Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

India SPF:(CPI) Consumer Price IndexCombined: Core: Next Fiscal Year: Median data was reported at 4.300 % in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.000 % for Feb 2025. India SPF:(CPI) Consumer Price IndexCombined: Core: Next Fiscal Year: Median data is updated monthly, averaging 4.900 % from Jun 2017 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.800 % in Apr 2022 and a record low of 3.900 % in Apr 2024. India SPF:(CPI) Consumer Price IndexCombined: Core: Next Fiscal Year: Median data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of India. The data is categorized under Global Database’s India – Table IN.SH022: Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF): Reserve Bank of India: Annual Forecasts: Inflation: CPI Combined: Core.

On November 15, 2021, President Biden signed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), which invests more than $13 billion directly in Tribal communities across the country and makes Tribal communities eligible for billions more. For further explanation of the law please visit https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3684/text. These resources go to many Federal agencies to expand access to clean drinking water for Native communities, ensure every Native American has access to high-speed internet, tackle the climate crisis, advance environmental justice, and invest in Tribal communities that have too often been left behind. On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act into law, marking the most significant action Congress has taken on clean energy and climate change in the nation’s history. With the stroke of his pen, the President redefined American leadership in confronting the existential threat of the climate crisis and set forth a new era of American innovation and ingenuity to lower consumer costs and drive the global clean energy economy forward. More information on this can be found here: https://www.whitehouse.gov/cleanenergy/inflation-reduction-act-guidebook/. This dataset illustrates the locations of Bureau of Indian Affairs projects funded by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act in Fiscal Year 2022, 2023, and 2024. The points illustrated in this dataset are the locations of Bureau of Indian Affairs projects funded by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act in Fiscal Year 2022 and 2023. The locations for the points in this layer were provided by the persons involved in the following groups: Division of Water and Power, DWP, Ecosystem Restoration, Irrigation, Power, Water Sanitation, Dam Safety, Branch of Geospatial Support, Bureau of Indian Affairs, BIA.GIS point feature class was created by Bureau of Indian Affairs - Branch Of Geospatial Support (BOGS), Division of Water and Power (DWP), Ecosystem Restoration, Irrigation, Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Tribal Leaders Directory: https://www.bia.gov/service/tribal-leaders-directory/tld-csvexcel-dataset, The Department of the Interior | Strategic Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Project: https://www.doi.gov/emergency/shira#main-content

Inflation Rate in India decreased to 0.25 percent in October from 1.44 percent in September of 2025. This dataset provides - India Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

U.S. Economic and Financial Dataset

Dataset Description

This dataset combines historical U.S. economic and financial indicators, spanning the last 50 years, to facilitate time series analysis and uncover patterns in macroeconomic trends. It is designed for exploring relationships between interest rates, inflation, economic growth, stock market performance, and industrial production.

Key Features

• Frequency: Monthly
• Time Period: Last 50 years from Nov-24
• Sources:
  • Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED)
  • Yahoo Finance

Dataset Feature Description

1. Interest Rate (Interest_Rate):

   • The effective federal funds rate, representing the interest rate at which depository institutions trade federal funds overnight.

2. Inflation (Inflation):

   • The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, an indicator of inflation trends.

3. GDP (GDP):

   • Real GDP measures the inflation-adjusted value of goods and services produced in the U.S.

4. Unemployment Rate (Unemployment):

   • The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking work.

5. Stock Market Performance (S&P500):

   • Monthly average of the adjusted close price, representing stock market trends.

6. Industrial Production (Ind_Prod):

   • A measure of real output in the industrial sector, including manufacturing, mining, and utilities.

Dataset Statistics

1. Total Entries: 599
2. Columns: 6
3. Memory usage: 37.54 kB
4. Data types: float64

Feature Overview

• Columns:
  • Interest_Rate: Monthly Federal Funds Rate (%)
  • Inflation: CPI (All Urban Consumers, Index)
  • GDP: Real GDP (Billions of Chained 2012 Dollars)
  • Unemployment: Unemployment Rate (%)
  • Ind_Prod: Industrial Production Index (2017=100)
  • S&P500: Monthly Average of S&P 500 Adjusted Close Prices

Executive Summary

This project explores the interconnected dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators and financial market trends over the past 50 years, leveraging data from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) and Yahoo Finance. The dataset integrates critical variables such as the Federal Funds Rate, Inflation (CPI), Real GDP, Unemployment Rate, Industrial Production, and the S&P 500 Index, providing a holistic view of the U.S. economy and financial markets.

