The child mortality rate in Germany, for children under the age of five, was 340 deaths per thousand births in 1800. This means that more than one in every three children born in 1800 did not make it to their fifth birthday. Child mortality increased to almost fifty percent in the mid-nineteenth century, as the country industrialized and urbanized rapidly, which allowed diseases to spread much faster. This changed however, with the introduction of mandatory vaccination in 1874, which kickstarted a gradual decline in child mortality in Germany. The decline was most rapid in the first half of the twentieth century, and by the year 2020 child mortality in Germany is expected to be as low as four deaths per thousand births.

Germany DE: Maternal Mortality Ratio: Modeled Estimate: per 100,000 Live Births data was reported at 4.000 Ratio in 2023. This stayed constant from the previous number of 4.000 Ratio for 2022. Germany DE: Maternal Mortality Ratio: Modeled Estimate: per 100,000 Live Births data is updated yearly, averaging 6.000 Ratio from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2023, with 39 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.000 Ratio in 1986 and a record low of 4.000 Ratio in 2023. Germany DE: Maternal Mortality Ratio: Modeled Estimate: per 100,000 Live Births data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Social: Health Statistics. Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination per 100,000 live births. The data are estimated with a regression model using information on the proportion of maternal deaths among non-AIDS deaths in women ages 15-49, fertility, birth attendants, and GDP measured using purchasing power parities (PPPs).;WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division. Trends in maternal mortality estimates 2000 to 2023. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2025;Weighted average;This indicator represents the risk associated with each pregnancy and is also a Sustainable Development Goal Indicator (3.1.1) for monitoring maternal health.

The global fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s caused by far the greatest exposure of mankind to ionizing radiation. Surprisingly few epidemiological studies of the possible health effects of atmospheric testing have been conducted. Here, long-term trends in infant mortality rates in the United States (U.S.) and five major European countries (EU5) were examined: The United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. Bell-shaped deviations from a uniformly decreasing secular trend were found beginning in 1950, with maxima around 1965 in the U.S. and 1970 in EU5. From the difference between observed and predicted infant mortality rates, in the period 1950–2000, the overall increase in infant mortality rates was estimated to be 20.6 (90% CI: 18.6 to 22.9) percent in the U.S. and 14.2 (90% CI: 11.7 to 18.3) percent in EU5 which translates to 568,624 (90% CI: 522,359 to 619,705) excess infant deaths in the U.S. and 559,370 (90% CI: 469,308 to 694,589) in the combined five European countries. The results should be interpreted with caution because they rely on the assumption of a uniformly decreasing secular trend if there had been no nuclear tests, but this cannot be verified. It is concluded that atmospheric nuclear weapons testing may be responsible for the deaths of several million babies in the Northern Hemisphere.

Germany DE: Completeness of Birth Registration data was reported at 100.000 % in 2020. This stayed constant from the previous number of 100.000 % for 2017. Germany DE: Completeness of Birth Registration data is updated yearly, averaging 100.000 % from Dec 2011 (Median) to 2020, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in 2020 and a record low of 100.000 % in 2020. Germany DE: Completeness of Birth Registration data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of birth registration is the percentage of children under age 5 whose births were registered at the time of the survey. The numerator of completeness of birth registration includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered.;Household surveys such as Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Largely compiled by UNICEF.;Weighted average;This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 16.9.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

The German invasion of the Soviet Union, in 1941, resulted in a dramatic rise in infant and child mortality rates. While the war was still ongoing in 1944, in Russia, the proportion of female deaths among children under five years was over 60 percent lower than it had been in the invasion's first year. In 1941, 51 percent of all female deaths were among those under five years old, and 29 percent of all female deaths were among infants below the age of one year. In comparison, the figures for male deaths were slightly lower among infants, as a higher share of the adult male population died as a direct result of the conflict, although the crude death rate (i.e. total number of deaths) was significantly higher in these years than at any other time in Soviet history.

