This statistic shows the unadjusted annual inflation rate and monetary base growth rate in the United States from 1960 to 2019. Historic data is shown in 3-year increments. In 2019, prices went up by 1.6 percent compared to 2018. In the same time frame, the monetary base decreased by approximately 0.8 percent.

The Eurozone's money supply has experienced significant growth over the past two decades, with the M2 measure reaching approximately 15.6 trillion euros by the end of 2024. This substantial increase from 4.6 trillion euros in 2001 reflects the expanding monetary base in the euro area. However, 2023 marked a notable deviation from this trend, as it was the first year in the observed period where the money supply in the euro area decreased. Components of money supply M2 is a broader measure of money supply that includes cash, checking deposits, and convertible near money. It encompasses the more narrow M1 measure, which consists of the most liquid components, such as currency in circulation and overnight deposits. As of December 2024, the Eurozone's M1 money supply stood at 10.57 trillion euros, while M2 reached 15.6 trillion euros. These figures are used by central banks to forecast inflation and interest rates, playing a crucial role in shaping monetary policy. Comparison with other regions While the Eurozone has seen steady growth in its money supply, other major economies have experienced their own unique trajectories. In the United States, for instance, the M2 money supply reached 20.86 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023, showing a slight decrease from the previous year. Both the Eurozone and the U.S. saw exceptional increases in their money supply during 2020, largely due to quantitative easing measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This global economic event had a profound impact on monetary policies across different regions, influencing the money supply dynamics worldwide.

Money Supply M2 in the United States increased to 21447.60 USD Billion in November from 21311.20 USD Billion in October of 2024. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Money Supply M0 in the United States decreased to 5614000 USD Million in February from 5614200 USD Million in January of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M0 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In 2023, the money supply in Vietnam amounted to approximately 10.3 percent, indicating an increase from the previous year. In that year, Vietnam recorded an inflation rate of 3.3 percent.

The U.S. M1 money supply reached 18.43 trillion dollars in 2024, showing a modest increase from the previous year. While M1 grew gradually between 2000 and 2019, it experienced an unprecedented surge in 2020 due to the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The most dramatic spike occurred in May 2020, when M1 jumped from 4.8 to 16.2 trillion dollars - more than tripling in a single month.

Graph and download economic data for Monetary Base: Total (BOGMBASE) from Jan 1959 to Feb 2025 about monetary base and USA.

Money Supply M2 in Brazil decreased to 6539934 BRL Million in January from 6592245 BRL Million in December of 2024. This dataset provides - Brazil Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Graph and download economic data for Real M2 Money Stock (M2REAL) from Jan 1959 to Feb 2025 about M2, monetary aggregates, real, and USA.

Money Supply M2 in Argentina decreased to 67420887.80 ARS Million in January from 71460823.70 ARS Million in December of 2024. This dataset provides - Argentina Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Graph and download economic data for Monetary Aggregates and Their Components: Broad Money and Components: M3 for United States (MABMM301USA657S) from 1960 to 2023 about M3, broad, monetary aggregates, and USA.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest 0.9 trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately 6.76 trillion U.S. dollars by March 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached eight percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by November 2024, inflation had declined to 2.7 percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at 5.33 percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of 114.3 billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the 58.84 billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over 281 billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of 174.53 billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

Money Supply M2 in Germany decreased to 3881.30 EUR Billion in January from 3909.70 EUR Billion in December of 2024. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Germany Money Supply M2 - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Money Supply M2 in Japan decreased to 1253104.40 JPY Billion in February from 1259441.70 JPY Billion in January of 2025. This dataset provides - Japan Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Inflation in the table below is defined as the percent change in the CPI from the same month last year. The first column of numbers shows the latest value available from the national authorities and the next two columns show the levels of annual inflation three months and one year prior to the latest release. The data are updated daily. Over long stretches of time - typically years - inflation is a byproduct of the expansion of money supply. In the short run the inflation rate fluctuates with economic growth as recessions slow down the increase in prices and rapid output growth accelerates it. Shits in exchange rates, commodity prices, and natural phenomena like droughts also have an impact. Over time, however, these factors have only a transitory effect and the only variable that matters is money supply growth. The control of inflation is delegated to central banks that typically try to balance between relatively low inflation and low unemployment. For more, you can read our articles about optimal inflation and the causes of inflation in the short run and the long run.

Money Supply M2 in Thailand increased to 23256.19 THB Billion in January from 23096.34 THB Billion in December of 2024. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Thailand Money Supply M2.

In 2023, China’s monetary authority, the People’s Bank of China, issued more than 11.9 trillion yuan which was the highest amount issued in one year so far. Over the past years, the value of printed money increased steadily. The issuing of currency was one function of a central bank.

Maintaining price stability

One of the main policy objectives of the People’s Bank of China was to maintain price stability. Typically, countries set the desired inflation target and the central bank implements the necessary policies to achieve the said target. Usually, China keeps its inflation target at around three percent, but in 2021, the inflation rate dropped to under one percent. If the inflation rate is too low, central banks can issue more currency and decrease the interest rate. In the opposite scenario, if the inflation rate is too high central banks try to reduce the amount of money in circulation by increasing the interest rate or decreasing bond prices.

Managing the economy

In capitalist market economies, economies usually undergo a boom and bust cycle. Central banks attempt to counteract this cyclical development to soften the impact for its citizens. For instance, the Chinese government aims to maintain an unemployment rate of around four percent. However, crises such as the 2008 financial crisis and the outbreak of COVID-19 have an unforseen impact on the economy. To lower the employment rate, the People’s Bank engaged specific monetary policies to stimulate the economy with the aim of increasing job creation.

This paper investigates the long-run and short-run relationship between money supply and inflation in Pakistan, utilizing annual data spanning from 1981 to 2021. The key objective is to assess the impact of monetary policy, specifically money supply, on inflation dynamics in the country. To achieve this, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach is employed, which is suitable for analyzing cointegration among variables with mixed integration orders. The results reveal both short and long-run cointegration between inflation, money supply, unemployment, and interest rates. Notably, unemployment demonstrates a negative correlation with inflation, while money supply and interest rates exhibit a positive relationship. These findings underscore the importance of dedicated policy measures to manage inflation effectively. The paper concludes by recommending the establishment of a policy implementation body and collaboration between the government and the central bank to ensure financial stability and control inflation through well-calibrated monetary and fiscal policies.

Key information about Australia Money Supply M2

• Australia Money Supply M2 was reported at 1,955.356 USD bn in Jan 2025
• This records an increase from the previous number of 1,932.222 USD bn for Dec 2024
• Australia Money Supply M2 data is updated monthly, averaging 208.209 USD bn from Mar 1965 to Jan 2025, with 719 observations
• The data reached an all-time high of 2,133.477 USD bn in Sep 2024 and a record low of 11.548 USD bn in Mar 1965
• Australia Money Supply M2 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data
• The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Money Supply M2: USD: Monthly: Seasonally Adjusted

CEIC converts monthly Money Supply M3 into USD. The Reserve Bank of Australia provides Money Supply M3 in local currency. The Federal Reserve Board period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Money Supply M3 covers M1, all deposits at banks and certificates of deposits from the private non-Authorised Deposit-taking Institutions sector, and deposits with non-bank Authorised Deposit-taking Institutions.

Money Supply M0 in the United Kingdom increased to 97412 GBP Million in January from 97250 GBP Million in December of 2024. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Money Supply M0 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.