View data of the S&P 500, an index of the stocks of 500 leading companies in the US economy, which provides a gauge of the U.S. equity market.

The annual returns of the Nasdaq 100 Index from 1986 to 2024. fluctuated significantly throughout the period considered. The Nasdaq 100 index saw its lowest performance in 2008, with a return rate of ****** percent, while the largest returns were registered in 1999, at ****** percent. As of June 11, 2024, the rate of return of Nasdaq 100 Index stood at ** percent. The Nasdaq 100 is a stock market index comprised of the 100 largest and most actively traded non-financial companies listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange. How has the Nasdaq 100 evolved over years? The Nasdaq 100, which was previously heavily influenced by tech companies during the dot-com boom, has undergone significant diversification. Today, it represents a broader range of high-growth, non-financial companies across sectors like consumer services and healthcare, reflecting the evolving landscape of the global economy. The annual development of the Nasdaq 100 recently has generally been positive, except for 2022, when the NASDAQ experienced a decline due to worries about escalating inflation, interest rates, and regulatory challenges. What are the leading companies on Nasdaq 100? In August 2023, ***** was the largest company on the Nasdaq 100, with a market capitalization of **** trillion euros. Also, ****************************************** were among the five leading companies included in the index. Market capitalization is one of the most common ways of measuring how big a company is in the financial markets. It is calculated by multiplying the total number of outstanding shares by the current market price.

Graph and download economic data for Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 7-Year Constant Maturity, Quoted on an Investment Basis, Inflation-Indexed (FII7) from Jan 2003 to Oct 2025 about 7-year, TIPS, maturity, Treasury, securities, interest rate, interest, real, rate, and USA.

Sources:

German Central Bank (ed.), 1975: Deutsches Geld- und Bankwesen in Zahlen 1876 – 1975. (German monetary system and banking system in numbers 1876 – 1975) German Central Bank (ed.), different years: monthly reports of the German Central Bank, statistical part, interest rates German Central Bank (ed.), different years: Supplementary statistical booklets for the monthly reports of the German Central Bank 1959 – 1992, security statistics Reich Statistical Office (ed.), different years: Statistical yearbook of the German empire Statistical Office (ed.), 1985: Geld und Kredit. Index der Aktienkurse (Money and Credit. Index of share prices) – Lange Reihe; Fachserie 9, Reihe 2. Statistical Office (ed.), 1987: Entwicklung der Nahrungsmittelpreise von 1800 – 1880 in Deutschland. (Development of food prices in Germany 1800 – 1880) Statistical Office (ed.), 1987: Entwicklung der Verbraucherpreise (Development of consumer prices) seit 1881 in Deutschland. (Development of consumer prices since 1881 in Germany) Statistical Office (ed.), different years: Fachserie 17, Reihe 7, Preisindex für die Lebenshaltung (price index for costs of living) Donner, 1934: Kursbildung am Aktienmarkt; Grundlagen zur Konjunkturbeobachtung an den Effektenmärkten. (Prices on the stock market; groundwork for observation of economic cycles on the stock market) Homburger, 1905: Die Entwicklung des Zinsfusses in Deutschland von 1870 – 1903. (Development of the interest flow in Germany, 1870 – 1903) Voye, 1902: Über die Höhe der verschiedenen Zinsarten und ihre wechselseitige Abhängigkeit.(On the values of different types of interests and their interdependence).

U.S. Economic and Financial Dataset

Dataset Description

This dataset combines historical U.S. economic and financial indicators, spanning the last 50 years, to facilitate time series analysis and uncover patterns in macroeconomic trends. It is designed for exploring relationships between interest rates, inflation, economic growth, stock market performance, and industrial production.

Key Features

• Frequency: Monthly
• Time Period: Last 50 years from Nov-24
• Sources:
  • Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED)
  • Yahoo Finance

Dataset Feature Description

1. Interest Rate (Interest_Rate):

   • The effective federal funds rate, representing the interest rate at which depository institutions trade federal funds overnight.

2. Inflation (Inflation):

   • The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, an indicator of inflation trends.

3. GDP (GDP):

   • Real GDP measures the inflation-adjusted value of goods and services produced in the U.S.

4. Unemployment Rate (Unemployment):

   • The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking work.

5. Stock Market Performance (S&P500):

   • Monthly average of the adjusted close price, representing stock market trends.

6. Industrial Production (Ind_Prod):

   • A measure of real output in the industrial sector, including manufacturing, mining, and utilities.

