put one of the recognized religions on their national identity cards, with some exceptions for indigenous religions. Although legally citizens may leave the section blank, atheism or agnosticism is considered uncommon in Indonesia.

In 2023, it was estimated that approximately ** percent of the Indonesian population were Muslim, accounting for the highest share of Muslims in any Southeast Asian country. Indonesia also has the world's largest Muslim population, with an estimated *** million Muslims. Demographics of Indonesia The total population of Indonesia was estimated to reach around *** million in 2028. The median age of the population in the country was at an all-time high in 2020 and was projected to increase continuously until the end of the century. In 2020, the population density in Indonesia reached its highest value recorded at about ***** people per square kilometer. Shopping behavior during Ramadan in Indonesia Nearly all Muslims in Indonesia celebrated Ramadan in 2022. During the month of Ramadan, ** percent of Indonesian users utilized online applications to order food. Many Indonesians planned to shop online or offline during Ramadan, with around ** percent of online users planning to purchase fashion wear and accessories. Shopee was the most used app for shopping purposes during that period.

The 2010 census recorded that there were approximately ***** million Muslims in urban areas in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the Muslim population in rural areas was lower, at around ****** million. Indonesia conducts its census every ten years. Detailed demographic breakdowns by religion from the 2020 census are not yet publicly available.

In 2020, Indonesia recorded the largest population of Muslims worldwide, with around 239 million. This was followed with around 226.88 million Muslims in Pakistan and 213 million Muslims in India.

Recent issues on politics have been dominant in Indonesia that people are divided and become more intolerant of each other. Indonesia has the biggest Muslim population in the world and the role of Islam in Indonesian politics is significant. The current Indonesian government claim that moderate Muslims are loyal to the present political system while the opposing rivals who are often labelled’intolerant and radical Muslims’ by Indonesian mass media often disagree with the central interpretation of democracy in Indonesia. Studies on contributing factors and discourse strategies used in news and articles in secular and Islamic mass media which play a vital role in the construction of Muslim and Islamic identities in Indonesia are, therefore, recommended.

Officially Taiwan has only 60,000 Muslim population, which constitutes only 0.2 % of the total population of Taiwan but many Muslims from countries like Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Turkey, Pakistan, India, and countries from Africa and the Middle East are part of the workforce which was estimated up to 254,000 in 2015. Interestingly, the number of local Muslims is less than those who came here to work or to study. There are about 7 mosques in Taiwan but it also has many other places where people can perform daily prayers.

This study explores the nature and conceptualisation of mental health and well-being among Indonesians living in an urban environment. Little is known about the nature of mental health and well-being in the everyday living context in developing countries. In Indonesia, as one of the most populous countries and the largest Muslim population in the world, the incidence of mental health problems has increased immensely in the last decade. However, there is a very limited number of studies that incorporate relevant cultural contexts into the understanding of mental health and well-being in Indonesia. This study aims to elucidate the relationship of specific psychosocial factors, as protective and risk factors, to mental health and well-being in the everyday urban living contexts experienced by a growing middle class in Indonesia in the perspective of Keyes' model of mental well-being. The data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analysed using Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological approach.

Indonesia Halal E-Commerce Platforms Market valued at USD 5 billion, driven by rising Muslim population and digital transformation, projected to reach USD 75 billion.

Indonésie: Muslims as percent of the total population: Pour cet indicateur, The Cline Center for Democracy fournit des données pour la Indonésie de 1960 à 2013. La valeur moyenne pour Indonésie pendant cette période était de 87.7 pour cent avec un minimum de 87 pour cent en 1960 et un maximum de 88 pour cent en 1975.

Indonesia Halal Food and Beverage Market valued at USD 282 Bn, driven by growing Muslim population, health awareness, and demand for certified products.

IndQNER

IndQNER is a Named Entity Recognition (NER) benchmark dataset that was created by manually annotating 8 chapters in the Indonesian translation of the Quran. The annotation was performed using a web-based text annotation tool, Tagtog, and the BIO (Beginning-Inside-Outside) tagging format. The dataset contains:

3117 sentences

62027 tokens

2475 named entities

18 named entity categories

Named Entity Classes

The named entity classes were initially defined by analyzing the existing Quran concepts ontology. The initial classes were updated based on the information acquired during the annotation process. Finally, there are 20 classes, as follows:

