On October 29, 1929, the U.S. experienced the most devastating stock market crash in it's history. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 set in motion the Great Depression, which lasted for twelve years and affected virtually all industrialized countries. In the United States, GDP fell to it's lowest recorded level of just 57 billion U.S dollars in 1933, before rising again shortly before the Second World War. After the war, GDP fluctuated, but it increased gradually until the Great Recession in 2008. Real GDP Real GDP allows us to compare GDP over time, by adjusting all figures for inflation. In this case, all numbers have been adjusted to the value of the US dollar in FY2012. While GDP rose every year between 1946 and 2008, when this is adjusted for inflation it can see that the real GDP dropped at least once in every decade except the 1960s and 2010s. The Great Recession Apart from the Great Depression, and immediately after WWII, there have been two times where both GDP and real GDP dropped together. The first was during the Great Recession, which lasted from December 2007 until June 2009 in the US, although its impact was felt for years after this. After the collapse of the financial sector in the US, the government famously bailed out some of the country's largest banking and lending institutions. Since recovery began in late 2009, US GDP has grown year-on-year, and reached 21.4 trillion dollars in 2019. The coronavirus pandemic and the associated lockdowns then saw GDP fall again, for the first time in a decade. As economic recovery from the pandemic has been compounded by supply chain issues, inflation, and rising global geopolitical instability, it remains to be seen what the future holds for the U.S. economy.
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Interactive chart of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) stock market index for the last 100 years. Historical data is inflation-adjusted using the headline CPI and each data point represents the month-end closing value. The current month is updated on an hourly basis with today's latest value.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average is (DJIA) is possibly the most well-known and commonly used stock index in the United States. It is a price-weighted index that assesses the stock prices of 30 prominent companies, whose combined prices are then divided by a regularly-updated divisor (0.15199 in February 2021), which gives the index value. The companies included are rotated in and out on a regular basis; as of mid-2022, the longest mainstay on the list is Procter & Gamble, which was added in 1932; whereas Amgen, Salesforce, and Honeywell were all added in 2020. As one of the oldest indices for stock market analysis, the impact of major events, recessions, and economic shocks or booms can be tracked and contextualized over longer periods of time.
Due to inflation, unadjusted figures appear to be more sporadic in recent years, however the greatest fluctuations came in the earliest years of the index. In the given period, the greatest decline came in the wake of the Wall Street Crash in 1929; by 1932 average values had fallen to just one fifth of their 1929 average, from roughly 314 to 65.
The Covid-19 pandemic saw growth fall by 2.2 percent, compared with an increase of 2.5 percent the year before. The last time the real GDP growth rates fell by a similar level was during the Great Recession in 2009, and the only other time since the Second World War where real GDP fell by more than one percent was in the early 1980s recession. The given records began following the Wall Street Crash in 1929, and GDP growth fluctuated greatly between the Great Depression and the 1950s, before growth became more consistent.
The study’s subject
The author’s aim is to describe the functional changes of German capital markets and stock exchanges. First he describes characteristics of German capital markets as a place of balancing supply and demand. Then, further submarkets are analyzed in their function (for example the meaning of credit transactions and interest rates for investment activities of the economy, or by means of fixed interest securities and equity securities documented capital procurement).
Starting point of the investigation is the period until 1924, a period without regulation activities of the state on the capital trade. This period was followed by increased requirements on capital due to the first World War and the inflation. The description closed with the consequences of political influence on processes of capital markets. The author tries to show the rise of the German capital market, it’s functionality and the restriction as an effect of the first World War (the state’s extremely high need for money), and the following hyperinflation using long time series data.
The data deals with following subjects:
Datatables in HISTAT (Topic: Money and Currency = Geld):
A.01 Average Price Level of Fixed Rated Bond Issues (Durchschnittlicher Kursstand festverzinslicher Anleihen)
A.02 German Financial Assets from 1893 to 1913 (Das deutsche Geldvermögen zwischen 1893 und 1913)
A.03 Foundation of Stock Corporations between 1870 and 1928 (Gründung von Aktiengesellschaften zwischen 1870 und 1928)
A.04 Branches of German Major Banks between 1900 and 1918 (Niederlassungen der deutschen Großbanken in Deutschland zwischen 1900 und 1918)
A.05 Deposits stock of German Banks in Mill. Mark between 1872 and 1910 (Depositenbestand der D-Banken in Mill. Mark zwischen 1872 und 1910)
A.06 Importance of the Banks for financing investments: by capital issue raised capital sum between 1889 and 1904 (Bedeutung der Banken für die Investitionsfinanzierung: durch Emissionen aufgebrachte Kapitalsummen von 1889 bis 1904)