Dataset Statistics

1. Total Entries: 599
2. Columns: 6
3. Memory usage: 37.54 kB
4. Data types: float64

Feature Overview

• Columns:
  • Interest_Rate: Monthly Federal Funds Rate (%)
  • Inflation: CPI (All Urban Consumers, Index)
  • GDP: Real GDP (Billions of Chained 2012 Dollars)
  • Unemployment: Unemployment Rate (%)
  • Ind_Prod: Industrial Production Index (2017=100)
  • S&P500: Monthly Average of S&P 500 Adjusted Close Prices

Executive Summary

This project explores the interconnected dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators and financial market trends over the past 50 years, leveraging data from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) and Yahoo Finance. The dataset integrates critical variables such as the Federal Funds Rate, Inflation (CPI), Real GDP, Unemployment Rate, Industrial Production, and the S&P 500 Index, providing a holistic view of the U.S. economy and financial markets.

The analysis focuses on uncovering relationships between these variables through time-series visualization, correlation analysis, and trend decomposition. Key findings are included in the Insights section. This project serves as a robust resource for understanding long-term economic trends, policy impacts, and market behavior. It is particularly valuable for students, researchers, policymakers, and financial analysts seeking to connect macroeconomic theory with real-world data.

Potential Use Cases

• Economic Analysis: Examine relationships between interest rates, inflation, GDP, and unemployment.
• Stock Market Prediction: Study how macroeconomic indicators influence stock market trends.
• Time Series Modeling: Perform ARIMA, VAR, or other models to forecast economic trends.
• Cyclic Pattern Analysis: Identify how economic shocks and recoveries impact key indicators.

Snap of Power Analysis

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/1b40e0ca-7d2e-4fbc-8cfd-df3f09e4fdb8">

To ensure sufficient power, the dataset covers last 50 years of monthly data i.e., around 600 entries.

Key Insights derived through EDA, time-series visualization, correlation analysis, and trend decomposition

• Interest Rate and Inflation Dynamics: The interest Rate and inflation exhibit an inverse relationship, especially during periods of aggressive monetary tightening by the Federal Reserve.
• Economic Growth and Market Performance: GDP growth and the S&P 500 Index show a positive correlation, reflecting how market performance often aligns with overall economic health.
• Labor Market and Industrial Output: Unemployment and industrial production demonstrate a strong inverse relationship. Higher industrial output is typically associated with lower unemployment
• Market Behavior During Economic Shocks: The S&P 500 experienced sharp declines during significant crises, such as the 2008 financial crash and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. These events also triggered increased unemployment and contractions in GDP, highlighting the interplay between markets and the broader economy.
• Correlation Highlights: S&P 500 and GDP have a strong positive correlation. Interest rates negatively correlate with GDP and inflation, reflecting monetary policy impacts. Unemployment is negatively correlated with industrial production but positively correlated with interest rates.

Link to GitHub Repo

https:/...

Poland's main stock market index, the WIG, fell to 110618 points on December 2, 2025, losing 1.16% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has declined 1.29%, though it remains 36.78% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Poland. Warsaw Stock Exchange WIG Index - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

This dataset contains historical stock price data for Tesla, Inc. (TSLA) starting from its IPO date, June 29, 2010, to January 1, 2025. The dataset includes daily records of Tesla's stock performance on the NASDAQ stock exchange. It is ideal for time-series analysis, stock price prediction, and understanding the long-term performance of Tesla in the stock market.

The dataset consists of the following columns:

1. Date: The trading date.
2. Open: Opening stock price on the given date.
3. High: The highest stock price during the trading day.
4. Low: The lowest stock price during the trading day.
5. Close: The closing stock price for the day.
6. Adj Close: Adjusted closing price (corrected for dividends and stock splits).
7. Volume: The number of shares traded during the day.

Use Cases of Tesla Stock Historical Data

1. Time-Series Analysis

   • Analyze trends in Tesla's stock prices over time.
   • Identify seasonality, volatility, and long-term patterns in Tesla’s performance.

2. Stock Price Prediction

   • Develop predictive models to forecast future stock prices using techniques such as ARIMA, LSTMs, or regression.

3. Investment Strategy Evaluation

   • Backtest trading strategies by simulating trades based on historical price movements.
   • Analyze returns of investment strategies such as moving averages, RSI, or Bollinger Bands.

