We present data on whether inviduals can discern conversion-driven price hikes in the situation of simulteneously using two currencies. A sample of 296 subjects are presented with a shopping receipt with prices of individual items in both Euro and Bulgarian leva, as well as the fixed exchange rate between the two currencies; and then asked to state their preference in paying the original or the euro-converted price. However, conversion is imperfect, with the price in Euro being slightly higher (3-8% in different conditions). We also measure their trust in the merchant as well as various demographic and behavioral factors such as age, gender, usage of online media, trust in institutions and others. The dataset can be used to study how populations will react to conversion-induced inflation in countries that change their currency to a new one, such as the prospective Eurozone members. Data was collected in early 2023 among a sample of Sofia University students and amid public discussion and planning about the adoption of the Euro. Key findings indicate that small conversion errors on the upside go unnoticed by individuals, which is a mechanism for generating inflation pressures at the macroeconomic level.

Inflation Rate in Indonesia increased to 1.87 percent in June from 1.60 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - Indonesia Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Pulp, Paper, and Allied Products: Packaging and Industrial Converting Paper (WPU091303) from Jun 1981 to May 2025 about paper, commodities, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Measures of monthly UK inflation data including CPIH, CPI and RPI. These tables complement the consumer price inflation time series dataset.

Inflation Rate in Japan decreased to 3.50 percent in May from 3.60 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Japan Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items Less Food and Energy in U.S. City Average (CPILFESL) from Jan 1957 to May 2025 about core, headline figure, all items, urban, consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Pakistan inflation rate for 2024 was 12.63%, a 18.14% decline from 2023.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>Pakistan inflation rate for 2023 was <strong>30.77%</strong>, a <strong>10.89% increase</strong> from 2022.</li>
<li>Pakistan inflation rate for 2022 was <strong>19.87%</strong>, a <strong>10.38% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>Pakistan inflation rate for 2021 was <strong>9.50%</strong>, a <strong>0.24% decline</strong> from 2020.</li>
</ul>Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.

The file "dataset_regression_income.csv" contains a dataset developed in the analysis of inflation heterogeneity for Italian Households in the period 2015-2023.The dataset is the outcome of merging the yearly Household Budget Surveys (HBS) conducted by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat), the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) which is calculated monthly by Istat, according to EU regulations, and the Survey on Households Income and Wealth (SHIW) conducted by Bank of Italy.Mapping price information into consumption decisions and aggregating an individual price index for each household according to a Laspeyres Formula leads to the computation of household-level inflation rates.Furthermore, we compute non-durable equivalent expenditure for each household as a proxy of living standards. The variable is obtained by subtracting durable expenditure from total aggregate expenditure and scaling down by an household equivalent scale (in the benchmark specification, the square root of the household size). The decile distribution of the variable is also computed.Finally, we apply a statistical matching procedure to integrate income information from SHIW data sources. The output is a synthetic dataset containing both expenditure and income information that preserves the joint distribution and correlation structures of the original datasets.The file "ISTAT_MFR_HBS_EUR.csv" is a conversion table that maps ECOICOP items to HBS expenditure voices.

In 2024, the average inflation rate in Morocco amounted to about 0.94 percent. Between 1980 and 2024, the figure dropped by approximately 8.47 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. From 2024 to 2030, the inflation will rise by around 1.07 percentage points, showing an overall upward trend with periodic ups and downs.This indicator measures inflation based upon the year-on-year change in the average consumer price index, expressed in percent. The latter expresses a country's average level of prices based on a typical basket of consumer goods and services.

Inflation in Argentina was 54 percent in 2019, before falling to 42 percent in 2020. Despite Argentina's fluctuating economic instability over the twentieth century, the largest factor in its current economic status is the legacy of poor fiscal discipline left by the economic depression from 1998 to 2002. Although data is not available from 2014 to 2016, Argentina's inflation rate has been among the highest in the world for the past five years.

What causes inflation?

Inflation is a rise in price levels for all goods. Major causes of inflation include an increase in money supply, low central bank interest rates, and expectation of inflation. In a country such as Argentina, the expectation can be one of the biggest obstacles. People expect inflation to be high and demand increasing wages, and firms continue raising prices because they expect the costs of inputs to increase. Banks follow suit, charging high interest rates on fixed deposits.

Effects of inflation

Inflation negatively affects savers. 100 Argentinian pesos in 2018 was worth just under 75 pesos in 2019, after adjusting for the 34 percent inflation rate. Similarly, frequently changing prices has its own inherent cost, called “menu cost” after the price of printing new menus. Inflation will also have a positive effect on national debt when that debt is denominated in Argentinian pesos, because the pesos will be cheaper when the loan matures. However, the majority of Argentina’s debts are in foreign currency, which means that inflation will make these debts larger in peso terms.

The table displays the source data and describes all steps that were taken to estimate the cost of a single MDA round per 100,000 eligibles.n.a. = not applicable.aThe term base year refers to the year in which cost were originally measured (1996 for India, 2002 for West Africa).bCalculated from 1), 3) and 4), assuming that drugs (50 mg DEC tablets) were purchased for all eligible persons.cFor India: cost of DEC (50-mg tablets; 5.2 tablets p.p. on average; 0.026 US$ p.p. on average) were subtracted.dCorrection for inflation, using the annual deflators as published by the World Bank [24], i.e. the rate of price change in the economy as a whole. The amount under 6) was first converted back to local currency using the base year conversion rate. Then we applied the correction for inflation between the base year and 2009. The new amount was reconverted into US dollars using the 2009 conversion rate. Average annual inflation in India was about 5% between 1996 and 2009. The average annual inflation between 2002 and 2009 in Burkina Faso was 9%.eWe assume that sensitization efforts in India are intensified to achieve higher coverage, as studied elsewhere [25], [26]. Associated extra costs (for personnel and supplies) would be 0.009 US $ per person in 2002, or 0.015 US$ per eligible if adjusted to 2009 values.fVolunteer remuneration has changed. In 2002, volunteers were paid for 2 days of training only, not distribution. By 2010 Burkina volunteers were remunerated for about 2.5 days training and 7 days distribution; the daily rate remained the same. [sources: [11] and personal communications from program directors in Burkina Faso in 2011].gIn India, DEC has to be purchased by the government, at 0.00924 US% p.p. on average (for 100 mg tablets, 2.75 tablets p.p. on average).hDonated drug: albendazole (0.022 US$ p.p.).iDonated drugs: albendazole (0.022 US$ p.p.) and ivermectin (4.2 US$ p.p. on average).

