In January 2025, prices had increased by three percent compared to January 2024 according to the 12-month percentage change in the consumer price index — the monthly inflation rate for goods and services in the United States. The data represents U.S. city averages. In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. A projection of the annual U.S. inflation rate can be accessed here and the actual annual inflation rate since 1990 can be accessed here. InflationOne of the most important economic indicators is the development of the Consumer Price Index in a country. The change in this price level of goods and services is defined as the rate of inflation. The inflationary situation in the United States had been relatively severe in 2022 due to global events relating to COVID-19, supply chain restrains, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. More information on U.S. inflation may be found on our dedicated topic page. The annual inflation rate in the United States has increased from 3.2 percent in 2011 to 8.3 percent in 2022. This means that the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar has weakened in recent years. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. According to the data published by the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) was about 258.84 in 2020 and is forecasted to grow up to 325.6 by 2027, compared to the base period from 1982 to 1984. The monthly percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for urban consumers in the United States was 0.1 percent in March 2023 compared to the previous month. In 2022, countries all around the world are experienced high levels of inflation. Although Brazil already had an inflation rate of 8.3 percent in 2021, compared to the previous year, while the inflation rate in China stood at 0.85 percent.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Food at Home in U.S. City Average (CUSR0000SAF11) from Jan 1952 to Feb 2025 about urban, food, consumer, CPI, housing, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Of the major developed and emerging economies, China had the lowest inflation rate at 0.1 percent in December 2024. On the other end of the spectrum, the inflation rate in Russia stood at nearly 10 percent. The country's inflation rate increased sharply after the country's President, Vladimir Putin, decided to invade Ukraine, declined somewhat in 2023, before increasing slowly again since. The rate of inflation reflects changes in the cost of a specified basket containing a representative selection of goods and services. It is derived from the consumer price index (CPI).

Inflation Rate in Uruguay increased to 5.10 percent in February from 5.05 percent in January of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Uruguay Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Inflation Rate in Turkey decreased to 39.05 percent in February from 42.12 percent in January of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Turkey Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In January 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In early 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 21 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at 0.5 percent in January 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 9.9 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

Graph and download economic data for Personal Consumption Expenditures: Chain-type Price Index (PCEPI) from Jan 1959 to Jan 2025 about chained, headline figure, PCE, consumption expenditures, consumption, personal, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

August 2024 marked a significant shift in the UK's monetary policy, as it saw the first reduction in the official bank base interest rate since August 2023. This change came after a period of consistent rate hikes that began in late 2021. In a bid to minimize the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank of England cut the official bank base rate in March 2020 to a record low of 0.1 percent. This historic low came just one week after the Bank of England cut rates from 0.75 percent to 0.25 percent in a bid to prevent mass job cuts in the United Kingdom. It remained at 0.1 percent until December 2021 and was increased to one percent in May 2022 and to 2.25 percent in October 2022. After that, the bank rate increased almost on a monthly basis, reaching 5.25 percent in August 2023. It wasn't until August 2024 that the first rate decrease since the previous year occurred, signaling a potential shift in monetary policy. Why do central banks adjust interest rates? Central banks, including the Bank of England, adjust interest rates to manage economic stability and control inflation. Their strategies involve a delicate balance between two main approaches. When central banks raise interest rates, their goal is to cool down an overheated economy. Higher rates curb excessive spending and borrowing, which helps to prevent runaway inflation. This approach is typically used when the economy is growing too quickly or when inflation is rising above desired levels. Conversely, when central banks lower interest rates, they aim to encourage borrowing and investment. This strategy is employed to stimulate economic growth during periods of slowdown or recession. Lower rates make it cheaper for businesses and individuals to borrow money, which can lead to increased spending and investment. This dual approach allows central banks to maintain a balance between promoting growth and controlling inflation, ensuring long-term economic stability. Additionally, adjusting interest rates can influence currency values, impacting international trade and investment flows, further underscoring their critical role in a nation's economic health. Recent interest rate trends Between 2021 and 2024, most advanced and emerging economies experienced a period of regular interest rate hikes. This trend was driven by several factors, including persistent supply chain disruptions, high energy prices, and robust demand pressures. These elements combined to create significant inflationary trends, prompting central banks to raise rates in an effort to temper spending and borrowing. However, in 2024, a shift began to occur in global monetary policy. The European Central Bank (ECB) was among the first major central banks to reverse this trend by cutting interest rates. This move signaled a change in approach aimed at addressing growing economic slowdowns and supporting growth.