The analysis focuses on uncovering relationships between these variables through time-series visualization, correlation analysis, and trend decomposition. Key findings are included in the Insights section. This project serves as a robust resource for understanding long-term economic trends, policy impacts, and market behavior. It is particularly valuable for students, researchers, policymakers, and financial analysts seeking to connect macroeconomic theory with real-world data.

Potential Use Cases

• Economic Analysis: Examine relationships between interest rates, inflation, GDP, and unemployment.
• Stock Market Prediction: Study how macroeconomic indicators influence stock market trends.
• Time Series Modeling: Perform ARIMA, VAR, or other models to forecast economic trends.
• Cyclic Pattern Analysis: Identify how economic shocks and recoveries impact key indicators.

Snap of Power Analysis

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/1b40e0ca-7d2e-4fbc-8cfd-df3f09e4fdb8">

To ensure sufficient power, the dataset covers last 50 years of monthly data i.e., around 600 entries.

Key Insights derived through EDA, time-series visualization, correlation analysis, and trend decomposition

• Interest Rate and Inflation Dynamics: The interest Rate and inflation exhibit an inverse relationship, especially during periods of aggressive monetary tightening by the Federal Reserve.
• Economic Growth and Market Performance: GDP growth and the S&P 500 Index show a positive correlation, reflecting how market performance often aligns with overall economic health.
• Labor Market and Industrial Output: Unemployment and industrial production demonstrate a strong inverse relationship. Higher industrial output is typically associated with lower unemployment
• Market Behavior During Economic Shocks: The S&P 500 experienced sharp declines during significant crises, such as the 2008 financial crash and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. These events also triggered increased unemployment and contractions in GDP, highlighting the interplay between markets and the broader economy.
• Correlation Highlights: S&P 500 and GDP have a strong positive correlation. Interest rates negatively correlate with GDP and inflation, reflecting monetary policy impacts. Unemployment is negatively correlated with industrial production but positively correlated with interest rates.

Link to GitHub Repo

https:/...

We report average expected inflation rates over the next one through 30 years. Our estimates of expected inflation rates are calculated using a Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland model that combines financial data and survey-based measures. Released monthly.

In March 2025, inflation amounted to 2.4 percent, while wages grew by 4.3 percent. The inflation rate has not exceeded the rate of wage growth since January 2023. Inflation in 2022 The high rates of inflation in 2022 meant that the real terms value of American wages took a hit. Many Americans report feelings of concern over the economy and a worsening of their financial situation. The inflation situation in the United States is one that was experienced globally in 2022, mainly due to COVID-19 related supply chain constraints and disruption due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The monthly inflation rate for the U.S. reached a 40-year high in June 2022 at 9.1 percent, and annual inflation for 2022 reached eight percent. Without appropriate wage increases, Americans will continue to see a decline in their purchasing power. Wages in the U.S. Despite the level of wage growth reaching 6.7 percent in the summer of 2022, it has not been enough to curb the impact of even higher inflation rates. The federally mandated minimum wage in the United States has not increased since 2009, meaning that individuals working minimum wage jobs have taken a real terms pay cut for the last twelve years. There are discrepancies between states - the minimum wage in California can be as high as 15.50 U.S. dollars per hour, while a business in Oklahoma may be as low as two U.S. dollars per hour. However, even the higher wage rates in states like California and Washington may be lacking - one analysis found that if minimum wage had kept up with productivity, the minimum hourly wage in the U.S. should have been 22.88 dollars per hour in 2021. Additionally, the impact of decreased purchasing power due to inflation will impact different parts of society in different ways with stark contrast in average wages due to both gender and race.

India SPF:(CPI) Consumer Price IndexCombined: Core: Current Fiscal Year: Maximum data was reported at 5.000 % in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.300 % for Feb 2025. India SPF:(CPI) Consumer Price IndexCombined: Core: Current Fiscal Year: Maximum data is updated monthly, averaging 5.800 % from Jun 2017 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.000 % in Feb 2024 and a record low of 4.100 % in Jun 2020. India SPF:(CPI) Consumer Price IndexCombined: Core: Current Fiscal Year: Maximum data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of India. The data is categorized under Global Database’s India – Table IN.SH022: Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF): Reserve Bank of India: Annual Forecasts: Inflation: CPI Combined: Core.

India SPF: WPI: Non Food Mfg Prdt: Current Fiscal Year: Maximum data was reported at 3.200 % in Apr 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 3.200 % for Feb 2025. India SPF: WPI: Non Food Mfg Prdt: Current Fiscal Year: Maximum data is updated monthly, averaging 3.800 % from Jun 2017 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20.800 % in Apr 2022 and a record low of 0.200 % in Apr 2024. India SPF: WPI: Non Food Mfg Prdt: Current Fiscal Year: Maximum data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of India. The data is categorized under Global Database’s India – Table IN.SH024: Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF): Reserve Bank of India: Annual Forecasts: Inflation: WPI: Non Food Manufactured Products.

