Abstract of associated article: Increasing the independence of a central bank from political influence, although ex-ante socially beneficial and initially successful in reducing inflation, would ultimately fail to lower inflation permanently. The smaller anticipated policy distortions implemented by a more independent central bank would induce the fiscal authority to decrease current distortions by increasing the deficit. Over time, inflation would increase to accommodate a higher public debt. By contrast, imposing a strict inflation target would lower inflation permanently and insulate the primary deficit from political distortions.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt: Total Public Debt (GFDEBTN) from Q1 1966 to Q1 2025 about public, debt, federal, government, and USA.

Brazil Federal Public Debt: Inflation Linked data was reported at 1,113.273 BRL bn in Apr 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,097.484 BRL bn for Mar 2019. Brazil Federal Public Debt: Inflation Linked data is updated monthly, averaging 509.944 BRL bn from Jan 2004 (Median) to Apr 2019, with 184 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,113.273 BRL bn in Apr 2019 and a record low of 99.886 BRL bn in Jan 2004. Brazil Federal Public Debt: Inflation Linked data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Treasury Secretariat. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table BR.FC001: Federal Public Debt: Held by the Public. This data is part of the Monthly Report of Federal Public Debt from National Treasury. Displays information about emissions, redemptions, stock, maturity profile and average cost to the Federal Public Debt, including both the internal and external debts, responsibility of the National Treasury market.

The United States recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 124.30 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2024. This dataset provides - United States Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Replication package for the paper "Public Debt and Household Inflation Expectations" by Francesco Grigoli and Damiano Sandri, published in the Journal of International Economics

Households Debt in the United States decreased to 69.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2024 from 70.50 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2024. This dataset provides - United States Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

ABSTRACT We provide here a model that attempts to explain how the financial circuit in Brazil became an outstanding locus of wealth valuation. It shows that its special character is due to a peculiar institutional arrangement that allows the public sector - the main financial agent - to operate with negative spread. Then, inflationary shocks can produce very strong movements of private sector portfolio, between indexed and non-indexed bonds, which can deepen the negative spread. This is the reason why the financial circuit is a source of wealth valuation, since this negative spread is appropriated by the financial speculators.

United States Federal Debt: PDS: Marketable: T Inflation Protected Securities data was reported at 1,382.288 USD bn in Oct 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,376.426 USD bn for Sep 2018. United States Federal Debt: PDS: Marketable: T Inflation Protected Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 693.766 USD bn from Jun 2004 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 173 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,382.288 USD bn in Oct 2018 and a record low of 200.391 USD bn in Jun 2004. United States Federal Debt: PDS: Marketable: T Inflation Protected Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bureau of the Fiscal Service. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.F004: Federal Debt.

Iceland Government Debt: Domestic: Inflation Linked Treasury Bonds data was reported at 206,180.000 ISK mn in Oct 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 205,687.000 ISK mn for Sep 2018. Iceland Government Debt: Domestic: Inflation Linked Treasury Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 97,176.000 ISK mn from Dec 2003 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 178 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 206,180.000 ISK mn in Oct 2018 and a record low of 15,105.000 ISK mn in Jul 2007. Iceland Government Debt: Domestic: Inflation Linked Treasury Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Government Debt Management . The data is categorized under Global Database’s Iceland – Table IS.F010: Central Government Debt . Since April 2010, securities issued by the Treasury of Iceland have been standardise the names in accordance with whether or not they are inflation-indexed to coordinate them with common usage abroad. Treasury Bonds is now called Indexed (Inflation-Linked) Bonds.

This study examined the relationship between debt servicing and foreign exchange rate unification in Nigeria from 1995 to 2023, hypothesizing that a unified exchange rate policy would significantly impact the country's debt service-to-revenue ratio. Using annual time series data from sources such as the International Monetary Fund and World Development Indicators, the study employed an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze the relationship between the debt service-to-revenue ratio and factors including the official foreign exchange rate, GDP growth rate, inflation rate, and oil prices. The findings revealed several notable insights. Exchange rate unification was found to have a significant negative effect on the debt service-to-revenue ratio, suggesting that a unified exchange rate policy could help reduce Nigeria's debt service burden. Both current and lagged inflation rates showed a significant negative impact on the debt service-to-revenue ratio, indicating that higher inflation might be eroding the real value of debt or increasing nominal revenues faster than debt servicing costs. Lagged exchange rates were found to negatively affect the debt service-to-revenue ratio, implying that higher exchange rates in the previous period decrease the current ratio. Oil prices demonstrated mixed effects, with current prices positively impacting the debt service-to-revenue ratio while lagged prices had a negative effect. The study also revealed strong persistence in debt servicing behavior over time, as evidenced by the significant positive correlation between current and previous year's debt service ratios. These results offer significant implications for policymakers. The negative effect of exchange rate unification on the debt service-to-revenue ratio suggests that such a policy could improve efficiency in forex markets and reduce arbitrage opportunities, ultimately helping to reduce the debt service burden. The negative relationship between inflation and the debt service-to-revenue ratio indicates that higher inflation might be beneficial for debt servicing in the short term, though this should be interpreted cautiously given the potential negative consequences of high inflation. The mixed impact of oil prices reflects the complexity of Nigeria's oil-dependent economy, highlighting the need for economic diversification. The strong persistence in debt servicing commitments points to potential structural issues in debt management or lack of fiscal flexibility. Policymakers can use these findings to inform strategies for managing Nigeria's debt burden. The results suggest that pursuing exchange rate unification, carefully managing inflation, diversifying the economy to reduce oil dependence, and improving fiscal discipline could all contribute to better management of debt servicing costs. However, it's crucial to consider the lagged effects of economic variables on debt servicing when formulating long-term fiscal strategies.