4. Market Sentiment Analysis

   • Correlate Tesla’s stock performance with news sentiment, earnings reports, and market events.

5. Portfolio Diversification

   • Evaluate Tesla’s performance compared to other stocks or indices to assess its role in a diversified portfolio.

6. Risk Management

   • Calculate volatility, beta, and other risk metrics to assess the risk associated with investing in Tesla stock.

7. Economic and Market Studies

   • Study how macroeconomic indicators (like inflation, interest rates) influence Tesla’s stock price.
   • Analyze Tesla’s performance during major economic events such as the COVID-19 pandemic or policy changes.

8. Stock Splits and Adjustments Analysis

   • Examine the impact of Tesla’s stock splits on price and trading volume.

9. Educational Purposes

   • Serve as a dataset for academic projects, coursework, or tutorials on financial data analysis.

10. Correlation with Sector Trends

    • Compare Tesla’s stock performance with other automotive or renewable energy companies.

11. Data Visualization and Dashboarding

    • Create dashboards using tools like Tableau, Power BI, or Python libraries to visualize Tesla’s stock performance metrics.

12. A/B Testing for Financial Applications

    • Use historical stock data for controlled experiments in finance-related applications to improve decision-making tools.

Graph and download economic data for Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 30-Year Constant Maturity, Quoted on an Investment Basis, Inflation-Indexed (DFII30) from 2010-02-22 to 2025-11-28 about TIPS, 30-year, maturity, Treasury, securities, interest rate, interest, real, rate, and USA.

Turkey's main stock market index, the BIST 100, rose to 11132 points on December 2, 2025, gaining 0.14% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 0.64% and is up 13.27% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Turkey. Turkey Stock Market - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

The DAX is a stock market index composed of the ** major German blue chip companies trading on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. At the close of 2024, the DAX (Deutscher Aktienindex) closed at ********* points. This was the highest closing value of the observed period.What is the DAX index? The DAX is the most important stock index in Germany. It was introduced on July 1, 1988 and is a continuation of the Börsen-Zeitung Index, established in 1959. The DAX index is comprised of ** largest and most liquid German companies such as Deutsche Bank, Allianz or Bayer. These companies are traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, which is the oldest exchange worldwide. The index can be viewed as a snapshot of the investment climate in Germany. What is not included in the DAX? Most notably, the DAX, like most indices, is not adjusted for inflation. While inflation has been relatively low in recent years, it might be useful to adjust the historic figures on the index when comparing historic data to current levels. This is particularly important for years when the index appears to increase by a few percentage points, because inflation may have increased at a more rapid rate than the stock prices.

Graph and download economic data for Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 20-Year Constant Maturity, Quoted on an Investment Basis, Inflation-Indexed (RIFLGFCY20XIINA) from 2004 to 2024 about 20-year, TIPS, maturity, investment, Treasury, yield, securities, interest rate, interest, real, rate, and USA.

Between January 1971 and May 2025, gold had average annual returns of **** percent, which was only slightly more than the return of commodities, with an annual average of around eight percent. The annual return of gold was over ** percent in 2024. What is the total global demand for gold? The global demand for gold remains robust owing to its historical importance, financial stability, and cultural appeal. During economic uncertainty, investors look for a safe haven, while emerging markets fuel jewelry demand. A distinct contrast transpired during COVID-19, when the global demand for gold experienced a sharp decline in 2020 owing to a reduction in consumer spending. However, the subsequent years saw an increase in demand for the precious metal. How much gold is produced worldwide? The production of gold depends mainly on geological formations, market demand, and the cost of production. These factors have a significant impact on the discovery, extraction, and economic viability of gold mining operations worldwide. In 2024, the worldwide production of gold was expected to reach *** million ounces, and it is anticipated that the rate of growth will increase as exploration technologies improve, gold prices rise, and mining practices improve.

Inflation-Linked Structured Notes Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global inflation-linked structured notes market size reached USD 92.8 billion in 2024, reflecting the growing demand for inflation-hedged investment products amid persistent economic uncertainty. The market is projected to expand at a robust CAGR of 6.7% from 2025 to 2033, with the total market value forecasted to hit USD 167.1 billion by 2033. This sustained growth is primarily driven by heightened investor awareness of inflation risks, increased volatility in traditional asset classes, and the proliferation of innovative structured note products catering to diverse investor profiles.

