Real interest rates describe the growth in the real value of the interest on a loan or deposit, adjusted for inflation. Nominal interest rates on the other hand show us the raw interest rate, which is unadjusted for inflation. If the inflation rate in a certain country were zero percent, the real and nominal interest rates would be the same number. As inflation reduces the real value of a loan, however, a positive inflation rate will mean that the nominal interest rate is more likely to be greater than the real interest rate. We can see this in the recent inflationary episode which has taken place in the wake of the Coronavirus pandemic, with nominal interest rates rising over the course of 2022, but still lagging far behind the rate of inflation, meaning these rate rises register as smaller increases in the real interest rate.

In June 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In the first half of 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 20 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at 0.1 percent in June 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 9.4 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Industry: Commercial Banking: Loan Services (PCU5221105221101) from Dec 2003 to Jul 2025 about commercial, loans, services, banks, depository institutions, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

We study the response of firms' output prices to a cut in credit supply. We combine data on loans between Danish firms and banks with survey-based producer prices and transaction-based export unit values. Exploiting banks’ heterogeneous exposure to the global financial crisis, we show that loans to firms with relationships to exposed banks drop and lending rates increase. In response, firms raise prices by 3-5%. This effect is decreasing in the elasticity of firms' demand but positive for most industrial production. Our results support the idea that firms use price increases to raise cash when external sources of liquidity dry up.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Credit Intermediation Services (Partial): Other Loans and Loan Services (Partial) (WPU3913) from Apr 2009 to Jun 2025 about intermediate, credits, loans, services, commodities, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan Support Program (SP) data was reported at 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 05 May 2025. Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan Support Program (SP) data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Jan 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 280 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.226 % in 09 Sep 2024 and a record low of 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan Support Program (SP) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Core.

Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Deposits & Loans: Saving Deposits: Brazilian Savings & Loan System data was reported at 0.871 % in 12 May 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.029 % for 05 May 2025. Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Deposits & Loans: Saving Deposits: Brazilian Savings & Loan System data is updated weekly, averaging 1.407 % from Jun 2016 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 465 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 29.448 % in 08 May 2017 and a record low of 0.002 % in 03 Apr 2023. Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Deposits & Loans: Saving Deposits: Brazilian Savings & Loan System data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Headline.

The US home loan market, a cornerstone of the American economy, is experiencing robust growth, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 18% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. Low interest rates, particularly in the early part of the forecast period, have historically stimulated borrowing, making homeownership more accessible. A growing population, coupled with increasing urbanization and a persistent demand for housing in key metropolitan areas, further fuels this market's expansion. Government initiatives aimed at supporting homeownership, such as tax incentives and affordable housing programs, also play a significant role. The market is segmented by loan type (purchase, refinance, improvement), source (banks, HFCs), interest rate (fixed, floating), and loan tenure. While refinancing activity might fluctuate based on prevailing interest rates, the underlying demand for home purchases remains strong, particularly in regions with robust job markets and population growth. Competition among lenders, including major players like Rocket Mortgage, LoanDepot, and Wells Fargo, alongside regional and smaller banks, is fierce, resulting in innovative loan products and competitive pricing. However, the market is not without its challenges. Rising inflation and potential interest rate hikes pose a significant risk, potentially dampening demand and increasing borrowing costs. Stringent lending regulations and increased scrutiny of creditworthiness could restrict access to loans for some borrowers. Furthermore, fluctuations in the housing market itself, including supply chain disruptions impacting construction and material costs, can influence the overall growth trajectory. Despite these headwinds, the long-term outlook for the US home loan market remains positive, driven by the fundamental need for housing and ongoing economic expansion in select regions. The diverse segmentation of the market allows for a nuanced understanding of the specific growth drivers and challenges within each segment. For instance, the home improvement loan segment is expected to see strong growth driven by homeowners' increasing desire to upgrade their existing properties. Recent developments include: June 2023: Bank of America Corp has been adding consumer branches in four new U.S. states, it said on Tuesday, bringing its national footprint closer to rival JPMorgan Chase & Co. Bank of America will likely open new financial centers in Nebraska, Wisconsin, Alabama, and Louisiana as part of a four-year expansion across nine markets, including Louisville, Milwaukee, and New Orleans., July 2022: Rocket Mortgage entered the Canadian Market with the acquisition. The company expanded from offering home loans in Ontario at launch to now providing mortgages in every province, primarily from its headquarters in downtown Windsor. The Edison Financial team grew along with the company, starting with just four team members in early 2020 to more than 140 at present.. Key drivers for this market are: Increase in digitization in mortgage lending market, Increase in innovations in software designs to speed up the mortgage-application process. Potential restraints include: Increase in digitization in mortgage lending market, Increase in innovations in software designs to speed up the mortgage-application process. Notable trends are: Growth in Nonbank Lenders is Expected to Drive the Market.

Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Stimulate Bank Lending data was reported at 5.430 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 5.430 % for 05 May 2025. Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Stimulate Bank Lending data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Jun 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.810 % in 13 Jun 2022 and a record low of 0.000 % in 17 Feb 2025. Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loan SP: to Stimulate Bank Lending data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Headline.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Credit Intermediation Services (Partial): Vehicle Loans (Partial) (WPU391202) from Apr 2009 to Jun 2025 about intermediate, credits, vehicles, loans, services, commodities, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

The U.S. bank prime loan rate has undergone significant fluctuations over the past three decades, reflecting broader economic trends and monetary policy decisions. From a high of **** percent in 1990, the rate has seen periods of decline, stability, and recent increases. As of June 2025, the prime rate stood at *** percent, marking a notable rise from the historic lows seen in the early 2020s. Federal Reserve's impact on lending rates The prime rate's trajectory closely mirrors changes in the federal funds rate, which serves as a key benchmark for the U.S. financial system. In 2023, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of rate hikes, pushing the federal funds target range to ******** percent by year-end. This was followed by several rate cuts in 2024, with the target range standing at 4.25 to 4.5 percent in December 2024. The aggressive monetary tightening in 2023 was aimed at combating rising inflation, and its effects rippled through various lending rates, including the prime rate. Long-term investment outlook While short-term rates have risen, long-term investment yields have also seen changes. The 10-year U.S. Treasury bond, a benchmark for long-term interest rates, showed an average market yield of **** percent in the second quarter of 2024, adjusted for constant maturity and inflation. This figure represents a recovery from negative real returns seen in 2021, reflecting shifting expectations for economic growth and inflation. The evolving yield environment has implications for both borrowers and investors, influencing decisions across the financial landscape.

The dataset contains data related to credit risk related factors that influence the banks in Pakistan.

Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: BOJ: Loans & Market Operations (LM) data was reported at 0.448 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.448 % for 05 May 2025. Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: BOJ: Loans & Market Operations (LM) data is updated weekly, averaging 0.429 % from Jun 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.397 % in 29 Jun 2020 and a record low of 0.000 % in 07 Apr 2025. Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: BOJ: Loans & Market Operations (LM) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Headline.

Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Deposits & Loans data was reported at 9.217 % in 12 May 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.723 % for 05 May 2025. Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Deposits & Loans data is updated weekly, averaging 9.058 % from Jun 2016 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 465 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 60.124 % in 02 Dec 2019 and a record low of 0.110 % in 01 May 2023. Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Deposits & Loans data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Headline.

Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loans by Funds-Supplying Operations against Pooled Collateral data was reported at 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 05 May 2025. Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loans by Funds-Supplying Operations against Pooled Collateral data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Jan 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 280 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 34.349 % in 10 Apr 2023 and a record low of 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. Japan Core Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Balance Sheet: BOJ: Loans by Funds-Supplying Operations against Pooled Collateral data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Core.

The industry is composed of non-depository institutions that conduct primary and secondary market lending. Operators in this industry include government agencies in addition to non-agency issuers of mortgage-related securities. Through 2025, rising per capita disposable income and low levels of unemployment helped fuel the increase in primary and secondary market sales of collateralized debt. Nonetheless, due to the pandemic and the sharp contraction in economic activity in 2020, revenue gains were limited, but have climbed as the economy has normalized and interest rates shot up to tackle rampant inflation. However, in 2024 the Federal Reserve cut interest rates as inflationary pressures eased and is expected to be cut further in 2025. Overall, these trends, along with volatility in the real estate market, have caused revenue to slump at a CAGR of 1.5% to $485.0 billion over the past five years, including an expected decline of 1.1% in 2025 alone. The high interest rate environment has hindered real estate loan demand and caused industry profit to shrink to 11.6% of revenue in 2025. Higher access to credit and higher disposable income have fueled primary market lending over much of the past five years, increasing the variety and volume of loans to be securitized and sold in secondary markets. An additional boon for institutions has been an increase in interest rates in the latter part of the period, which raised interest income as the spread between short- and long-term interest rates increased. These macroeconomic factors, combined with changing risk appetite and regulation in the secondary markets, have resurrected collateralized debt trading since the middle of the period. Although the FED cut interest rates in 2024, this will reduce interest income for the industry but increase loan demand. Although institutions are poised to benefit from a strong economic recovery as inflationary pressures ease, relatively steady rates of homeownership, coupled with declines in the 30-year mortgage rate, are expected to damage the primary market through 2030. Shaky demand from commercial banking and uncertainty surrounding inflationary pressures will influence institutions' decisions on whether or not to sell mortgage-backed securities and commercial loans to secondary markets. These trends are expected to cause revenue to decline at a CAGR of 0.8% to $466.9 billion over the five years to 2030.