Allah

Allah's Throne

Artifact

Astronomical body

Event

False deity

Holy book

Language

Angel

Person

Messenger

Prophet

Sentient

Afterlife location

Geographical location

Color

Religion

Food

Fruit

The book of Allah

Annotation Stage

There were eight annotators who contributed to the annotation process. They were informatics engineering students at the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Anggita Maharani Gumay Putri

Muhammad Destamal Junas

Naufaldi Hafidhigbal

Nur Kholis Azzam Ubaidillah

Puspitasari

Septiany Nur Anggita

Wilda Nurjannah

William Santoso

Verification Stage

We found many named entity and class candidates during the annotation stage. To verify the candidates, we consulted Quran and Tafseer (content) experts who are lecturers at Quran and Tafseer Department at the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Dr. Eva Nugraha, M.Ag.

Dr. Jauhar Azizy, MA

Dr. Lilik Ummi Kultsum, MA

Evaluation

We evaluated the annotation quality of IndQNER by performing experiments in two settings: supervised learning (BiLSTM+CRF) and transfer learning (IndoBERT fine-tuning).

Supervised Learning Setting

The implementation of BiLSTM and CRF utilized IndoBERT to provide word embeddings. All experiments used a batch size of 16. These are the results:

Maximum sequence length Number of e-poch Precision Recall F1 score

256 10 0.94 0.92 0.93

256 20 0.99 0.97 0.98

256 40 0.96 0.96 0.96

256 100 0.97 0.96 0.96

512 10 0.92 0.92 0.92

512 20 0.96 0.95 0.96

512 40 0.97 0.95 0.96

512 100 0.97 0.95 0.96

Transfer Learning Setting

We performed several experiments with different parameters in IndoBERT fine-tuning. All experiments used a learning rate of 2e-5 and a batch size of 16. These are the results:

Maximum sequence length Number of e-poch Precision Recall F1 score

256 10 0.67 0.65 0.65

256 20 0.60 0.59 0.59

256 40 0.75 0.72 0.71

256 100 0.73 0.68 0.68

512 10 0.72 0.62 0.64

512 20 0.62 0.57 0.58

512 40 0.72 0.66 0.67

512 100 0.68 0.68 0.67

This dataset is also part of the NusaCrowd project which aims to collect Natural Language Processing (NLP) datasets for Indonesian and its local languages.

How to Cite

@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-031-35320-8_12,author="Gusmita, Ria Hariand Firmansyah, Asep Fajarand Moussallem, Diegoand Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille",editor="M{\'e}tais, Elisabethand Meziane, Faridand Sugumaran, Vijayanand Manning, Warrenand Reiff-Marganiec, Stephan",title="IndQNER: Named Entity Recognition Benchmark Dataset from the Indonesian Translation of the Quran",booktitle="Natural Language Processing and Information Systems",year="2023",publisher="Springer Nature Switzerland",address="Cham",pages="170--185",abstract="Indonesian is classified as underrepresented in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) field, despite being the tenth most spoken language in the world with 198 million speakers. The paucity of datasets is recognized as the main reason for the slow advancements in NLP research for underrepresented languages. Significant attempts were made in 2020 to address this drawback for Indonesian. The Indonesian Natural Language Understanding (IndoNLU) benchmark was introduced alongside IndoBERT pre-trained language model. The second benchmark, Indonesian Language Evaluation Montage (IndoLEM), was presented in the same year. These benchmarks support several tasks, including Named Entity Recognition (NER). However, all NER datasets are in the public domain and do not contain domain-specific datasets. To alleviate this drawback, we introduce IndQNER, a manually annotated NER benchmark dataset in the religious domain that adheres to a meticulously designed annotation guideline. Since Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population, we build the dataset from the Indonesian translation of the Quran. The dataset includes 2475 named entities representing 18 different classes. To assess the annotation quality of IndQNER, we perform experiments with BiLSTM and CRF-based NER, as well as IndoBERT fine-tuning. The results reveal that the first model outperforms the second model achieving 0.98 F1 points. This outcome indicates that IndQNER may be an acceptable evaluation metric for Indonesian NER tasks in the aforementioned domain, widening the research's domain range.",isbn="978-3-031-35320-8"}

Contact

If you have any questions or feedback, feel free to contact us at ria.hari.gusmita@uni-paderborn.de or ria.gusmita@uinjkt.ac.id

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Islamic Clothing Market Size 2025-2029

The Islamic clothing market size is forecast to increase by USD 59.2 billion, at a CAGR of 9.1% between 2024 and 2029.