One of the primary growth factors fueling the inflation-linked structured notes market is the global resurgence of inflationary pressures, which has compelled investors to seek out instruments that can provide both principal protection and real returns. Central banks across major economies have either maintained or hiked interest rates in response to persistent price increases, prompting institutional and retail investors alike to rebalance their portfolios towards inflation-sensitive assets. Inflation-linked structured notes, with their ability to deliver returns indexed to inflation benchmarks, have emerged as a preferred choice for investors seeking to preserve purchasing power without sacrificing yield. As inflation expectations remain elevated, demand for these notes is expected to remain strong across both developed and emerging markets.

Another significant driver is the ongoing innovation within the structured products industry, which has led to the introduction of more sophisticated inflation-linked notes tailored to specific risk-return appetites. Financial engineers have developed products such as digital notes, callable notes, and zero-coupon variants that offer varying degrees of exposure to inflation, credit, and equity risks. This product diversification has expanded the addressable market, attracting a broader spectrum of investors, from risk-averse institutions to yield-seeking high net worth individuals. Additionally, advancements in digital platforms and distribution channels have democratized access to these products, enabling retail investors to participate in previously inaccessible structured note offerings. This democratization is further supported by improved transparency, regulatory oversight, and investor education initiatives.

The market's growth is also underpinned by the increasing integration of inflation-linked structured notes into institutional investment strategies, particularly among pension funds, insurance companies, and sovereign wealth funds. These entities face long-term liabilities that are highly sensitive to inflation, making inflation-linked products a natural hedge. The growing sophistication of risk management frameworks and portfolio construction tools has allowed institutions to incorporate structured notes more effectively, optimizing their risk-adjusted returns. Furthermore, the entry of non-traditional players such as fintech firms and digital banks into the structured notes market has spurred competition and innovation, enhancing product offerings and reducing costs for end-users.

Regionally, North America and Europe continue to dominate the inflation-linked structured notes market, accounting for a combined share of over 60% in 2024, according to our analysis. This dominance is attributed to the mature financial markets, high levels of investor sophistication, and well-established regulatory environments in these regions. However, the Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, driven by rising affluence, expanding capital markets, and a growing awareness of inflation risks among investors. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also emerging as important markets, supported by economic reforms and increasing participation of institutional investors. The regional dynamics are expected to evolve further as global macroeconomic conditions shift and regulatory frameworks adapt to new market realities.

Product Type Analysis

The inflation-linked structured notes market is segmented by product type into zero-coupon notes, coupon-bearing notes, callable notes, digital notes, and others. Zero-coupon notes have gained traction among conservative investors seeking inflation protection without periodic income payouts. These notes are typically issued at a discount and matu

Brazil's main stock market index, the IBOVESPA, rose to 159976 points on December 2, 2025, gaining 0.86% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 6.33% and is up 26.83% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Brazil. Brazil Stock Market (BOVESPA) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 5-Year Constant Maturity, Quoted on an Investment Basis, Inflation-Indexed (FII5) from Jan 2003 to Nov 2025 about TIPS, maturity, Treasury, securities, 5-year, interest rate, interest, real, rate, and USA.

Financial crises inflict significant human as well as economic hardship. This paper focuses on the human fallout of capital market stress. Financial stress-induced behavioral changes can manifest in higher suicide and murder-suicide rates. We find that these rates also correlate with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate (negatively associated; a -0.25% drop [in the rate of change in annual suicides for a +1% change in the independent variable]), unemployment rate (positive link; 0.298% increase), inflation rate (positive link; 0.169% increase in suicide rate levels) and stock market returns adjusted for the risk-free T-Bill rate (negative link; -0.047% drop). Suicides tend to rise during periods of economic turmoil, such as the recent Great Recession of 2008. An analysis of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data of more than 2 million non-natural deaths in the US since 1980 reveals a positive correlation with unemployment levels. We find that suicides and murder-suicides associated with adverse market sentiment lag the initial stressor by up to two years, thus opening a policy window for government/public health intervention to reduce these negative outcomes. Both our models explain about 73 to 76% of the variance in suicide rates and rate of change in suicide rates, and deploy a total of four widely available independent variables (lagged and/or transformed). The results are invariant to the inclusion/exclusion of 2008 data over the 1980–2016 time series, the period of our study. The disconnect between rational decision making, induced by cognitive dissonance and severe financial stress can lead to suboptimal outcomes, not only in the area of investing, but in a direct loss of human capital. No economic system can afford such losses. Finance journal articles focus on monetary alpha, which is the return on a portfolio in excess of the benchmark; we think it is important to be aware of the loss of human capital as a consequence of market instability. This study makes one such an attempt.