Over the past five years, dairy production in Europe has shrunk amid soaring inflation and shifting consumer habits. Dairy processors have continued to enjoy strong consumer demand despite the rising popularity of plant-based alternatives. Rather than being contenders, these vegan-friendly options have complemented traditional dairy consumption. Consumers have diversified their diets to incorporate both dairy and dairy-free products, keeping dairy processors’ sales afloat. Economic challenges have shaped dairy production trends, with French consumers leaning toward factory-produced, lower-margin dairy. Meanwhile, profit has risen as processors have taken cost-cutting measures. Revenue is projected to fall at a compound annual rate of 1.7% over the five years through 2024 to reach an estimated €259.4 billion. In 2024 alone, revenue will shrink by an estimated 1.9% as the effects of inflation take hold. In recent years, the industry has benefitted from export growth. European dairy products, especially those sourced from Germany and the Netherlands, have seen escalating demand in global markets. This has mainly been fuelled by trade agreements and global market expansions, opening doors to lucrative opportunities for export. Notably, those specialising in unique dairy products, like speciality cheeses, are reaping the benefits. Still, this growth has also exposed Europe's dairy processors to the unpredictable nature of global market fluctuations and trade tensions. Looking ahead, dairy producers will contend with the swelling popularity of plant-based alternatives like oat, almond and soy milk. Thanks to cultural shifts driven by health, environmental sustainability and animal welfare concerns, demand for these alternatives is set to surge. Simultaneously, the industry is gearing up to adopt advanced technologies, including AI, robotics and the Internet of Things, to improve efficiency and product quality while reducing costs. These advancements will steer the industry toward more sustainable and profitable practices. In line with the ballooning eco-awareness, demand for sustainable and locally sourced dairy products is expected to surge as inflation cools down. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is projected to climb at a compound annual rate of 4.5% to reach an estimated €323.4 billion.

Retail Sales in the United States increased 0.20 percent in February of 2025 over the previous month. This dataset provides - U.S. December Retail Sales Increased More Than Forecast - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Inflation Rate in Saudi Arabia remained unchanged at 2 percent in February. This dataset provides - Saudi Arabia Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Over the past five years, dairy production in Europe has shrunk amid soaring inflation and shifting consumer habits. Dairy processors have continued to enjoy strong consumer demand despite the rising popularity of plant-based alternatives. Rather than being contenders, these vegan-friendly options have complemented traditional dairy consumption. Consumers have diversified their diets to incorporate both dairy and dairy-free products, keeping dairy processors’ sales afloat. Economic challenges have shaped dairy production trends, with French consumers leaning toward factory-produced, lower-margin dairy. Meanwhile, profit has risen as processors have taken cost-cutting measures. Revenue is projected to fall at a compound annual rate of 1.7% over the five years through 2024 to reach an estimated €259.4 billion. In 2024 alone, revenue will shrink by an estimated 1.9% as the effects of inflation take hold. In recent years, the industry has benefitted from export growth. European dairy products, especially those sourced from Germany and the Netherlands, have seen escalating demand in global markets. This has mainly been fuelled by trade agreements and global market expansions, opening doors to lucrative opportunities for export. Notably, those specialising in unique dairy products, like speciality cheeses, are reaping the benefits. Still, this growth has also exposed Europe's dairy processors to the unpredictable nature of global market fluctuations and trade tensions. Looking ahead, dairy producers will contend with the swelling popularity of plant-based alternatives like oat, almond and soy milk. Thanks to cultural shifts driven by health, environmental sustainability and animal welfare concerns, demand for these alternatives is set to surge. Simultaneously, the industry is gearing up to adopt advanced technologies, including AI, robotics and the Internet of Things, to improve efficiency and product quality while reducing costs. These advancements will steer the industry toward more sustainable and profitable practices. In line with the ballooning eco-awareness, demand for sustainable and locally sourced dairy products is expected to surge as inflation cools down. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is projected to climb at a compound annual rate of 4.5% to reach an estimated €323.4 billion.

The value of new mortgage lending in the Netherlands decreased for a fifth month in a row in August 2022, reaching approximately nine billion euros. Compared to the same month the previous year, this was a decrease of approximately 15 percent. The housing market in the Netherlands has started to cool down, as interest rates rise in response to the growing inflation.