Graph and download economic data for Household Debt Service Payments as a Percent of Disposable Personal Income (TDSP) from Q1 1980 to Q1 2025 about disposable, payments, debt, personal income, percent, personal, households, services, income, and USA.

Sweden Central Govt Debt: Capital Market: Inflation Linked Bonds data was reported at 252,212.000 SEK mn in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 251,724.000 SEK mn for Feb 2025. Sweden Central Govt Debt: Capital Market: Inflation Linked Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 200,005.000 SEK mn from Nov 2001 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 281 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 252,212.000 SEK mn in Mar 2025 and a record low of 109,132.000 SEK mn in Mar 2002. Sweden Central Govt Debt: Capital Market: Inflation Linked Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Sweden. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.F011: Central Government Debt: Statistics Sweden: Newer Methodology.

In September 2024, the national debt of the United States had risen up to 35.46 trillion U.S. dollars. The national debt per capita had risen to 85,552 U.S. dollars in 2021. As represented by the statistic above, the public debt of the United States has been continuously rising. U.S. public debt Public debt, also known as national and governmental debt, is the debt owed by a nations’ central government. In the case of the U.S., national debt is owed by the federal government to Treasury security holders. Generally speaking, government debt increases with government spending, and can be decreased through taxes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. government increased spending significantly to finance virus infrastructure, aid, and various forms of economic relief. International public debt Venezuela leads the global ranking of the 20 countries with the highest public debt in 2021. In relation to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Venezuela's public debt amounted to around 306.95 percent of GDP. Eritrea was ranked fifth, with an estimated debt of 170 percent of the Gross Domestic Product. The national debt of the United Kingdom is forecasted to grow from 87 percent in 2022 to 70 percent in 2027, in relation to the Gross Domestic Product. These figures include England, Wales, Scotland as well as Northern Ireland. Greece had the highest national debt among EU countries as of the 4th quarter of 2020 in relation to the Gross Domestic Product. Germany ranked 13th in the EU, with its national debt amounting to 69 percent of GDP in the same time period. Tuvalu was one of the 20 countries with the lowest national debt in 2021 in relation to the GDP, while Macao had an estimated level of national debt of zero percent, the lowest of any country. The data refer to the debts of the entire state, including the central government, the provinces, municipalities, local authorities and social insurance.

In 2023, the gross federal debt in the United States amounted to around ****** U.S. dollars per capita. This is a moderate increase from the previous year, when the per capita national debt amounted to about ****** U.S. dollars. The total debt accrued by the U.S. annually can be accessed here. Federal debt of the United States The level of national debt held by the United States government has risen sharply in the years following the Great Recession. Federal debt is the amount of debt the federal government owes to creditors who hold assets in the form of debt securities. As with individuals and consumers, there is a common consensus among economists that holding debt is not necessarily problematic for government so long as the public debt is held at a sustainable level. Although there is no agreed upon ratio of debt to gross domestic product, the increasing debt held by the Federal Reserve has become a major part of the political discourse in the United States. Politics and the national debt In recent years, debate over the debt ceiling has been of concern to domestic politicians, the owners of federal debt, and global economy as a whole. The debt ceiling is a legislated maximum amount that national debt can reach intended to impose a degree of fiscal prudence on incumbent governments. However, as national debt has grown the debt ceiling has been reached, thus forcing legislative action by Congress. In both 2011 and 2013, new legislation was passed by Congress allowing the debt ceiling to be raised. The Budget Control Act of 2011 and the No Budget, No Pay Act of 2013 successively allowed the government to avoid defaulting on national debt and therefore avert a potential economic crisis.

