Real interest rates describe the growth in the real value of the interest on a loan or deposit, adjusted for inflation. Nominal interest rates on the other hand show us the raw interest rate, which is unadjusted for inflation. If the inflation rate in a certain country were zero percent, the real and nominal interest rates would be the same number. As inflation reduces the real value of a loan, however, a positive inflation rate will mean that the nominal interest rate is more likely to be greater than the real interest rate. We can see this in the recent inflationary episode which has taken place in the wake of the Coronavirus pandemic, with nominal interest rates rising over the course of 2022, but still lagging far behind the rate of inflation, meaning these rate rises register as smaller increases in the real interest rate.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Industry: Commercial Banking: Other Loan Services (PCU522110522110108) from Dec 2003 to Sep 2025 about commercial, loans, services, banks, depository institutions, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

In September 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In September 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 17 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at -0.3 percent in September 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 8 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

The US home loan market, a cornerstone of the American economy, is experiencing robust growth, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 18% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. Low interest rates, particularly in the early part of the forecast period, have historically stimulated borrowing, making homeownership more accessible. A growing population, coupled with increasing urbanization and a persistent demand for housing in key metropolitan areas, further fuels this market's expansion. Government initiatives aimed at supporting homeownership, such as tax incentives and affordable housing programs, also play a significant role. The market is segmented by loan type (purchase, refinance, improvement), source (banks, HFCs), interest rate (fixed, floating), and loan tenure. While refinancing activity might fluctuate based on prevailing interest rates, the underlying demand for home purchases remains strong, particularly in regions with robust job markets and population growth. Competition among lenders, including major players like Rocket Mortgage, LoanDepot, and Wells Fargo, alongside regional and smaller banks, is fierce, resulting in innovative loan products and competitive pricing. However, the market is not without its challenges. Rising inflation and potential interest rate hikes pose a significant risk, potentially dampening demand and increasing borrowing costs. Stringent lending regulations and increased scrutiny of creditworthiness could restrict access to loans for some borrowers. Furthermore, fluctuations in the housing market itself, including supply chain disruptions impacting construction and material costs, can influence the overall growth trajectory. Despite these headwinds, the long-term outlook for the US home loan market remains positive, driven by the fundamental need for housing and ongoing economic expansion in select regions. The diverse segmentation of the market allows for a nuanced understanding of the specific growth drivers and challenges within each segment. For instance, the home improvement loan segment is expected to see strong growth driven by homeowners' increasing desire to upgrade their existing properties. Recent developments include: June 2023: Bank of America Corp has been adding consumer branches in four new U.S. states, it said on Tuesday, bringing its national footprint closer to rival JPMorgan Chase & Co. Bank of America will likely open new financial centers in Nebraska, Wisconsin, Alabama, and Louisiana as part of a four-year expansion across nine markets, including Louisville, Milwaukee, and New Orleans., July 2022: Rocket Mortgage entered the Canadian Market with the acquisition. The company expanded from offering home loans in Ontario at launch to now providing mortgages in every province, primarily from its headquarters in downtown Windsor. The Edison Financial team grew along with the company, starting with just four team members in early 2020 to more than 140 at present.. Key drivers for this market are: Increase in digitization in mortgage lending market, Increase in innovations in software designs to speed up the mortgage-application process. Potential restraints include: Increase in digitization in mortgage lending market, Increase in innovations in software designs to speed up the mortgage-application process. Notable trends are: Growth in Nonbank Lenders is Expected to Drive the Market.

Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Stimulate Bank Lending data was reported at 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 05 May 2025. Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Stimulate Bank Lending data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Jan 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 280 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.576 % in 11 Oct 2021 and a record low of 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Stimulate Bank Lending data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Core.

Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Stimulate Bank Lending data was reported at 5.430 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 5.430 % for 05 May 2025. Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Stimulate Bank Lending data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Jun 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.810 % in 13 Jun 2022 and a record low of 0.000 % in 17 Feb 2025. Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Stimulate Bank Lending data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Headline.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Credit Intermediation Services (Partial): Loan Services (Partial) (WPU391) from Jun 2009 to Sep 2025 about intermediate, credits, loans, services, commodities, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

The U.S. bank prime loan rate has undergone significant fluctuations over the past three decades, reflecting broader economic trends and monetary policy decisions. From a high of **** percent in 1990, the rate has seen periods of decline, stability, and recent increases. As of October 2025, the prime rate stood at **** percent, marking a notable rise from the historic lows seen in the early 2020s. Federal Reserve's impact on lending rates The prime rate's trajectory closely mirrors changes in the federal funds rate, which serves as a key benchmark for the U.S. financial system. In 2023, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of rate hikes, pushing the federal funds target range to ******** percent by year-end. This was followed by several rate cuts in 2024, with the target range standing at 4.25 to 4.5 percent in December 2024. The aggressive monetary tightening in 2023 was aimed at combating rising inflation, and its effects rippled through various lending rates, including the prime rate. Long-term investment outlook While short-term rates have risen, long-term investment yields have also seen changes. The 10-year U.S. Treasury bond, a benchmark for long-term interest rates, showed an average market yield of **** percent in the second quarter of 2024, adjusted for constant maturity and inflation. This figure represents a recovery from negative real returns seen in 2021, reflecting shifting expectations for economic growth and inflation. The evolving yield environment has implications for both borrowers and investors, influencing decisions across the financial landscape.

Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Support Foundations for Economic Growth data was reported at 1.211 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 1.211 % for 05 May 2025. Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Support Foundations for Economic Growth data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Jan 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 280 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 23.054 % in 14 Oct 2024 and a record low of 0.000 % in 07 Apr 2025. Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Support Foundations for Economic Growth data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Core.

The dataset contains data related to credit risk related factors that influence the banks in Pakistan.

The booming retail trade and the above target consumer prices’ inflation in 2023-2024 in Russia amid tightening monetary policy stance raise an issue of the strength of the monetary policy interest rate channel. The focus of our paper is the interest rate elasticity (given inflation expectations) of a household’s loan request probability. We argue that a household, not an individual consumer, is the right object for the study. We use unique data on households’ loan applications obtained from the All-Russian Survey of Consumer Finances, which contains information on more than 6000 households in Russia. Actual loan applications cover period of 2020-2022, the survey also contain information on households’ borrowing intentions as of late spring-summer 2022.The interest rate channel of monetary policy with regard to unsecured loans although being statistically significant and working in the right direction, seems not to be economically important. It means that Bank of Russia in its relying on this channel might have to increase the key rate significantly to cool down the consumer demand and bring retail inflation to the target. We find that higher household’s inflation expectations positively correlate with its loan demand.We empirically identify a set of Russian households’ characteristics that are key drivers for households’ requests for credit. Demographics is an important factor of the demand.

Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Deposits & Loans: Saving Deposits: Brazilian Savings & Loan System data was reported at 0.871 % in 12 May 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.029 % for 05 May 2025. Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Deposits & Loans: Saving Deposits: Brazilian Savings & Loan System data is updated weekly, averaging 1.407 % from Jun 2016 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 465 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 29.448 % in 08 May 2017 and a record low of 0.002 % in 03 Apr 2023. Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Deposits & Loans: Saving Deposits: Brazilian Savings & Loan System data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Headline.

"The Farm Service Agency (FSA) makes farm ownership loans to farmers and ranchers who are temporarily unable to obtain private, commercial credit at reasonable rates and terms. Farm ownership loans are used to purchase farmland, construct and repair buildings, and make farm improvements. Both guaranteed and direct loans are available through this program. FSA guaranteed loans provide lenders (e.g., banks, Farm Credit System institutions, credit unions) with a guarantee of up to 95 percent of the loss of principal and interest on a loan. The maximum FSA guaranteed farm ownership loan is $1,302 ,000 (adjusted annually based on inflation). Your lender can tell you if a guarantee is the right loan for you. Applicants who are unable to qualify for a guaranteed loan may be eligible for a direct loan from FSA. Direct loans are made and serviced by FSA officials using government funds. FSA provides direct loan customers with supervision and credit counseling so that they have a greater chance to be successful. The maximum direct farm ownership loan is $300,000."

Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Support Foundations for Economic Growth data was reported at 0.534 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.534 % for 05 May 2025. Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Support Foundations for Economic Growth data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Jun 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.572 % in 14 Oct 2024 and a record low of 0.000 % in 09 Sep 2024. Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Support Foundations for Economic Growth data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Headline.

"The Farm Service Agency (FSA) offers farm operating loans to farmers who are temporarily unable to obtain private, commercial credit at reasonable rates and terms. Operating loans are used to purchase items such as livestock and feed, machinery and equipment, fuel, farm chemicals, and insurance; pay family living expenses and general farm operating expenses; and make minor improvements or repairs to buildings and fencing. Both guaranteed loans and direct loans are available through this program. FSA guaranteed loans provide lenders (e.g., banks, Farm Credit System institutions, credit unions) with a guarantee of up to 95 percent of the loss of principal and interest on a loan. The maximum FSA guaranteed operating loan is $1,302,000 (adjusted annually based on inflation). Applicants unable to qualify for a guaranteed loan may be eligible for a direct loan from FSA. Direct loans are made and serviced by FSA officials, who also provide borrowers with supervision and credit counseling. The maximum amount for a direct farm operating loan is $300,000. FSA also provides Microloans, which are direct operating loans designed to meet the unique financial operating needs of many socially disadvantaged and beginning farmers, niche farm operations, the smallest of family farm operations, and those serving local and regional food markets, including urban farmers. The maximum loan amount for a Microloan is $35,000. The repayment terms vary according to the type of loan made, collateral securing the loan, and the applicant's ability to repay. Term operating loans are normally repaid within 7 years and annual operating loans are generally repaid within 12 months or when the commodities produced are sold."