Over the past five years, dairy production in Europe has shrunk amid soaring inflation and shifting consumer habits. Dairy processors have continued to enjoy strong consumer demand despite the rising popularity of plant-based alternatives. Rather than being contenders, these vegan-friendly options have complemented traditional dairy consumption. Consumers have diversified their diets to incorporate both dairy and dairy-free products, keeping dairy processors’ sales afloat. Economic challenges have shaped dairy production trends, with French consumers leaning toward factory-produced, lower-margin dairy. Meanwhile, profit has risen as processors have taken cost-cutting measures. Revenue is projected to fall at a compound annual rate of 1.7% over the five years through 2024 to reach an estimated €259.4 billion. In 2024 alone, revenue will shrink by an estimated 1.9% as the effects of inflation take hold. In recent years, the industry has benefitted from export growth. European dairy products, especially those sourced from Germany and the Netherlands, have seen escalating demand in global markets. This has mainly been fuelled by trade agreements and global market expansions, opening doors to lucrative opportunities for export. Notably, those specialising in unique dairy products, like speciality cheeses, are reaping the benefits. Still, this growth has also exposed Europe's dairy processors to the unpredictable nature of global market fluctuations and trade tensions. Looking ahead, dairy producers will contend with the swelling popularity of plant-based alternatives like oat, almond and soy milk. Thanks to cultural shifts driven by health, environmental sustainability and animal welfare concerns, demand for these alternatives is set to surge. Simultaneously, the industry is gearing up to adopt advanced technologies, including AI, robotics and the Internet of Things, to improve efficiency and product quality while reducing costs. These advancements will steer the industry toward more sustainable and profitable practices. In line with the ballooning eco-awareness, demand for sustainable and locally sourced dairy products is expected to surge as inflation cools down. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is projected to climb at a compound annual rate of 4.5% to reach an estimated €323.4 billion.

The U.S. federal funds effective rate underwent a dramatic reduction in early 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate plummeted from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.65 percent in March, and further decreased to 0.05 percent in April. This sharp reduction, accompanied by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, was implemented to stabilize the economy during the global health crisis. After maintaining historically low rates for nearly two years, the Federal Reserve began a series of rate hikes in early 2022, with the rate moving from 0.33 percent in April 2022 to 5.33 percent in August 2023. The rate remained unchanged for over a year, before the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in nearly three years in September 2024, bringing the rate to 5.13 percent. By December 2024, the rate was cut to 4.48 percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy in the second half of 2024. The first rate cut in 2025 then set the rate at 4.33 percent. What is the federal funds effective rate? The U.S. federal funds effective rate determines the interest rate paid by depository institutions, such as banks and credit unions, that lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. Changing the effective rate in times of crisis is a common way to stimulate the economy, as it has a significant impact on the whole economy, such as economic growth, employment, and inflation. Central bank policy rates The adjustment of interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was a coordinated global effort. In early 2020, central banks worldwide implemented aggressive monetary easing policies to combat the economic crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's dramatic reduction of its federal funds rate - from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.05 percent by April - mirrored similar actions taken by central banks globally. While these low rates remained in place throughout 2021, mounting inflationary pressures led to a synchronized tightening cycle beginning in 2022, with central banks pushing rates to multi-year highs. By mid-2024, as inflation moderated across major economies, central banks began implementing their first rate cuts in several years, with the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank all easing monetary policy.