Germany DE: Completeness of Birth Registration: Male data was reported at 100.000 % in 2017. Germany DE: Completeness of Birth Registration: Male data is updated yearly, averaging 100.000 % from Dec 2017 (Median) to 2017, with 1 observations. Germany DE: Completeness of Birth Registration: Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of birth registration is the percentage of children under age 5 whose births were registered at the time of the survey. The numerator of completeness of birth registration includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered.; ; UNICEF's State of the World's Children based mostly on household surveys and ministry of health data.; ;

In 2024, the German birth rate had decreased by 2.3 percent compared to the previous year. Figures fluctuated noticeably during the timeline shown. Germany had a lower crude birth rate, compared to other European countries.

Completeness of birth registration (%) in Germany was reported at 100 % in 2020, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Germany - Completeness of birth registration - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on November of 2025.

In Germany, the crude birth rate in 1800 was 38 live births per thousand people, meaning that 3.8 percent of the population had been born in that year. In the nineteenth century, Germany's crude birth rate fluctuated between 34 and 40 births per thousand people. Since the turn of the twentieth century however, the crude birth rate has been in decline, although there were a few periods where it did increase. These increases took place during periods of economic recovery, after both world wars, and after the Great Depression. The largest period of increase was after the Second World War, and lasted until the late 1960s, before decreasing to 10.3 in 1980, where it then plateaus between eight and eleven, and it is expected to be 9.4 births per thousand people in 2020.

This study contains selected demographic, social, economic, public policy, and political comparative data for Switzerland, Canada, France, and Mexico for the decades of 1900-1960. Each dataset presents comparable data at the province or district level for each decade in the period. Various derived measures, such as percentages, ratios, and indices, constitute the bulk of these datasets. Data for Switzerland contain information for all cantons for each decennial year from 1900 to 1960. Variables describe population characteristics, such as the age of men and women, county and commune of origin, ratio of foreigners to Swiss, percentage of the population from other countries such as Germany, Austria and Lichtenstein, Italy, and France, the percentage of the population that were Protestants, Catholics, and Jews, births, deaths, infant mortality rates, persons per household, population density, the percentage of urban and agricultural population, marital status, marriages, divorces, professions, factory workers, and primary, secondary, and university students. Economic variables provide information on the number of corporations, factory workers, economic status, cultivated land, taxation and tax revenues, canton revenues and expenditures, federal subsidies, bankruptcies, bank account deposits, and taxable assets. Additional variables provide political information, such as national referenda returns, party votes cast in National Council elections, and seats in the cantonal legislature held by political groups such as the Peasants, Socialists, Democrats, Catholics, Radicals, and others. Data for Canada provide information for all provinces for the decades 1900-1960 on population characteristics, such as national origin, the net internal migration per 1,000 of native population, population density per square mile, the percentage of owner-occupied dwellings, the percentage of urban population, the percentage of change in population from preceding censuses, the percentage of illiterate population aged 5 years and older, and the median years of schooling. Economic variables provide information on per capita personal income, total provincial revenue and expenditure per capita, the percentage of the labor force employed in manufacturing and in agriculture, the average number of employees per manufacturing establishment, assessed value of real property per capita, the average number of acres per farm, highway and rural road mileage, transportation and communication, the number of telephones per 100 population, and the number of motor vehicles registered per 1,000 population. Additional variables on elections and votes are supplied as well. Data for France provide information for all departements for all legislative elections since 1936, the two presidential elections of 1965 and 1969, and several referenda held in the period since 1958. Social and economic data are provided for the years 1946, 1954, and 1962, while various policy data are presented for the period 1959-1962. Variables provide information on population characteristics, such as the percentages of population by age group, foreign-born, bachelors aged 20 to 59, divorced men aged 25 and older, elementary school students in private schools, elementary school students per million population from 1966 to 1967, the number of persons in household in 1962, infant mortality rates per million births, and the number of priests per 10,000 population in 1946. Economic variables focus on the Gross National Product (GNP), the revenue per capita per household, personal income per capita, income tax, the percentage of active population in industry, construction and public works, transportation, hotels, public administration, and other jobs, the percentage of skilled and unskilled industrial workers, the number of doctors per 10,000 population, the number of agricultural cooperatives in 1946, the average hectares per farm, the percentage of farms cultivated by the owner, tenants, and sharecroppers, the number of workhorses, cows, and oxen per 100 hectares of farmland in 1946, and the percentages of automobiles per 1,000 population, radios per 100 homes, and cinema seats per 1,000 population. Data are also provided on the percentage of Communists (PCF), Socialists, Radical Socialists, Conservatives, Gaullists, Moderates, Poujadists, Independents, Turnouts, and other political groups and p