Inflation in Argentina was 54 percent in 2019, before falling to 42 percent in 2020. Despite Argentina's fluctuating economic instability over the twentieth century, the largest factor in its current economic status is the legacy of poor fiscal discipline left by the economic depression from 1998 to 2002. Although data is not available from 2014 to 2016, Argentina's inflation rate has been among the highest in the world for the past five years. What causes inflation? Inflation is a rise in price levels for all goods. Major causes of inflation include an increase in money supply, low central bank interest rates, and expectation of inflation. In a country such as Argentina, the expectation can be one of the biggest obstacles. People expect inflation to be high and demand increasing wages, and firms continue raising prices because they expect the costs of inputs to increase. Banks follow suit, charging high interest rates on fixed deposits. Effects of inflation Inflation negatively affects savers. 100 Argentinian pesos in 2018 was worth just under 75 pesos in 2019, after adjusting for the 34 percent inflation rate. Similarly, frequently changing prices has its own inherent cost, called “menu cost” after the price of printing new menus. Inflation will also have a positive effect on national debt when that debt is denominated in Argentinian pesos, because the pesos will be cheaper when the loan matures. However, the majority of Argentina’s debts are in foreign currency, which means that inflation will make these debts larger in peso terms.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Credit Intermediation Services (Partial): Vehicle Loans (Partial) (WPU391202) from Apr 2009 to Aug 2025 about intermediate, credits, vehicles, loans, commodities, services, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: BOJ: LM: Excluding the Loan Support Program data was reported at 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 05 May 2025. Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: BOJ: LM: Excluding the Loan Support Program data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Jan 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 280 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.189 % in 14 Oct 2024 and a record low of 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: BOJ: LM: Excluding the Loan Support Program data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Core.

This study examines the determinants influencing the likelihood of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries seeking assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF, as a global institution, aims to promote sustainable growth and prosperity among its member countries by supporting economic strategies that foster financial stability and collaboration in monetary affairs. Utilising panel-probit regression, this study analyses data from thirty-nine SSA countries spanning from 2000 to 2022, focusing on twelve factors: Current Account Balance (CAB), inflation, corruption, General Government Net Lending and Borrowing (GGNLB), General Government Gross Debt (GGGD), Gross Domestic Product Growth (GDPG), United Nations Security Council (UNSC) involvement, regime types (Closed Autocracy, Electoral Democracy, Electoral Autocracy, Liberal Democracy) and China Loan. The results indicate that corruption and GDP growth rate have the most significant influence on the likelihood of SSA countries seeking IMF assistance. Conversely, factors such as CAB, UNSC involvement, LD and inflation show inconsequential effects. Notable, countries like Sudan, Burundi, and Guinea consistently rank high in seeking IMF assistance over various time frames within the observed period. Sudan emerges with a probability of more than 44% in seeking IMF assistance, holding the highest ranking. Study emphasises the importance of understanding SSA region rankings and the variability of variables for policymakers, investors, and international organisations to effectively address economic challenges and provide financial assistance.

The global home loan market is experiencing robust growth, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 7% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Firstly, a consistently increasing global population, coupled with urbanization trends, fuels a persistent demand for housing. Secondly, favorable government policies in many regions, including subsidized interest rates and tax incentives for homebuyers, stimulate market activity. Furthermore, the rising disposable incomes in several developing economies are empowering more individuals to access home loans, contributing to market expansion. Innovative financial products, such as online loan applications and flexible repayment options offered by both traditional banks and fintech companies, are further accelerating market growth. Competition among providers, including banks, housing finance companies, and other financial institutions, is also driving innovation and affordability. However, the market faces certain restraints. Fluctuations in interest rates represent a significant challenge, impacting borrowing costs and consequently consumer demand. Economic downturns and periods of high inflation can also dampen market sentiment and reduce borrowing activity. Regulatory changes and stringent lending criteria in certain jurisdictions might restrict access to credit for some potential borrowers. Geopolitical instability and regional economic disparities also influence market growth, with some regions experiencing faster growth than others. The segmentation of the market by provider (banks dominating, followed by housing finance companies and others), interest rate type (fixed vs. floating), and loan tenure (with longer-term loans exhibiting higher demand) reveals opportunities for targeted marketing and product development. The leading companies, including Bank of America, Goldman Sachs (Marcus), and several international and regional players, are leveraging these trends to expand their market share. The geographical distribution of the market, with significant regional variations reflecting varying economic conditions and housing markets, presents diverse investment and growth opportunities. Recent developments include: September 2022: Citigroup Inc said it has slightly trimmed its mortgage workforce, due to an internal streamlining of functions.Less than 100 positions were affected.September 2022: Bank of America is launching a new mortgage product that would allow first-time homebuyers to purchase a home with no down payment, no mortgage insurance and zero closing costs.It will not require a minimum credit score and will instead consider other factors for eligibility.. Key drivers for this market are: Real Estate Market Trends, Government Policies. Potential restraints include: Real Estate Market Trends, Government Policies. Notable trends are: Turkey has the Highest Mortgage Interest Rate.