Over the past five years, dairy production in Europe has shrunk amid soaring inflation and shifting consumer habits. Dairy processors have continued to enjoy strong consumer demand despite the rising popularity of plant-based alternatives. Rather than being contenders, these vegan-friendly options have complemented traditional dairy consumption. Consumers have diversified their diets to incorporate both dairy and dairy-free products, keeping dairy processors’ sales afloat. Economic challenges have shaped dairy production trends, with French consumers leaning toward factory-produced, lower-margin dairy. Meanwhile, profit has risen as processors have taken cost-cutting measures. Revenue is projected to fall at a compound annual rate of 1.7% over the five years through 2024 to reach an estimated €259.4 billion. In 2024 alone, revenue will shrink by an estimated 1.9% as the effects of inflation take hold. In recent years, the industry has benefitted from export growth. European dairy products, especially those sourced from Germany and the Netherlands, have seen escalating demand in global markets. This has mainly been fuelled by trade agreements and global market expansions, opening doors to lucrative opportunities for export. Notably, those specialising in unique dairy products, like speciality cheeses, are reaping the benefits. Still, this growth has also exposed Europe's dairy processors to the unpredictable nature of global market fluctuations and trade tensions. Looking ahead, dairy producers will contend with the swelling popularity of plant-based alternatives like oat, almond and soy milk. Thanks to cultural shifts driven by health, environmental sustainability and animal welfare concerns, demand for these alternatives is set to surge. Simultaneously, the industry is gearing up to adopt advanced technologies, including AI, robotics and the Internet of Things, to improve efficiency and product quality while reducing costs. These advancements will steer the industry toward more sustainable and profitable practices. In line with the ballooning eco-awareness, demand for sustainable and locally sourced dairy products is expected to surge as inflation cools down. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is projected to climb at a compound annual rate of 4.5% to reach an estimated €323.4 billion.

The booming retail trade and the above target consumer prices’ inflation in 2023-2024 in Russia amid tightening monetary policy stance raise an issue of the strength of the monetary policy interest rate channel. The focus of our paper is the interest rate elasticity (given inflation expectations) of a household’s loan request probability. We argue that a household, not an individual consumer, is the right object for the study. We use unique data on households’ loan applications obtained from the All-Russian Survey of Consumer Finances, which contains information on more than 6000 households in Russia. Actual loan applications cover period of 2020-2022, the survey also contain information on households’ borrowing intentions as of late spring-summer 2022.The interest rate channel of monetary policy with regard to unsecured loans although being statistically significant and working in the right direction, seems not to be economically important. It means that Bank of Russia in its relying on this channel might have to increase the key rate significantly to cool down the consumer demand and bring retail inflation to the target. We find that higher household’s inflation expectations positively correlate with its loan demand.We empirically identify a set of Russian households’ characteristics that are key drivers for households’ requests for credit. Demographics is an important factor of the demand.

The U.S. housing market has slowed, after 13 consecutive years of rising home prices. In 2021, house prices surged by an unprecedented 18 percent, marking the highest increase on record. However, the market has since cooled, with the Freddie Mac House Price Index showing more modest growth between 2022 and 2024. In 2024, home prices increased by 4.2 percent. That was lower than the long-term average of 4.4 percent since 1990. Impact of mortgage rates on homebuying The recent cooling in the housing market can be partly attributed to rising mortgage rates. After reaching a record low of 2.96 percent in 2021, the average annual rate on a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage more than doubled in 2023. This significant increase has made homeownership less affordable for many potential buyers, contributing to a substantial decline in home sales. Despite these challenges, forecasts suggest a potential recovery in the coming years. How much does it cost to buy a house in the U.S.? In 2023, the median sales price of an existing single-family home reached a record high of over 389,000 U.S. dollars. Newly built homes were even pricier, despite a slight decline in the median sales price in 2023. Naturally, home prices continue to vary significantly across the country, with West Virginia being the most affordable state for homebuyers.

Mortgage interest rates worldwide varied greatly in 2024, from less than four percent in many European countries, to as high as 44 percent in Turkey. The average mortgage rate in a country depends on the central bank's base lending rate and macroeconomic indicators such as inflation and forecast economic growth. Since 2022, inflationary pressures have led to rapid increase in mortgage interest rates. Which are the leading mortgage markets? An easy way to estimate the importance of the mortgage sector in each country is by comparing household debt depth, or the ratio of the debt held by households compared to the county's GDP. In 2023, Switzerland, Australia, and Canada had some of the highest household debt to GDP ratios worldwide. While this indicator shows the size of the sector relative to the country’s economy, the value of mortgages outstanding allows to compare the market size in different countries. In Europe, for instance, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France were the largest mortgage markets by outstanding mortgage lending. Mortgage lending trends in the U.S. In the United States, new mortgage lending soared in 2021. This was largely due to the growth of new refinance loans that allow homeowners to renegotiate their mortgage terms and replace their existing loan with a more favorable one. Following the rise in interest rates, the mortgage market cooled, and refinance loans declined.

The DXY decreased 0.1629 or 0.16% to 104.3841 on Thursday March 27 from 104.5470 in the previous trading session. United States Dollar - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.