We explain how measures of consumer prices are computed and what the differences are between the consumer price index (CPI) and the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index. We also explain various measures used to gauge underlying inflation, or the long-term trend in prices, such as median and trimmed-mean inflation rates and core inflation.

Inflation Rate in Colombia decreased to 5.05 percent in May from 5.16 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides - Colombia Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Norway NO: GDP: USD: Gross National Income: Atlas Method data was reported at 401.390 USD bn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 429.276 USD bn for 2016. Norway NO: GDP: USD: Gross National Income: Atlas Method data is updated yearly, averaging 109.233 USD bn from Dec 1962 (Median) to 2017, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 537.021 USD bn in 2014 and a record low of 5.841 USD bn in 1962. Norway NO: GDP: USD: Gross National Income: Atlas Method data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Norway – Table NO.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars. GNI, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to U.S. dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the country, and through 2000, the G-5 countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). From 2001, these countries include the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Gap-filled total;

In 2018, the average inflation rate in Egypt amounted to about 20.85 percent, a slight decrease compared to the previous year, when it peaked at 23.53 percent.

Political unrest

Egypt has been shaken by political unrest and turmoil for years now, and these events affect the economy as well. On January 25, 2011, Egyptians started protesting police brutality under then-president Hosni Mubarak, demanding an end to his reign. The protests were met with violence by armed forces, resulting in more unrest and looting. In the end, hundreds of Egyptians had lost their lives and over 6,000 were injured. After Mubarak’s subsequent resignation and the Muslim Brotherhood taking power in the country, Mohamed Morsi was elected President in 2012. He also was overthrown a year later after protests and was imprisoned. The current President, Abdel Fattah es-Sisi, was involved in overthrowing Morsi and took office in June 2014. Sisi introduced a number of economic reforms, but they did not succeed in stabilizing Egypt’s economy.

Economic unrest

2017 saw the Egyptian inflation rate skyrocket from 10.2 percent in 2016 to more than double that at 23.5 percent. Ever since, inflation has recovered only slowly, although projections today see it levelling off below ten percent in the future. Around the same year, Egypt’s GDP dropped to below 240 billion U.S. dollars, a historical low. Unemployment, another key indicator, has steadily been between 12 to 13 percent - one reason for this is Egypt’s reliance on agriculture, which does not factor into the unemployment rate. National debt has also increased dramatically over the last few years. All in all, the times of economic unrest are not yet over.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar in U.S. City Average (CUUR0000SA0R) from Jan 1913 to May 2025 about urban, consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Paraguay PY: GDP: USD: Gross National Income per Capita: Atlas Method data was reported at 3,920.000 USD in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4,060.000 USD for 2016. Paraguay PY: GDP: USD: Gross National Income per Capita: Atlas Method data is updated yearly, averaging 1,850.000 USD from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,390.000 USD in 2014 and a record low of 1,050.000 USD in 2003. Paraguay PY: GDP: USD: Gross National Income per Capita: Atlas Method data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Paraguay – Table PY.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. GNI per capita (formerly GNP per capita) is the gross national income, converted to U.S. dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the midyear population. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. GNI, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to U.S. dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the country, and through 2000, the G-5 countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). From 2001, these countries include the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Weighted Average;

When adjusted for inflation, the 2024 federal minimum wage in the United States is over 40 percent lower than the minimum wage in 1970. Although the real dollar minimum wage in 1970 was only 1.60 U.S. dollars, when expressed in nominal 2024 dollars this increases to 13.05 U.S. dollars. This is a significant difference from the federal minimum wage in 2024 of 7.25 U.S. dollars.

Argentina AR: GDP: USD: Gross National Income per Capita: Atlas Method data was reported at 12,890.000 USD in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 11,820.000 USD for 2022. Argentina AR: GDP: USD: Gross National Income per Capita: Atlas Method data is updated yearly, averaging 3,935.000 USD from Dec 1964 (Median) to 2023, with 60 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13,070.000 USD in 2017 and a record low of 1,120.000 USD in 1964. Argentina AR: GDP: USD: Gross National Income per Capita: Atlas Method data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Argentina – Table AR.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. GNI per capita (formerly GNP per capita) is the gross national income, converted to U.S. dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the midyear population. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. GNI, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to U.S. dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the country, and through 2000, the G-5 countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). From 2001, these countries include the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.;World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.;Weighted average;

We develop and estimate an open economy New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) in which variable demand elasticities give rise to movements in desired markups in response to changes in competitive pressure from abroad. A parametric restriction yields the standard NKPC under constant elasticity and no role for foreign competition to influence domestic inflation. Foreign competition plays an important role in accounting for the behavior of traded goods price inflation. Foreign competition accounted for more than half of a 4 percentage point decline in domestic goods price inflation in the 1990s. Our results also provide evidence against demand curves with a constant elasticity. (JEL E12, E22, E31, F14, F41)