A.07 Bank rate of the German Reichsbank between 1924 and 1930 (Der Diskontsatz der Deutschen Reichsbank (Jahresdurchschnitt) zwischen 1924 und 1930)
A.08 Capital Market Interest for Fixed Rate Issues in Germany, United States, Switzerland and The Netherlands in 1925 and between 1928 and 1930 (Der Kapitalmarktzins für festverzinsliche Wertpapiere in Deutschland, USA, Schweiz und Holland für 1925, 1928 und 1930)
A.09 Development of Savings and Deposits of German Savings Banks in Mill. Mark between 1924 and 1933 (Entwicklung der Spar- und Geldeinlagen der deutschen Sparkassen in Mill. Mark zwischen 1924 und 1933)
A.10 Development of Savings and Deposits in German Savings Banks between 1933 and 1937 (Entwicklung der Spareinlagen bei den deutschen Sparkassen zwischen 1933 bis 1937)
A.11 Depts of Communities and associations of local authorities, 1928 – 1930 (Die Schulden der Gemeinden und der Gemeinde-Verbände, 1928-1930)
A.12 Capital Assets of Insurances in Mill. Reichsmark between 1932 and 1936 (Die Kapitalanlage der Versicherungen in Mill. Reichsmark zwischen 1932 und 1936)
A.13 Number of dealt Papers on the Berlin Stock Market and the Papers‘ Prices between 1931 and 1935 (Zahl der an der Berliner Börse gehandelten Papiere, Kurse und Dividenden der gehandelten Papiere zwischen 1931 und 1935)
Die Wohnungsbau- und Wohnungsmarktpolitik in der Weimarer Republik wurde gekennzeichnet dadurch, dass es sich stets nur um teils kurzfristige, teils auch langfristige Planungen zur Überwindung einer akuten, soziale und politische Probleme aufwerfenden Mangelsituation handelte. „Die Erbschaft, die die Weimarer Republik auf dem Gebiet des Wohnungswesens vom Kaiserreich zu übernehmen hatte, war kurz gesagt katastrophal, und zwar viel katastrophaler als verantwortliche Politiker und die Beamtenschaft annahmen, als sie die weit reichende Generalverpflichtung des Staates, jedem Deutschen eine angemessene Wohnung zu sichern, in den Text der Weimarer Verfassung hineinzuformulieren und damit bei den Bürgern eine Erwartung von der Leistungsfähigkeit staatlicher Politik weckten, an deren Erfüllung oder Nichterfüllung der Weimarer Staat auch gemessen werden würde … Dabei lassen sich zwei Perioden deutlich abgrenzen: eine bis zum Ende der Hyperinflation im Winter 1923 dauernde, in der sich die Probleme bei der Deckung des Wohnungsbedarfs im Wesentlichen als güterwirtschaftliche darstellten, und die Periode von 1924 bis Ende 1932, in der die Bedarfsdeckung im Wesentlichen ein Finanzierungsproblem war. Zugleich aber wurde die Bedarfsdeckung, wenn auch nicht quantitativ, so doch hinsichtlich der Frage, ob private Investoren oder die öffentliche Hände als Träger auftraten, ganz wesentlich bestimmt durch die seit dem Ersten Weltkrieg nicht mehr ausschließlich in den Händen der Eigentümer liegende Verteilung des vorhandenen Wohnraums, d.h. durch die mehr oder minder scharfen gesetzlichen Eingriffe und durch die mehr oder minder scharfe Anwendung der gesetzlichen Vorschriften durch die Verwaltung, d.h. durch gesetzliche Regelungen und Verwaltungspraxis der sogenannten Wohnungszwangswirtschaft“ (Witt, P.-C., a.a.O., S. 385f). In dem Beitrag von Peter-Christian Witt werden die quantitativen Ergebnisse des Wohnungsbaus und seiner Finanzierung in der Weimarer Republik diskutiert und eine Reihe von hiermit eng zusammenhängenden Fragen wie z.B. Formen der Finanzierung näher beleuchtet. Die quantitativen und qualitativen Ergebnisse der staatlichen Wohnungsbauförderung in der Weimarer Republik werden im Hinblick auf ihre Tragfähigkeit durch die empirische Analyse überprüft.
Datentabellen in HISTAT (Thema: Bautätigkeit, Wohnungen): Tab 1: Wohnungsbauproduktion (1919-1939); Tab 2: Hauszinssteuer: Aufkommen, Verwendung für Wohnungsbau und öffentliche Wohnungsbauförderung (1924-1939); Tab 3: Finanzierung des Neuzugangs an Wohnungen durch die öffentlichen Hände (1919-1939); Tab 4: Brutto-Investitionen im Wohnungsbau und ihre Finanzierung (1919-1939).
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On October 29, 1929, the U.S. experienced the most devastating stock market crash in it's history. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 set in motion the Great Depression, which lasted for twelve years and affected virtually all industrialized countries. In the United States, GDP fell to it's lowest recorded level of just 57 billion U.S dollars in 1933, before rising again shortly before the Second World War. After the war, GDP fluctuated, but it increased gradually until the Great Recession in 2008. Real GDP Real GDP allows us to compare GDP over time, by adjusting all figures for inflation. In this case, all numbers have been adjusted to the value of the US dollar in FY2012. While GDP rose every year between 1946 and 2008, when this is adjusted for inflation it can see that the real GDP dropped at least once in every decade except the 1960s and 2010s. The Great Recession Apart from the Great Depression, and immediately after WWII, there have been two times where both GDP and real GDP dropped together. The first was during the Great Recession, which lasted from December 2007 until June 2009 in the US, although its impact was felt for years after this. After the collapse of the financial sector in the US, the government famously bailed out some of the country's largest banking and lending institutions. Since recovery began in late 2009, US GDP has grown year-on-year, and reached 21.4 trillion dollars in 2019. The coronavirus pandemic and the associated lockdowns then saw GDP fall again, for the first time in a decade. As economic recovery from the pandemic has been compounded by supply chain issues, inflation, and rising global geopolitical instability, it remains to be seen what the future holds for the U.S. economy.