The market, encompassing apparel, sports apparel, swimwear, and ethnic wear, is experiencing significant growth in the digital realm. Key drivers include the rise in product visibility and accessibility through e-commerce platforms, as well as the increasing adoption of omni-channel retailing. However, challenges persist, such as the availability of counterfeit Islamic clothing items online. Brands and retailers must prioritize logistics and security measures to ensure authenticity and customer satisfaction. In the US and North American markets, labels specializing in Islamic clothing continue to expand their online presence, catering to the needs of a growing consumer base seeking modest and culturally appropriate attire. The use of technology, including computers and mobile devices, facilitates seamless shopping experiences for this demographic.

What will be the Size of the Islamic Clothing Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market, also known as the Muslim consumer segment within the Islamic fashion industry, caters to the unique needs and preferences of the global Islamic population. This market encompasses a diverse range of apparel, including abayas, hijabs, prayer outfits, thobes, jubbas, and various forms of head coverings such as the burqa and niqab. The market's growth is driven by the increasing global Islamic population, which is projected to reach 2.2 billion by 2030, and the rising demand for modest fashion that adheres to Islamic dress codes. Online retail distribution channels have significantly influenced the market's expansion, providing convenience and accessibility to consumers.
The lifestyle apparel sector, which includes sportswear for both Islamic men and women, has also gained traction due to the growing interest in health and fitness. Multinational fashion brands have increasingly entered this market, recognizing the potential for consumer investments and product consumption. Despite the growth, challenges persist, including negative reviews and the need for improved product quality and authenticity. Overall, the market continues to evolve, reflecting the diverse needs and preferences of its global consumer base.

How is this Islamic Clothing Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The Islamic clothing industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Product

  Ethnic wear
  Sustainable fashion
  Sports wear


End-user

  Islamic women
  Islamic men


Distribution Channel

  Online
  Offline


Material Type

  Cotton
  Polyester
  Silk
  Blended Fabrics


Geography

  North America

    US


  Middle East and Africa

    Egypt
    Turkey


  APAC

    India
    Indonesia
    Pakistan
    South Korea


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Product Insights

The ethnic wear segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market caters to the unique needs of Muslim consumers, offering apparel that adheres to Islamic principles. This market encompasses various segments, including abayas, hijabs, prayer outfits, burqas, and niqabs for women, and thobes, jubbas, and sports and fitness wear for men. The Muslim population, estimated at 1.8 billion, presents a significant potential customer base for this industry. Islamic fashion industry growth is driven by cultural and lifestyle factors, particularly in Muslim majority economies. Younger generations are increasingly embracing innovative clothing designs that blend traditional Islamic clothing with contemporary styles, creating a demand for modest fashion wear. Ethnic wear, a popular segment, is particularly sought after during cultural events and significant occasions.

The sports industry also presents opportunities for the market growth, with the increasing popularity of sports hijabs. Consumer investments in sustainable fashion are also influencing the industry. Multinational fashion brands and high street brands are increasingly catering to this market, offering a range of options from luxury to affordable prices. E-commerce platforms are facilitating online retail distribution, addressing logistical issues and expanding market reach.

Get a glance at the market report of the share of various segments Request Free Sample

The ethnic wear segment was valued at USD 69.50 billion in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

APAC is estimated to contribute 39% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period.

Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and dri

In 2023, approximately ***** million people in Indonesia identified as Muslims. Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world. However, it is a multi-faith country and officially recognizes six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism.

Pew Research Center surveyed 13,122 adults across six countries in Asia about religious identity, beliefs, and practices, using nationally representative methods. Interviews were conducted face-to-face in Cambodia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. They were conducted on mobile phones in Malaysia and Singapore. Local interviewers administered the survey from June to September 2022, in eight languages.

This survey is part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project, a broader effort by Pew Research Center to study religious change and its impact on societies around the world. The Center previously has conducted religion-focused surveys across sub-Saharan Africa; the Middle East-North Africa region and many countries with large Muslim populations; Latin America; Israel; Central and Eastern Europe; Western Europe; India; and the United States.

This survey includes three countries in which Buddhists make up a majority of the population (Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand); two countries with Muslim majorities (Malaysia and Indonesia); and one country that is religiously diverse, with no single group forming a majority (Singapore). We also are surveying five additional countries and territories in Asia, to be covered in a future report.

Pew Research Center has produced a supplemental syntax file containing SPSS code to generate common analytic variables in the survey's corresponding report and toplines. The ARDA has provided this syntax in a copyable PDF document as an additional download.

