The child mortality rate in New Zealand, for children under the age of five, was 391 deaths per thousand births in 1850. This means that just under forty percent of all children born in 1850 did not make it to their fifth birthday. This number dropped drastically over the next ten years, then it remained between one and two hundred for the remainder of the 1800s, before dropping gradually from 1900 until today. By 2020, child mortality in New Zealand is expected to be approximately five deaths per thousand births.

In New Zealand, the crude birth rate in 1850 was 37 live births per thousand people, meaning that 3.7 percent of the population had been born in that year. This rate fluctuates over the next thirty years, reaching it's highest recorded number in 1870 (42.3 births per thousand), before dropping consistently from 1880 until 1935. In 1935, New Zealand's crude birth rate was just 17.4 births per thousand people, however New Zealand then experienced a relatively large baby boom after the Second World War, and did not fall to it's pre-war level again until the late 1970s. From the 1980s onwards, New Zealand's crude birth rate has remained around the mid-teens, although it is expected to fall to a record-low of 12.6 births per thousand in 2020.

New Zealand NZ: Completeness of Birth Registration data was reported at 100.000 % in 2014. This stayed constant from the previous number of 100.000 % for 2012. New Zealand NZ: Completeness of Birth Registration data is updated yearly, averaging 100.000 % from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2014, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in 2014 and a record low of 100.000 % in 2014. New Zealand NZ: Completeness of Birth Registration data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of birth registration is the percentage of children under age 5 whose births were registered at the time of the survey. The numerator of completeness of birth registration includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered.; ; UNICEF's State of the World's Children based mostly on household surveys and ministry of health data.; Weighted average;

New Zealand NZ: Births Attended by Skilled Health Staff: % of Total data was reported at 96.600 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 96.700 % for 2011. New Zealand NZ: Births Attended by Skilled Health Staff: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 96.600 % from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2014, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in 1995 and a record low of 92.000 % in 1999. New Zealand NZ: Births Attended by Skilled Health Staff: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Births attended by skilled health staff are the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns.; ; UNICEF, State of the World's Children, Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys.; Weighted average; Assistance by trained professionals during birth reduces the incidence of maternal deaths during childbirth. The share of births attended by skilled health staff is an indicator of a health system’s ability to provide adequate care for pregnant women.

Abstract

The 2009 Samoa Demographic and Health Survey (2009 SDHS) is a nationally representative sample survey designed to provide information on population and health issues in Samoa. The survey used a two-stage sample based on the 2006 Population and Housing Census (PHC) to produce separate estimates for key indicators for each of the four geographic regions in Samoa. Each household selected for the SDHS was eligible for interview with the Household Questionnaire, and a total of 2,247 households were interviewed. In all of the households selected for the survey, all eligible women age 15-49 were interviewed with the Women's Questionnaire. In addition, all eligible men age 15-54 in every other household (half of all households) selected for the survey were interviewed with the Men's Questionnaire. A total of 3,033 women age 15-49 and 1,689 men age 15-54 were interviewed. Data collection took place from early August to early September 2009.

The survey obtained detailed information on fertility, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood mortality, maternal and child health, awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and knowledge and attitudes toward tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY

The 2009 SDHS is a nationally representative sample survey designed to provide information on population and health issues in Samoa. The primary goal of the survey is to develop a single integrated set of demographic and health data pertaining to the population of Samoa.

The survey was an initiative of the MOH under its Health Sector Wide Approach program (SWAp). The MOH emphasized the importance of conducting a nationally representative survey such as the SDHS to provide a broad range of data to help assess the health and demographic status of the Samoan population and to assist with monitoring and evaluation of various health and population indicators. Furthermore, the SDHS survey should improve the quality and quantity of the health and population data available to the MOH by other sources.

The SDHS was conducted during August and September 2009 by the Samoa Bureau of Statistics (SBS). The SBS worked in close collaboration with the MOH for guidance in areas pertaining to health. ICF Macro provided technical support for the survey through the MEASURE DHS project. Funding for the survey was provided by the World Bank/International Development Association (IDA), the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), and the New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAID). UNICEF and UNFPA also provided financial support for the report writing.

The survey collected national and regional level data on fertility and contraceptive use, maternal and child health, adult health, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The survey obtained detailed information on these issues from women of reproductive age and, on certain topics, from men as well.