In June 2025, there were around 2.3 percent less births recorded in Germany than the same month a year before. Monthly birth rates were declining year-on-year, except for February and April 2024.

This scatter chart displays proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) against birth rate (per 1,000 people) in Germany. The data is about countries per year.

Depending on the reach and level of vaccination within Europe's various states in the 1870s, smallpox had a varied impact on various age groups. For infants below the age of one year, smallpox was responsible for between 15 and 30 percent of all deaths in the given regions, as many of these babies had not yet been vaccinated and were at a high risk of succumbing to the virus. In states where the vaccination of infants was not compulsory, such as the Netherlands, Berlin (Prussia) and Leipzig (Saxony), the share of deaths due to smallpox among young children remained high, while it was relatively low in Hesse and Scotland, who had introduced mandatory vaccination in 1815 and 1864 respectively. Great Pandemic highlights the need for revaccination As Hesse had been vaccinating on a large scale for generations, the share of smallpox deaths was relatively low among young people; however, between 1870 and 1872, over half of all deaths among those aged 30 to 60 years were due to smallpox. The reason for this was because smallpox vaccination in infancy did not guarantee lifelong protection, therefore immunity often wore off in adulthood. In the 1830s and 1840s, several German armies started to vaccinate new recruits regardless of whether they had been vaccinated in infancy or not; when scientists compared the smallpox death rates in the army with that of the civilian population during this pandemic, they noticed that it was much lower in the army, due to these revaccination policies. This discovery helped many scientists in Europe recognize the need for revaccination, which greatly contributed to the eradication of the disease across most of Europe in the early twentieth century.

At the end of 2024, ** percent of people in Germany who were stateless were born in Syria. To be stateless means that a person is "not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law". This can have complex ramifications and often result in challenges when trying to access basic rights including healthcare, education, and employment.

In 2024, 40-59-year-olds made up the largest age group in Germany, at around 22.3 million people. The most recent figures confirm that the next-largest age group was 65 years and older, at roughly 19 million. Aging population With the number of people belonging to older age groups visibly outstripping younger ones, in recent years it has become clear that Germany’s population is aging. In fact, figures on age structure in Germany depict a constant trend of a slowly increasing population share aged over 65 since 2012. Meanwhile, the share of population members aged 0 to 14 years has been falling, which was also reflected in the fluctuating national birth rate in recent years. A look at the future Germany’s current total population is around 83.6 million. While this number is predicted to increase, the same goes for the age group of 65 years and older. This means that the national population will continue to age.

In Poland, the crude birth rate in 1800 was 43.6 live births per thousand people, meaning that approximately 4.4 percent of the population had been born in that year. Throughout Poland's history, including the area of modern-day Poland that did not exist as a state until 1918, the crude birth rate has gradually decreased over the past 220 years, however it did fluctuate greatly over this period. In the nineteenth century, modern-day Poland was a part of many other states and empires, such as Austria, Germany, Lithuania and Russia, and the crude birth rate fluctuated between 38 and 48 throughout this period. In the twentieth century, Poland's crude birth rate declined, particularly before and during both World Wars, and in both cases there was a baby boom in the aftermath of the war. The rate did grow in the 1970s and 80s, however the fall of communism in 1989 caused the birth rate to drop again, reaching its lowest point of 9.4 in 2005. Since 2005, the crude birth rate has increased above ten again, but is expected to drop to 9.9 in 2020.