Sweden Central Govt Debt: NI: Inflation Linked: Inflation-Linked Bonds data was reported at 182,767.340 SEK mn in Nov 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 182,339.340 SEK mn for Oct 2018. Sweden Central Govt Debt: NI: Inflation Linked: Inflation-Linked Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 187,767.074 SEK mn from Aug 2004 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 172 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 226,661.877 SEK mn in Sep 2008 and a record low of 161,567.290 SEK mn in Dec 2012. Sweden Central Govt Debt: NI: Inflation Linked: Inflation-Linked Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Swedish National Debt Office. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.F012: Central Government Debt: Swedish National Debt Office.

Graph and download economic data for Gross Federal Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product (GFDGDPA188S) from 1939 to 2023 about gross, debt, federal, GDP, and USA.

Inflation rates in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) ranged from ** percent inflation in Myanmar to **** percent inflation in Thailand in 2025. Only a few countries are in the 2 to 6 percent range that many economists view as optimal for emerging economies. Effects of high inflation High inflation is generally detrimental to the economy. Prices tend to rise faster than wages, meaning that people and firms have less purchasing power. This in turn leads to slower growth in the gross domestic product (GDP). It also leads to a weaker currency. For countries with a positive trade balance this can be beneficial, because exports are relatively cheaper to foreign buyers. Through the same mechanism, net importers suffer from a weaker currency. Additionally, inflation makes a country’s national debt less expensive if the debt is denominated in the local currency. However, most of this debt is in U.S. dollars, so inflation makes the debt more difficult to service and repay. Risks of deflation With deflation, consumers and firms delay investments because they expect prices to be lower in the future. This slows consumption and investment, two major components of GDP growth. The most common example of this is Japan, where the GDP growth rate has been low for a long time due, in large part, to deflation. For this reason, countries like Brunei would rather see low and stable inflation than slight deflation.

This dataset is about countries per year in Germany. It has 64 rows. It features 4 columns: country, central government debt, and inflation.

ABSTRACT Existing interest rates imply explosive debt dynamics for Brazil. It also faces rising inflation from earlier currency depreciations, which could trigger future depreciation. These conditions impose a policy contradiction. Brazil needs lower interest rates for debt sustainability, but tight monetary policy to avoid exchange rate depreciation and inflation. The paper develops a strategy to escape this contradiction. Policy must bolster investor confidence to lower external interest rates, lower domestic interest rates to reduce debt service burdens, and implement domestic credit creation controls to control inflation.

This survey studied the financial awareness and knowledge of people living in Finland, and their views on financial issues. The survey is based on the OECD financial literacy questionnaire and methodological guidance developed by the International Network on Financial Education (INFE). Data collection was conducted by TNS Gallup Finland. The survey was financed by Academy of Finland (269130), OP Group Research Foundation (OP-Pohjola ryhmän tutkimussäätiö), Foundation for Economic Education (Liikesivistysrahasto), Vaasan Aktiasäätiö, and Finnish Foundation for Share Promotion (Pörssisäätiö). Main themes included management of personal finances, consumption and saving behaviour, insurances, preparedness for retirement, financial knowledge in general, over-indebtness, own financial abilities and trust in financial institutions. The respondents were also asked to evaluate their financial decisions and the influences behind their decisions. The respondents' management of daily finances was charted with questions on whether the respondents planned their personal or household's consumption beforehand (e.g. by making a budget) and what methods they used for planning and monitoring their finances (e.g. online banking). Some questions focused on the financial products (e.g. credit cards, bank accounts, debts, insurances, investments) that the respondents used and where they got information on these products. General attitudes towards personal finance management were studied through statements relating to, for example, paying bills on time, taking risks in life, monitoring of finances and worrying about the future. Ways of dealing with insufficient income to cover costs were also charted (e.g. whether the respondents borrowed food or money from family or friends). Saving behaviour was investigated by asking the respondents, for example, whether they saved money on their disposal account or invested in shares, and for how long they could live on their savings if their main source of income was lost. Attitudes towards and awareness about insurances were studied through statements concerning, for example, the necessity of insurance for families and the understandability of contents and conditions of different insurances. Next, the survey charted whether the respondents were self-employed and how they prepared for retirement (for example, how the respondents used pension insurance for the self-employed (YEL), whether they knew which pension insurances they were entitled to, and whether they thought that they were saving enough money for retirement). The respondents' financial knowledge was assessed by asking questions about the economy and different financial issues (e.g. interest and inflation). Knowledge and experiences about over-indebtness were charted through questions concerning, for example, defaults on debts, payments or repayments and the respondents' own debt situation. The respondents' awareness was examined on whether they knew where they should appeal a decision made by a bank or insurance company if they were not satisfied with it. Finally, the survey charted abilities, satisfaction and trust in financial issues and institutions (e.g. how the respondents would describe their own abilities in making good financial decisions, whether they were satisfied with their life overall, and whether they thought that banks, insurance companies or the justice system could be trusted). Background variables included, among others, gender, age, marital status, household composition, gross annual income of the respondent and household, highest level of education, as well as NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions of residence.