The survey results are intended to provide the information needed to evaluate existing social programs and to design new strategies for improving the health of Samoans and health services for the people of Samoa. The SDHS also contributes to the growing international database on demographic and health-related variables.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

• Fertility Levels and Trends. The 2009 SDHS findings indicate that a Samoan woman who is at the beginning of her childbearing years will, on average, give birth to 4.6 children by the end of her reproductive period (if fertility levels remain constant at the levels observed in the three-year period preceding the 2009 SDHS).
• Antenatal Care. The survey shows that over nine in ten women (93 percent) who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey received antenatal care from a health care provider (doctor, nurse, midwife, or nurse aide) during the pregnancy of the most recent birth.
• Childhood Mortality. The reported level of under-five mortality in the 2009 SDHS is 15 deaths per 1,000 births during the most recent five-year period before the survey. This implies that at least 1 in every 66 children born in Samoa during the period died before reaching a fifth birthday. The infant mortality rate recorded in the survey for the same period is 9 deaths per 1,000 live births.
• Breastfeeding Practices. The results indicate that 92 percent of children born in the past five years have been breastfed at some time. For last-born children who were breastfed, 88 percent started breastfeeding within one hour of birth and 97 percent started breastfeeding within the first 24 hours after delivery.
• Awareness of HIV/AIDS. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS is quite high in Samoa: 85 percent of women and 87 percent of men have heard of HIV/AIDS.
• Attitudes towards People Living with HIV/AIDS. It is encouraging to see that 65 percent of women and 77 percent of men would be willing to care in their home for a family member sick with AIDS.

Geographic coverage

• National, Samoa as a whole
• Regional, Each of the four regions in Samoa: (1) Apia urban area, (2) North West Upolu, (3) Rest of Upolu, and (4) Savaii
• Urban and rural areas of Samoa (each as a separate domain)

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-54

Universe

The population covered in the 2009 SDHS is the universe of all women age 15-49 in Samoa. Every other household selected for the women's sample was also eligible for the men's sample (men age 15-54).

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The 2009 SDHS survey is designed to allow reliable estimation of key demographic and health indicators such as fertility, contraceptive prevalence, and infant and child mortality.
The major domains distinguished in the tabulation of important characteristics for the eligible female population are: - Samoa as a whole
- Each of the four regions in Samoa: (1) Apia urban area, (2) North West Upolu, (3) Rest of Upolu, and (4) Savaii
- Urban and rural areas of Samoa (each as a separate domain).

The population covered in the 2009 SDHS is the universe of all women age 15-49 in Samoa in a sample of 2,247 selected households. Every other household selected for the women's sample was also eligible for the men's sample (men age 15-54).

The primary sampling unit (PSU) for the 2009 SDHS was the cluster. As mentioned in Chapter 1, the 2009 SDHS sample was selected in two stages. The first stage involved selecting clusters from the master sample frame (the 2006 Population and Housing Census). In the second stage, all households in each selected cluster were listed. Households were then systematically selected from each cluster for participation in the survey. The design did not allow for replacement of clusters or households.

The sample was designed to include 10 percent of the households in rural areas and 12 percent of the households in urban areas. The sample was designed to permit detailed analysis of most indicators for the national level, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the four regions (Apia urban area, North West Upolu, the rest of Upolu, and Savaii). Overall, a total of 296 primary sampling units or clusters were selected, 104 in urban areas and 192 in rural areas. Because Samoan households do not move frequently, a fresh household listing was not deemed to be necessary. Instead, a listing from November 2006 was used. In the urban clusters, 5 households were selected per cluster, whereas in the rural clusters, 10 households were selected per cluster. The number of clusters in each of the 4 geographical regions was calculated by dividing the total allocated number of households by the sample take of 5 for Apia urban area (the number of households for urban EAs) and 10 for other regions (the number of households for rural EAs). In each region EAs were stratified by urban location first and then by rural location. Clusters were selected systematically, with probability proportional to size.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used in the SDHS: a Household Questionnaire, a Women's Questionnaire, and a Men's Questionnaire. The household and individual questionnaires were based on model survey instruments developed in the MEASURE DHS program. The model questionnaires were adapted to meet the current needs of Samoa. Each household selected for the SDHS was eligible for interview with the Household Questionnaire.

a) The Household Questionnaire was used to list all usual members of and visitors to the selected households and to collect information on the socio-economic status of the household. The first part of the Household Questionnaire collected information on the basic demographic data for Samoan households, such as age, sex, educational attainment, and relationship of each household member or visitor to the head of the household. . It was also used to identify the women and men who were eligible for the individual interview (i.e., women age 15-49 and men age 15-54). In the second part of the Household Questionnaire, there were questions on housing characteristics (e.g., the flooring material, the source of water, and the type of toilet facilities), on ownership of a variety of consumer goods, on ownership of land and farm animals, and other questions relating to the socio-economic status of the household.

b) The Women's Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49 years and covered the following topics: - Background characteristics

This dataset is about countries per year in New Zealand. It has 1 row and is filtered where the date is 2021. It features 4 columns: country, life expectancy at birth, and proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments.

New Zealand NZ: Completeness of Birth Registration: Male data was reported at 100.000 % in 2017. New Zealand NZ: Completeness of Birth Registration: Male data is updated yearly, averaging 100.000 % from Dec 2017 (Median) to 2017, with 1 observations. New Zealand NZ: Completeness of Birth Registration: Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of birth registration is the percentage of children under age 5 whose births were registered at the time of the survey. The numerator of completeness of birth registration includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered.; ; UNICEF's State of the World's Children based mostly on household surveys and ministry of health data.; ;

The influenza pandemic of 1918, known as the Spanish Flu, was one of the deadliest and widespread pandemics in human history. The scale of the outbreak, as well as limitations in technology, medicine and communication, create difficulties when trying to uncover accurate figures relating to the pandemic. Estimates suggest that the virus, known as the H1N1 influenza virus, infected more than one quarter of the global population, which equated to approximately 500 million people in 1920. It was responsible for roughly 25 million fatalities, although some projections suggest that it could have caused double this number of deaths. The exact origins of this strain of influenza remain unclear to this day, however it was first noticed in Western Europe in the latter stages of the First World War. Wartime censorship in Europe meant that the severity of the pandemic was under-reported, while news outlets in neutral Spain were free to report openly about the impact of the virus; this gave the illusion that the virus was particularly strong in Spain, giving way to the term "Spanish Flu".