Inflation Rate in Pakistan decreased to 6.10 percent in November from 6.20 percent in October of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Pakistan Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

This tool provides state-by-state data showing investments for Farm Bill and Inflation Reduction Act funding. Final data are available for fiscal year 2023, with year-to-date data available for fiscal year 2024 and 2025.

India SPF: WPI: All Commodities: Current Fiscal Year: Mean data was reported at 2.200 % in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.300 % for Feb 2025. India SPF: WPI: All Commodities: Current Fiscal Year: Mean data is updated monthly, averaging 2.900 % from Jun 2017 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.400 % in Apr 2022 and a record low of -0.700 % in Apr 2024. India SPF: WPI: All Commodities: Current Fiscal Year: Mean data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of India. The data is categorized under Global Database’s India – Table IN.SH023: Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF): Reserve Bank of India: Annual Forecasts: Inflation: WPI: All Commodities.

In 2023, the U.S. Consumer Price Index was 309.42, and is projected to increase to 352.27 by 2029. The base period was 1982-84. The monthly CPI for all urban consumers in the U.S. can be accessed here. After a time of high inflation, the U.S. inflation rateis projected fall to two percent by 2027. United States Consumer Price Index ForecastIt is projected that the CPI will continue to rise year over year, reaching 325.6 in 2027. The Consumer Price Index of all urban consumers in previous years was lower, and has risen every year since 1992, except in 2009, when the CPI went from 215.30 in 2008 to 214.54 in 2009. The monthly unadjusted Consumer Price Index was 296.17 for the month of August in 2022. The U.S. CPI measures changes in the price of consumer goods and services purchased by households and is thought to reflect inflation in the U.S. as well as the health of the economy. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics calculates the CPI and defines it as, "a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services." The BLS records the price of thousands of goods and services month by month. They consider goods and services within eight main categories: food and beverage, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education, and other goods and services. They aggregate the data collected in order to compare how much it would cost a consumer to buy the same market basket of goods and services within one month or one year compared with the previous month or year. Given that the CPI is used to calculate U.S. inflation, the CPI influences the annual adjustments of many financial institutions in the United States, both private and public. Wages, social security payments, and pensions are all affected by the CPI.

This web map supports NOAA's Bipartisan Infrastructure Law & Inflation Reduction Act Awards Explorer.This map was designed to allow users to find locations and information about all grants and cooperative agreements (“awards”) funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) with funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) and Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). Point locations on the Explorer map are based on a central point representing the general place of performance or the recipient location for the award. This Explorer includes awards made through the end of Fiscal Year 2024 (Sep. 30, 2024) and will be periodically updated as new awards are executed. Disclaimer: Awards supporting work across multiple states will be listed for each state that will benefit from the work, and award amounts should not be summed across multiple states. When querying data related to programs funded by both BIL and IRA (e.g., Fish Passage and Habitat Restoration programs), select both BIL and IRA provision filters for accurate results.

This dataset includes municipal spending cap data used for the calculation of municipal revenue sharing grant amounts from 2018 through the most recent reporting year. Subsection (f) of Connecticut General Statute Sec. 4-66l establishes a municipal expenditure cap that is the greater of the inflation rate or 2.5% or more of the prior fiscal year’s adopted budget expenditures, including expenditures from a municipality's general fund. Municipalities that increase their adopted budget expenditures over the previous fiscal year by an amount that exceeds this cap receive a reduced revenue sharing grant. The reduction is equal to 50 cents for every dollar the municipality spends over the cap. Municipalities must annually certify to the OPM secretary, on an OPM-prescribed form, whether they have exceeded the spending cap and, if so, by how much. More information may be found here: https://www.cga.ct.gov/2024/sup/chap_050.htm#sec_4-66l

The statistic lists the 20 countries with the lowest inflation rate in 2024. In 2023, China ranked 6th with an inflation rate of about 0.21 percent compared to the previous year. Inflation rates and the financial crisis Due to relatively stagnant worker wages as well as a hesitation from banks to so easily distribute loans to the ordinary citizen, inflation has remained considerably low. Low inflation rates are most apparent in European countries, which stems from the on-going Eurozone debt crisis as well as from the global financial crisis of 2008. With continuous economical struggles and a currently sensitive economic situation throughout Europe, precautions were taken in order to maintain stability and to prevent consequential breakdowns, such as those in Greece and Spain. Additionally, the average European consumer had to endure financial setbacks, causing doubt in the general future of the entire European Union, as evident in the consumer confidence statistics, which in turn raised the question, if several handpicked countries should step out of the EU in order to improve its economic position. Greece, while perhaps experiencing the largest economic drought out of all European countries, improved on its inflation rate. The situation within the country is slowly improving itself as a result of a recent bailout as well as economic stimulus packages issued by the European Union. Furthermore, the Greek government managed its revenues and expenses more competently in comparison to the prime of the global and the Greek financial crisis, with annual expenses only slightly exceeding yearly revenues.