In 2024, Trentino-South Tyrol was the Italian region where both women and men were predicted to live the longest lives in the whole peninsula. In the German-speaking region, the life expectancy at birth of men was almost 83 years, whereas women were expected to live almost 87 years. The second best ranked region was different for males and females. In Veneto, this figure stood at about 82 years for males and in Veneto at 86 years for females. When compared to the country’s average, women in Trentino-South Tyrol were expected to live roughly three years longer. Long life span and low birth rate Around 20 percent of the Italian population in 2023 was above 65 years. Together with a long life expectancy, Italy also has very low birth and fertility rates. In 2024, the country resulted among the 20 states with the lowest fertility rate in the world. One of the longest-living nations From a global perspective, Italy was the ninth country in the world with the highest life expectancy. The inhabitants of Japan and Liechtenstein were expected to live about 84 years, while Italians' life expectancy was of 83 years.

In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, Germany was split into four zones, each administered by France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union respectively. In 1949, the Soviet-controlled zone formed the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), while the rest became the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). In this time, Berlin was also split into four zones, and the three non-Soviet zones formed West Berlin, which was a part of West Germany (although the West's administrative capital was moved to Bonn). One population grows, while the other declines Between 1949 and 1961, an estimated 2.7 million people migrated from East to West Germany. East Germany had a communist government with a socialist economy and was a satellite state of the Soviet Union, whereas West Germany was a liberal democracy with a capitalist economy, and western autonomy increased over time. Because of this difference, West Germany was a much freer society with more economic opportunities. During the German partition, the population of the west grew, from 51 million in 1950 to 62.7 million in 1989, whereas the population of East Germany declined from 18.4 million to just 16.4 million during this time. Little change after reunification In 1989, after four decades of separation, the process of German reunification began. The legal and physical barriers that had split the country were removed, and Germans could freely travel within the entire country. Despite this development, population growth patterns did not change. The population of the 'new states' (East Germany) continued to decline, whereas the population of the west grew, particularly in the 1990s, the first decade after reunification. The reasons for this continued imbalance between German population in the east and west, is mostly due to a low birth rate and internal migration within Germany. Despite the fact that levels of income and unemployment in the new states have gotten closer to those reported for the west (a major obstacle after reunification), life and opportunities in the west continue to attract young Germans from rural areas in the east with detrimental effect on the economy and demography of the new states.

Among all countries that are part of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Turkey, followed by Korea, had the highest rate of Caesarean section births (or C-sections) in 2022. At that time, the rate of C-sections in Turkey was roughly 600 per 1,000 live births. Among global regions, Latin America and the Caribbean had the highest percentage of births that were delivered by C-section, while sub-Saharan Africa had the lowest rates of Cesarean section births. Cesarean section costs A Cesarean section is a form of birth where the baby is taken out through a surgical incision in the abdomen rather than a natural vaginal birth. The cost of a Cesarean section delivery varies globally, with the United States having the highest cost globally for Cesarean section deliveries, while Germany the lowest cost among selected countries worldwide. In the United States, C-sections are significantly more expensive than a delivery by vaginal birth. High C-sections rates in the U.S. Over the past 20 years the C-section rate in the U.S. has gradually been increasing with more stable trends in the past few years. It has been reported that many of the C-sections performed in the U.S. are elective and not necessary. Often, the risks of C-sections are greater than the benefits, when performed as an elective procedure. Therefore, the United States has a "healthy people target" for the c-section rate of first time, low-risk mothers. However, less than half of hospitals are meeting the national targets for Cesarean sections performed.