Effects of the virus

By late summer 1918, the pandemic had spread across the entire continent, and the H1N1 virus had mutated into a deadlier strain that weakened the infected's immune system more than traditional influenzas. Some studies suggest that, in contrast to these traditional influenza viruses, having a stronger immune system was actually a liability in the case of the H1N1 virus as it triggered what is known as a "cytokine storm". This is where white blood cells release proteins called cytokines, which signal the body to attack the virus, in turn releasing more white blood cells which release more cytokines. This cycle over-works and greatly weakens the immune system, often giving way to other infections; most commonly pneumonia in the case of the Spanish Flu. For this reason, the Spanish Flu had an uncommonly high fatality rate among young adults, who are traditionally the healthiest group in society. Some theories for the disproportionate death-rate among young adults suggest that the elderly's immune systems benefitted from exposure to earlier influenza pandemics, such as the "Asiatic/Russian Flu" pandemic of 1889.

Decrease in life expectancy As the war in Europe came to an end, soldiers returning home brought the disease to all corners of the world, and the pandemic reached global proportions. Isolated and under-developed nations were especially vulnerable; particularly in Samoa, where almost one quarter of the population died within two months and life expectancy fell to just barely over one year for those born in 1918; this was due to the arrival of a passenger ship from New Zealand in November 1918, where the infected passengers were not quarantined on board, allowing the disease to spread rapidly. Other areas where life expectancy dropped below ten years for those born in 1918 were present-day Afghanistan, the Congo, Fiji, Guatemala, Kenya, Micronesia, Serbia, Tonga and Uganda. The British Raj, now Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, saw more fatalities than any other region, with as many as five percent of the entire population perishing as a result of the pandemic. The pandemic also had a high fatality rate among pregnant women and infants, and greatly impacted infant mortality rates across the world. There were several waves of the pandemic until late 1920, although they decreased in severity as time progressed, and none were as fatal as the outbreak in 1918. A new strain of the H1N1 influenza virus did re-emerge in 2009, and was colloquially known as "Swine Flu"; thankfully it had a much lower fatality rate due to medical advancements across the twentieth century.

This scatter chart displays proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) against life expectancy at birth (year) in Australia and New Zealand. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

New Zealand NZ: Completeness of Birth Registration: Female data was reported at 100.000 % in 2017. New Zealand NZ: Completeness of Birth Registration: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 100.000 % from Dec 2017 (Median) to 2017, with 1 observations. New Zealand NZ: Completeness of Birth Registration: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of birth registration is the percentage of children under age 5 whose births were registered at the time of the survey. The numerator of completeness of birth registration includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered.; ; UNICEF's State of the World's Children based mostly on household surveys and ministry of health data.; ;

In each region of the world, men spend greater proportions of their lives in good health than women. On average, women spend ** percent of their life expectancy at birth in good health, while men spend ** percent of their life expectancy at birth in good health. Out of each region, North Africa and Western Asia has the largest gender gap at ***** percent. Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and North America and Europe follow with a gap of *** percent. Australia and New Zealand have the smallest gap, at *** percent.

Migrants from the United Kingdom have long been Australia’s primary immigrant group and in 2023 there were roughly 960 thousand English-born people living in Australia. India and China held second and third place respectively with regard to Australia’s foreign-born population. The relative dominance of Asian countries in the list of top ten foreign-born residents of Australia represents a significant shift in Australia’s immigration patterns over the past few decades. Where European-born migrants had previously overshadowed other migrant groups, Australian migration figures are now showing greater migration numbers from neighboring countries in Asia and the Pacific. A history of migration Australia is often referred to as an ‘immigrant nation’, alongside the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Before the Second World War, migrants to Australia were almost exclusively from the UK, however after 1945, Australia’s immigration policy was broadened to attract economic migrants and temporary skilled migrants. These policy changes saw and increase in immigrants particularly from Greece and Italy. Today, Australia maintains its status as an ‘’Immigrant nation’’, with almost 30 percent of the population born overseas and around 50 percent of the population having both that were born overseas. Australian visas The Australian immigration program has two main categories of visa, permanent and temporary. The permanent visa category offers three primary pathways: skilled, family and humanitarian. The skilled visa category is by far the most common, with more than a million permanent migrants living in Australia on this visa category at the last Australian census in 2021. Of the temporary visa categories, the higher education visa is the most popular, exceeding 180 thousand arrivals in 2023.