U.S. inflation rate for 2023 was 4.13%, a 3.88% decline from 2022.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>U.S. inflation rate for 2022 was <strong>8.00%</strong>, a <strong>3.3% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>U.S. inflation rate for 2021 was <strong>4.70%</strong>, a <strong>3.46% increase</strong> from 2020.</li>
<li>U.S. inflation rate for 2020 was <strong>1.23%</strong>, a <strong>0.58% decline</strong> from 2019.</li>
</ul>Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.

During the period beginning roughly in the mid-1980s until the Global Financial Crisis (2007-2008), the U.S. economy experienced a time of relative economic calm, with low inflation and consistent GDP growth. Compared with the turbulent economic era which had preceded it in the 1970s and the early 1980s, the lack of extreme fluctuations in the business cycle led some commentators to suggest that macroeconomic issues such as high inflation, long-term unemployment and financial crises were a thing of the past. Indeed, the President of the American Economic Association, Professor Robert Lucas, famously proclaimed in 2003 that "central problem of depression prevention has been solved, for all practical purposes". Ben Bernanke, the future chairman of the Federal Reserve during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and 2022 Nobel Prize in Economics recipient, coined the term 'the Great Moderation' to describe this era of newfound economic confidence. The era came to an abrupt end with the outbreak of the GFC in the Summer of 2007, as the U.S. financial system began to crash due to a downturn in the real estate market.

Causes of the Great Moderation, and its downfall

A number of factors have been cited as contributing to the Great Moderation including central bank monetary policies, the shift from manufacturing to services in the economy, improvements in information technology and management practices, as well as reduced energy prices. The period coincided with the term of Fed chairman Alan Greenspan (1987-2006), famous for the 'Greenspan put', a policy which meant that the Fed would proactively address downturns in the stock market using its monetary policy tools. These economic factors came to prominence at the same time as the end of the Cold War (1947-1991), with the U.S. attaining a new level of hegemony in global politics, as its main geopolitical rival, the Soviet Union, no longer existed. During the Great Moderation, the U.S. experienced a recession twice, between July 1990 and March 1991, and again from March 2001 tom November 2001, however, these relatively short recessions did not knock the U.S. off its growth path. The build up of household and corporate debt over the early 2000s eventually led to the Global Financial Crisis, as the bursting of the U.S. housing bubble in 2007 reverberated across the financial system, with a subsequent credit freeze and mass defaults.

Core consumer prices in Costa Rica increased 1.14 percent in May of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides - Costa Rica Core Inflation Rate- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price of a basket of goods. The most common measure being the consumer price index. It is the percentage rate of change in price level over time, and also indicates the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money. The annual rate of inflation for 2023, was 4.1 percent higher in the United States when compared to the previous year. More information on inflation and the consumer price index can be found on our dedicated topic page. Additionally, the monthly rate of inflation in the United States can be accessed here. Inflation and purchasing power Inflation is a key economic indicator, and gives economists and consumers alike a look at changes in prices in the wider economy. For example, if an average pair of socks costs 100 dollars one year and 105 dollars the following year, the inflation rate is five percent. This means the amount of goods an individual can purchase with a unit of currency has decreased. This concept is often referred to as purchasing power. The data presents the average rate of inflation in a year, whereas the monthly measure of inflation measures the change in prices compared with prices one year ago. For example, monthly inflation in the U.S. reached a peak in June 2022 at 9.1 percent. This means that prices were 9.1 percent higher than they were in June of 2021. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. The Big Mac Index has been published by The Economist since 1986 and exemplifies purchasing power on a global scale, allowing us to see note the differences between different countries currencies. Switzerland for example, has the most expensive Big Mac in the world, costing consumers 6.71 U.S. dollars as of July 2022, whereas a Big Mac cost 5.15 dollars in the United States, and 4.77 dollars in the Euro area. One of the most important tools in influencing the rate of inflation is interest rates. The Federal Reserve of the United States has the capacity to make changes to the federal interest rate . Changes to the rate of inflation are thought to be an imbalance between supply and demand. After COVID-19 related lockdowns came to an end there was a sudden increase in demand for goods and services with consumers having more funds than usual thanks to reduced spending during lockdown and government funded economic support. Additionally, supply-chain related bottlenecks also due to lockdowns around the world and the Russian invasion of Ukraine meant that there was a decrease in the supply of goods and services. By increasing the interest rate, the Federal Reserve aims to reduce spending, and thus bring demand back into balance with supply.

Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

In 2024, the annual end-of-period inflation rate of Brazil was approximately 4.83 percent. Between 1981 and 2024, the figure dropped by around 90.83 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. The rate is forecast to decline by about 1.87 percentage points from 2024 to 2030, fluctuating as it trends downward.The International Monetary Fund describes this indicator as a measure of inflation based upon the year-on-year percent change in the end-of-period consumer price index (CPI). The said index measure is based upon the cost of a typical basket of goods and services at the end of a given time period.