Inflation Rate in Bangladesh decreased to 8.17 percent in October from 8.36 percent in September of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Bangladesh Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The food inflation in India fell to ***** percent year-on-year in July 2025. In 2024, the food inflation peaked in October at about ** percent. Impact of inflation Inflation is a key economic indicator of an economy, influencing purchasing power, investments, and economic growth. The rise in food prices, which comprise about **** of the consumer price index (CPI) basket, affects large sections of the Indian population. Supply chain disruptions, increased cost of production, global market dependency, weather conditions, and government policies on minimum support prices are some reasons leading to food inflation. TOP drivers of food inflation Price-sensitive vegetables viz. tomato, onion, and potato (TOP) were the leading drivers of food inflation as per the Economic Survey for the financial year 2025. Experts argue that price pressures are not mainly due to a shortfall in production but post-harvest losses, seasonal production, and regional dispersion in production.  

Inflation Swaps Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global inflation swaps market size reached USD 254.8 billion in 2024, exhibiting robust expansion driven by heightened inflation volatility and increased adoption by institutional investors. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 10.3% through the forecast period, reaching a value of USD 609.7 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily fueled by the rising need for effective inflation risk management tools and the proliferation of sophisticated financial instruments in both developed and emerging markets.

One of the most significant growth factors in the inflation swaps market is the persistent uncertainty in global inflation rates. With inflation surges observed in both advanced and emerging economies, market participants are increasingly seeking instruments to hedge against the erosion of purchasing power. Central banksÂ’ policy shifts, supply chain disruptions, and geopolitical tensions have all contributed to heightened inflation expectations. Inflation swaps offer a unique solution, allowing counterparties to exchange fixed payments for inflation-linked payments, thus providing a transparent and efficient means to manage inflation risk. As a result, institutional investors, including pension funds and insurance companies, are increasingly incorporating inflation swaps into their portfolio strategies to protect asset value and ensure long-term financial stability.

Another key driver propelling the inflation swaps market is the growing sophistication and diversification of financial markets. As financial products evolve, market participants demand more customized and flexible instruments to address complex risk profiles. Inflation swaps, particularly zero-coupon and year-on-year structures, offer tailored solutions for different maturity preferences and risk appetites. The increasing digitization of trading platforms and advancements in financial analytics have further facilitated the adoption of inflation swaps by enhancing price discovery, liquidity, and operational efficiency. Additionally, regulatory reforms post-global financial crisis have encouraged transparency and standardized documentation, fostering greater confidence among market participants and contributing to the marketÂ’s upward trajectory.

A third major growth factor is the expanding role of inflation swaps in supporting monetary policy and public sector risk management. Governments and central banks are leveraging these instruments to manage public debt portfolios and benchmark inflation expectations. The use of inflation swaps in sovereign debt management strategies has grown, enabling public sector entities to mitigate risks associated with inflation-linked liabilities. Moreover, as inflation-linked bonds become more prevalent, the demand for complementary derivatives such as inflation swaps is rising, further integrating these instruments into the broader financial ecosystem. This trend is particularly pronounced in regions with active inflation-linked bond markets, such as Europe and North America, where inflation swaps play a critical role in market functioning and policy implementation.

Inflation-Linked Structured Notes are becoming increasingly relevant in the context of inflation swaps. These notes are financial instruments that offer returns linked to inflation indices, providing investors with a hedge against inflationary pressures. As inflation concerns rise globally, the demand for such structured notes is growing, offering a complementary tool for managing inflation risk alongside traditional swaps. Investors are attracted to the potential for inflation-adjusted returns, making these notes an appealing option for those looking to preserve purchasing power in volatile economic environments. With the integration of inflation-linked structured notes into investment portfolios, market participants can achieve a more comprehensive approach to inflation risk management, aligning with the broader trend of sophisticated financial solutions.

From a regional perspective, the inflation swaps market exhibits notable variation in adoption and growth rates. North America and Europe collectively account for a significant share of the global market, driven by mature financial infrastructure, high institutional participation, a