Socio-demographic characteristics of ART prescribed patients at Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital, Jakarta, N = 261.

aOR odds ratio; CI confidence interval.bData missing (total monthly expenditure n = 218).Relationship between patient characteristics and three month drug adherence, N = 261.

Hijab Fashion Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Hijab Fashion market size was valued at $8.5 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $18.2 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 8.7% during 2024–2033. The primary driver of this robust growth is the increasing embrace of modest fashion trends not only among Muslim consumers but also among non-Muslim populations seeking versatile, elegant, and culturally inspired apparel. This mainstreaming of modest fashion is further fueled by social media influence, celebrity endorsements, and global fashion houses launching dedicated hijab collections. As the hijab transitions from a purely religious symbol to a fashion statement, brands are investing in innovative designs, premium materials, and digital marketing strategies to capture a broader audience and meet evolving consumer preferences worldwide.

Regional Outlook

The Middle East & Africa region accounts for the largest share of the global hijab fashion market, holding approximately 36% of total market value in 2024. This dominance is rooted in the deeply entrenched cultural and religious practices that prioritize modest dressing, alongside a mature retail infrastructure and a burgeoning luxury fashion sector. Governments in these regions have also been supportive of local textile and fashion industries, offering incentives and fostering collaborations with international designers. The region’s affluent consumer base, particularly in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, is driving demand for high-end, designer hijabs crafted from premium materials such as silk and chiffon. Additionally, the rise of fashion weeks and exhibitions dedicated to modest wear in Dubai, Riyadh, and other key cities has cemented the region’s status as a global hub for hijab fashion innovation and consumption.

The Asia Pacific region is the fastest-growing market, forecasted to expand at a CAGR of 10.2% from 2024 to 2033. This growth is propelled by the substantial Muslim population in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan, where hijab-wearing is both a cultural norm and a fashion statement. Increasing urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and a young, fashion-conscious demographic are driving the adoption of diverse hijab styles and materials. Investment in digital retail infrastructure, particularly mobile commerce, has made hijab fashion more accessible to consumers in both urban and rural areas. The proliferation of local and international brands, coupled with aggressive marketing campaigns and influencer partnerships, is accelerating market penetration and shaping new fashion trends in the region.

Emerging economies in Latin America and select parts of Europe are witnessing a gradual uptick in hijab fashion adoption, albeit from a lower base. In these regions, the market is characterized by localized demand, with brands tailoring products to suit diverse cultural and climatic needs. However, challenges such as limited awareness, sporadic supply chain issues, and regulatory ambiguities regarding religious attire in public spaces can hinder market expansion. Nonetheless, the growing visibility of Muslim communities, combined with increasing cross-cultural exchanges and the entry of global e-commerce platforms, is slowly bridging the adoption gap. Policy reforms supporting multiculturalism and anti-discrimination are also playing a role in fostering a more inclusive environment for hijab fashion to thrive.

Report Scope

Halal Frozen Entrees Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Halal Frozen Entrees market size was valued at $7.8 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $15.6 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 8.1% during 2024–2033. One of the major factors propelling the growth of this market globally is the rising demand for convenient, ready-to-eat halal-certified food options among the growing Muslim population and health-conscious consumers. This trend is further reinforced by increasing urbanization, busy lifestyles, and the proliferation of modern retail formats, which have significantly enhanced the accessibility and visibility of halal frozen entrees worldwide. As consumers seek products that align not only with religious dietary requirements but also with modern convenience, manufacturers are innovating and expanding their product portfolios to cater to evolving preferences and dietary needs, thus driving robust market expansion.

Regional Outlook

The Asia Pacific region commands the largest share in the global halal frozen entrees market, accounting for over 38% of the total market value in 2024. This dominance can be attributed to the region’s substantial Muslim population, particularly in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, India, and Pakistan, where halal dietary compliance is a critical aspect of daily life. The maturity of the halal food sector in these countries, combined with supportive government policies and robust certification frameworks, has fostered a thriving market environment. Additionally, the presence of established local brands, extensive distribution networks, and increasing investments in cold chain infrastructure have further solidified Asia Pacific’s leadership in the halal frozen entrees market. The region’s well-developed retail sector, including supermarkets and hypermarkets, has also played a pivotal role in making halal frozen meals readily available to a broad consumer base.