Core consumer prices in Czech Republic increased 2.96 percent in June of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides - Czech Republic Core Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The consumer price index in Czechia fluctuated in the observed period. The prices increased during the economic crisis of 2008 but reached their peak in 2022, with inflation rising to ** percent in September 2022 compared to the previous year. In April 2025, the inflation amounted to *** percent, a decrease compared to the previous month.

India inflation rate for 2024 was 4.95%, a 0.7% decline from 2023.

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<li>India inflation rate for 2023 was <strong>5.65%</strong>, a <strong>1.05% decline</strong> from 2022.</li>
<li>India inflation rate for 2022 was <strong>6.70%</strong>, a <strong>1.57% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>India inflation rate for 2021 was <strong>5.13%</strong>, a <strong>1.49% decline</strong> from 2020.</li>
</ul>Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.

The Consumer Price Index in Mauritania increased 0.20 percent in June of 2025 over the previous month. This dataset provides - Mauritania Inflation Rate MoM- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In 2024, the annual end-of-period inflation rate of Panama was estimated at about -0.19 percent. Between 1980 and 2024, the figure dropped by approximately 15.69 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. From 2024 to 2030, the rate will rise by around 2.19 percentage points, showing an overall upward trend with periodic ups and downs.The International Monetary Fund describes this indicator as a measure of inflation based upon the year-on-year percent change in the end-of-period consumer price index (CPI). The said index measure is based upon the cost of a typical basket of goods and services at the end of a given time period.

Core consumer prices in Azerbaijan increased 5 percent in May of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Azerbaijan Core Inflation Rate.

This dataset is about the Inflation for Saudi Arabia for 2009 - Jan 2020 (Base year 2007 & 2013). Data from Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority. Follow datasource.kapsarc.org for timely data to advance energy economics research.Note:- Data found here from January 2018 till January 2020 was 2013 base year CPI calculation- Data found here from October 2009 till December 2017 was 2007 base year CPI calculation.You can find Saudi Arabia Inflation Rate with the latest 2018 base year on KAPSARC Dataportal.

In the United States, the annual price of health insurance declined by 33.6 percent in the last 12 months which ended in August 2023 after rising by 24.3 percent in the previous year. Over the provided time interval, health insurance prices increased at an average inflation rate of approximately five percent. This statistic shows the annual inflation rate of health insurance prices in the U.S. from 2007 to 2023.

Sweden Inflation Expectation: KI: SNI 2007: Total Industry: within Next 12 Months data was reported at 1.500 % in Oct 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.300 % for Jul 2018. Sweden Inflation Expectation: KI: SNI 2007: Total Industry: within Next 12 Months data is updated quarterly, averaging 1.600 % from Jul 1987 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 126 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.100 % in Oct 1990 and a record low of 0.200 % in Jan 2009. Sweden Inflation Expectation: KI: SNI 2007: Total Industry: within Next 12 Months data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Economic Research. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.I031: Inflation Expectation: National Institute of Economic Research .

In 2024, the average inflation rate in Nicaragua was approximately 4.64 percent. Between 1980 and 2024, the figure dropped by around 30.50 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. The inflation is forecast to decline by about 0.64 percentage points from 2024 to 2030, fluctuating as it trends downward.This indicator measures inflation based upon the year-on-year change in the average consumer price index, expressed in percent. The latter expresses a country's average level of prices based on a typical basket of consumer goods and services.

Australia inflation rate for 2024 was 3.16%, a 2.44% decline from 2023.

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<li>Australia inflation rate for 2023 was <strong>5.60%</strong>, a <strong>1% decline</strong> from 2022.</li>
<li>Australia inflation rate for 2022 was <strong>6.59%</strong>, a <strong>3.73% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>Australia inflation rate for 2021 was <strong>2.86%</strong>, a <strong>2.02% increase</strong> from 2020.</li>
</ul>Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.

Graph and download economic data for 10-Year 3-3/8% Treasury Inflation-Indexed Note, Due 1/15/2007 (DISCONTINUED) (DTP10J07) from 1997-01-29 to 2007-01-11 about notes, TIPS, 10-year, Treasury, interest rate, interest, real, rate, and USA.

In 2024, the average inflation rate in El Salvador was estimated at about one percent. Between 1980 and 2024, the figure dropped by approximately 16.36 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. From 2024 to 2030, the inflation will rise by around 0.80 percentage points, showing an overall upward trend with periodic ups and downs.This indicator measures inflation based upon the year-on-year change in the average consumer price index, expressed in percent. The latter expresses a country's average level of prices based on a typical basket of consumer goods and services.

In 2024, the annual end-of-period inflation rate of Peru stood at about 1.97 percent. Between 1982 and 2024, the figure dropped by approximately 70.98 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. From 2024 to 2030, the rate will rise by around 0.03 percentage points, showing an overall upward trend with periodic ups and downs.The International Monetary Fund describes this indicator as a measure of inflation based upon the year-on-year percent change in the end-of-period consumer price index (CPI). The said index measure is based upon the cost of a typical basket of goods and services at the end of a given time period.