Human population density in the coastal zone and potential impacts of climate change underscore a growing conflict between coastal development and an encroaching shoreline. Rising sea-levels and increased storminess threaten to accelerate coastal erosion, while growing demand for coastal real estate encourages more spending to hold back the sea in spite of the shrinking federal budget for beach nourishment. As climatic drivers and federal policies for beach nourishment change, the evolution of coastline mitigation and property values is uncertain. We develop an empirically grounded, stochastic dynamic model coupling coastal property markets and shoreline evolution, including beach nourishment, and show that a large share of coastal property value reflects capitalized erosion control. The model is parameterized for coastal properties and physical forcing in North Carolina, U.S.A. and we conduct sensitivity analyses using property values spanning a wide range of sandy coastlines along the U.S. East Coast. The model shows that a sudden removal of federal nourishment subsidies, as has been proposed, could trigger a dramatic downward adjustment in coastal real estate, analogous to the bursting of a bubble. We find that the policy-induced inflation of property value grows with increased erosion from sea level rise or increased storminess, but the effect of background erosion is larger due to human behavioral feedbacks. Our results suggest that if nourishment is not a long-run strategy to manage eroding coastlines, a gradual removal is more likely to smooth the transition to more climate-resilient coastal communities.

Since 2021, the inflation rate in Italy suddenly has surged to levels never touched in the past ten years. Hence, Italians had to change their approach to everyday life, adopting new food spending habits to counter the erosion of purchasing power. In particular, for 50 percent of the interviewees, avoiding the buy of superfluous goods and a limitation of food waste were the best strategies against rising prices. Moreover, around 40 percent of the citizens decided to purchase more frequently — and possibly store — products on offer. Instead, one third of the respondents did the grocery shopping in the more affordable discount stores. However, from the survey emerges that Italians were less keen to renounce to name brand products in favor of private label goods. In fact, one fourth of the consumers declared to buy more store brands, but only 18 percent chose to purchase exclusively them. In 2023, still 70 percent of customers preferred to buy national brands rather than store labels. Hence, Italian consumers faced the growing inflation cutting optional expenses, maximizing the necessary ones, and incrementing food provisions, without quitting label goods consumption, perceived to have a higher quality than the private brand competitors.

This file contains the collected data for all variables considered in the study (described on Variables_metadata_CIAT_FAO_2022.xlsx file) for 40 pantropical countries with a series of 18 years (2004-2021) Metodology:The data were collected between January and June 2022.

The Biden-Harris administration announced the launch of a new Voluntary Community-Driven Relocation program, led by the Department of the Interior, to assist Tribal communities severely impacted by environmental threats. Through investments from President Biden’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act, the Department is committing $115 million for 11 severely impacted Tribes to advance relocation efforts and adaptation planning. Additional support for relocation will be provided by the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) and the Denali Commission. Alaska communities located along coastlines and tidally influenced rivers are vulnerable to coastal erosion. These communities face advanced planning decisions, such as implementing shore protection or moving infrastructure. This work aims to provide quantitative erosion exposure data to Alaskans that can be combined with local knowledge and evidence for developing hazard mitigation plans and strategies to address erosion. DGGS Report of Investigation 2021-3, Erosion exposure assessment of infrastructure in Alaska coastal communities, provides estimated erosion exposure for 48 communities from the Bering to the Beaufort seas. The Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys conducted a shoreline change assessment to forecast 20-, 40-, and 60-year erosion estimates using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS; Himmelstoss and others, 2018), and estimated the replacement cost of infrastructure in the forecast area. The geodatabase includes mean erosion forecasts and maximum uncertainties for 38 communities along with infrastructure locations and classification derived from Alaska Division of Community & Regional Affairs digital mapping products (DCRA, 2021) for 44 communities. All files are available from the DGGS website: https://doi.org/10.14509/30672. The sea level rise (SLR) coastal inundation layers were created using existing federal products: the (1) NOAA Coastal Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and (2) 2022 Interagency Sea Level Rise Technical Report Data Files. The DEMs for the Continental United States (CONUS) are provided in North American Vertical Datum 1988 (NAVD 88) and were converted to Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) using the NOAA VDatum conversion surfaces; the elevation values are in meters (m). The NOAA Scenarios of Future Mean Sea Level are provided in centimeters (cm). The MHHW DEMs for CONUS were merged and converted to cm and Scenarios of Future Mean Sea Level were subtracted from the merged DEM. Values below 0 represent areas that are below sea level and are “remapped” to 1, all values above 0 are remapped to “No Data”, creating a map that shows only areas impacted by SLR. Areas protected by levees in Louisiana and Texas were then masked or removed from the results. This was done for each of the emissions scenarios (Lower Emissions = 2022 Intermediate SLR Scenario Higher Emissions = 2022 Intermediate High SLR Scenario) at each of the mapped time intervals (Early Century - Year 2030, Middle Century - Year 2050, and Late Century - Year 2090). The resulting maps are displayed in the CMRA Assessment Tool. County, tract, and tribal geographies summaries of percentage SLR inundation were also calculated using Zonal Statistics tools. The Sea Level Rise Scenario year 2020 is considered “baseline” and the impacts are calculated by subtracting the baseline value from each of the near-term, mid-term and long-term timeframes. Thumbnail image and following quote courtesy of The Yurok Tribe, “Klamath River estuary on the Yurok Indian Reservation, anticipated area of greatest direct impact from sea level rise.”

Turkey's recent economic development and policy performance have to be viewed in the context of the frequent changes in government during the last few years, which has resulted in insufficient action being taken on long-term reforms needed to improve domestic resource mobilization. In recent years, Turkey has experienced impressive growth in domestic output and an unusually rapid expansion in imports, but this has been accompanied by a high rate of inflation, which did slow down significantly in 1975. The employment situation remains a matter of concern. Sociopolitical pressures in Europe point to a worsening of the prospects for worker emigration to Europe and the concomitant relief provided the domestic employment situation. The major weakness of 1975 performance was the continued erosion of the balance of payments position, which suffered a severe setback. Exports and remittances declined while imports continued to grow. Turkey has maintained an impressive growth rate in spite of adverse conditions and has the potential for rapid growth if greater attention is given domestic resource mobilization and management of the balance of payments.