Japan's main stock market index, the JP225, rose to 49553 points on December 2, 2025, gaining 0.51% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has declined 3.78%, though it remains 26.25% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Japan. Japan Stock Market Index (JP225) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

Inflation-Linked Bonds Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global inflation-linked bonds market size reached USD 3.26 trillion in 2024, reflecting robust investor demand amidst ongoing economic volatility and persistent inflationary pressures. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 7.1% over the forecast period, with the total market value projected to reach USD 6.04 trillion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing adoption of inflation-hedging strategies among institutional and retail investors, as well as rising government and corporate issuances in both developed and emerging economies.

One of the primary growth factors fueling the expansion of the inflation-linked bonds market is the heightened global inflationary environment witnessed over the past few years. As central banks across major economies grapple with persistent inflation, investors are actively seeking instruments that can safeguard their portfolios against the erosion of purchasing power. Inflation-linked bonds, which adjust principal and interest payments in line with inflation indices, have become a preferred choice for both risk-averse and yield-seeking investors. The increased issuance of Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) in the United States and similar products in Europe and Asia has further catalyzed market growth, with governments leveraging these instruments to attract a broader base of investors and manage fiscal risks more effectively.

Another significant driver is the evolving regulatory landscape and the growing sophistication of financial markets. Regulatory frameworks in regions like North America and Europe have encouraged pension funds, insurance companies, and other institutional investors to incorporate inflation-linked securities into their portfolios as part of prudent risk management practices. Additionally, the proliferation of digital trading platforms and online distribution channels has democratized access to these instruments for retail investors, expanding the investor base and boosting overall market liquidity. The integration of advanced analytics and portfolio management tools has also enabled investors to better assess risk-return profiles and optimize their exposure to inflation-linked assets.

Furthermore, the diversification of issuers beyond sovereign governments has played a pivotal role in shaping the inflation-linked bonds market. In recent years, there has been a noticeable uptick in corporate and supranational issuances, as organizations seek to align their debt structures with long-term inflation expectations and investor demand. This trend is particularly pronounced in sectors such as infrastructure, utilities, and financial services, where long-duration liabilities necessitate inflation protection. The expansion of the market’s issuer base not only enhances product diversity but also supports deeper secondary market activity and price discovery, contributing to the overall maturation and resilience of the inflation-linked bonds ecosystem.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the global inflation-linked bonds market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed closely by Europe and Asia Pacific. The United States, with its highly liquid TIPS market, remains the epicenter of activity, while the United Kingdom and Eurozone countries have also witnessed increased issuance of index-linked gilts and bonds. In Asia Pacific, countries such as Japan and Australia are emerging as key growth markets, driven by rising inflation expectations and proactive policy measures. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually expanding their presence, buoyed by macroeconomic reforms and efforts to develop local currency bond markets.

Type Analysis

The inflation-linked bonds market is segmented by type into Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), Index-Linked Gilts, Capital Indexed Bonds, and Others. TIPS, issued primarily by the US Treasury, represent the largest and most liquid segment of the market, offering investors a direct hedge against US inflation. The robust demand for TIPS is underpinned by the United States' status as a global economic powerhouse and the high degree of transparency and regulatory oversight in its financial markets. TIPS have become a staple in institutional portfolios, particularly among pension funds and insurance compani

The average market risk premium in the United States remained at *** percent in 2025. This suggests that the returns that investors expected for their investrments remained the same as the previous year in that country, in exchange for the risk they are exposed to. This premium has hovered between *** and *** percent since 2011. What causes country-specific risk? Risk to investments come from two main sources. First, inflation causes an asset’s price to decrease in real terms. A 100 U.S. dollar investment with three percent inflation is only worth ** U.S. dollars after one year. Investors are also interested in risks of project failure or non-performing loans. The unique U.S. context Analysts have historically considered the United States Treasury to be risk-free. This view has been shifting, but many advisors continue to use treasury yield rates as a risk-free rate. Given the fact that U.S. government securities are available at a variety of terms, this gives investment managers a range of tools for predicting future market developments.

Venezuela's main stock market index, the IBC, rose to 1554 points on December 2, 2025, gaining 0.15% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has declined 2.61%, though it remains 1,361.02% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Venezuela. Venezuela Stock Market (IBVC) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.