In terms of growth momentum, the Middle East & Africa region is projected to register the fastest CAGR of 10.5% during the forecast period. This surge is primarily driven by a combination of factors, including rapid urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and a youthful demographic profile with a preference for convenient meal solutions. Countries such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Egypt are witnessing increased investment in food processing and retail infrastructure, aimed at catering to both domestic and expatriate Muslim populations. The region’s strong regulatory emphasis on halal compliance, coupled with government-led initiatives to promote local food manufacturing, has attracted significant investments from global and regional players. Furthermore, the growing influence of Western-style retail formats and the proliferation of e-commerce channels are making halal frozen entrees more accessible than ever before, thereby fueling market growth.

Emerging economies in Latin America and parts of Europe are also experiencing a gradual but notable rise in the adoption of halal frozen entrees. However, these markets face unique challenges, such as limited consumer awareness, fragmented certification standards, and logistical constraints in maintaining the halal integrity of frozen products throughout the supply chain. In Latin America, the increasing Muslim immigrant population and rising interest in ethnic and specialty foods are gradually boosting demand, while European countries like France, Germany, and the UK are witnessing localized demand spikes due to multicultural urban centers. Policymakers and industry stakeholders in these regions are working to address certification and distribution hurdles, which, if resolved, could unlock significant untapped potential in the coming years.

Report Scope

Halal Packaging Market Outlook

The global halal packaging market size was valued at approximately USD 38 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 65 billion by 2032, growing at a steady compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% during the forecast period. This significant growth is driven by the increasing demand for halal products, not only within the Muslim population but also among non-Muslim consumers who associate halal with high-quality and ethical products. The expanding global Muslim population, along with rising consumer awareness regarding the benefits of halal-certified products, is a major growth factor fueling this market's expansion.

One of the primary growth factors in the halal packaging market is the rising global Muslim population, which is anticipated to reach nearly 3 billion by 2060, representing over 30% of the world’s population. This demographic shift is creating a burgeoning demand for halal products, including packaging that meets halal standards. Furthermore, as more countries adopt halal certification for food and non-food products, manufacturers are compelled to comply with halal packaging requirements, driving growth in this sector. The increasing disposable income of Muslim consumers is also enhancing their purchasing power, further boosting the demand for halal products and, consequently, halal packaging solutions.

Another crucial growth factor is the heightened consumer awareness about the health benefits and ethical considerations of halal-certified products. There is a growing perception that halal products are cleaner, safer, and ethically produced, which appeals to health-conscious consumers globally. This trend is not limited to Muslim-majority countries but is also gaining traction in Western regions. Companies are increasingly marketing their products as halal to tap into this lucrative market segment. This shift in consumer preference is encouraging more companies to adopt halal certification, thereby propelling the demand for halal-compliant packaging solutions.

Technological advancements in packaging materials and processes are also contributing to the growth of the halal packaging market. Innovations such as biodegradable and recyclable packaging materials align well with the ethical and environmental considerations valued by halal consumers. These advancements not only meet halal requirements but also cater to the growing demand for sustainable packaging solutions, which is becoming a critical factor for consumers worldwide. The integration of technology in logistics and supply chain management ensures the integrity of halal products throughout the distribution process, which is essential for maintaining consumer trust in halal certifications.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific is expected to lead the halal packaging market, driven by the large Muslim population in countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan. These countries are experiencing rapid urbanization and economic growth, leading to increased consumption of halal products. In North America and Europe, the market is witnessing growth due to the rising awareness and acceptance of halal products among non-Muslims. These regions are seeing a growing trend of halal certification in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, further boosting the demand for halal packaging. The Middle East and Africa, being predominantly Muslim regions, are naturally significant markets for halal packaging, with substantial growth opportunities as countries in these regions continue to enhance their halal certification standards.

Material Type Analysis

The material type segment of the halal packaging market consists of various materials such as plastic, metal, glass, paper & paperboard, and others. Plastic remains the most widely used material in halal packaging due to its versatility, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for a wide range of products. The demand for plastic packaging is particularly high in the food & beverage sector, where it offers excellent barrier properties and is lightweight, thus reducing transportation costs. However, the environmental concerns associated with plastic are pushing manufacturers towards more sustainable options, which could affect this segment over time.

Metal packaging, though not as prevalent as plastic, plays a significant role in the halal packaging market, especially for products requiring high protection and long shelf life, such as canned foods and beverages. Metals like aluminum and steel are favored for their robustness and ability to protect contents from contamination. The recyclability of metal packaging is ano