The statistic lists the 20 countries with the lowest inflation rate in 2023. In 2023, China ranked 5th with a inflation rate of about 0.23 percent compared to the previous year. Inflation rates and the financial crisis Due to relatively stagnant worker wages as well as a hesitation from banks to so easily distribute loans to the ordinary citizen, inflation has remained considerably low. Low inflation rates are most apparent in European countries, which stems from the on-going Eurozone debt crisis as well as from the global financial crisis of 2008. With continuous economical struggles and a currently sensitive economic situation throughout Europe, precautions were taken in order to maintain stability and to prevent consequential breakdowns, such as those in Greece and Spain. Additionally, the average European consumer had to endure financial setbacks, causing doubt in the general future of the entire European Union, as evident in the consumer confidence statistics, which in turn raised the question, if several handpicked countries should step out of the EU in order to improve its economic position. Greece, while perhaps experiencing the largest economic drought out of all European countries, improved on its inflation rate. The situation within the country is slowly improving itself as a result of a recent bailout as well as economic stimulus packages issued by the European Union. Furthermore, the Greek government managed its revenues and expenses more competently in comparison to the prime of the global and the Greek financial crisis, with annual expenses only slightly exceeding yearly revenues.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Credit Intermediation Services (Partial): Business Loans (Partial) (WPU39110101) from Apr 2009 to Jul 2025 about intermediate, credits, business, loans, services, commodities, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Inflation in Argentina was 54 percent in 2019, before falling to 42 percent in 2020. Despite Argentina's fluctuating economic instability over the twentieth century, the largest factor in its current economic status is the legacy of poor fiscal discipline left by the economic depression from 1998 to 2002. Although data is not available from 2014 to 2016, Argentina's inflation rate has been among the highest in the world for the past five years.

What causes inflation?

Inflation is a rise in price levels for all goods. Major causes of inflation include an increase in money supply, low central bank interest rates, and expectation of inflation. In a country such as Argentina, the expectation can be one of the biggest obstacles. People expect inflation to be high and demand increasing wages, and firms continue raising prices because they expect the costs of inputs to increase. Banks follow suit, charging high interest rates on fixed deposits.

Effects of inflation

Inflation negatively affects savers. 100 Argentinian pesos in 2018 was worth just under 75 pesos in 2019, after adjusting for the 34 percent inflation rate. Similarly, frequently changing prices has its own inherent cost, called “menu cost” after the price of printing new menus. Inflation will also have a positive effect on national debt when that debt is denominated in Argentinian pesos, because the pesos will be cheaper when the loan matures. However, the majority of Argentina’s debts are in foreign currency, which means that inflation will make these debts larger in peso terms.

"The Farm Service Agency (FSA) makes farm ownership loans to farmers and ranchers who are temporarily unable to obtain private, commercial credit at reasonable rates and terms. Farm ownership loans are used to purchase farmland, construct and repair buildings, and make farm improvements. Both guaranteed and direct loans are available through this program. FSA guaranteed loans provide lenders (e.g., banks, Farm Credit System institutions, credit unions) with a guarantee of up to 95 percent of the loss of principal and interest on a loan. The maximum FSA guaranteed farm ownership loan is $1,302 ,000 (adjusted annually based on inflation). Your lender can tell you if a guarantee is the right loan for you. Applicants who are unable to qualify for a guaranteed loan may be eligible for a direct loan from FSA. Direct loans are made and serviced by FSA officials using government funds. FSA provides direct loan customers with supervision and credit counseling so that they have a greater chance to be successful. The maximum direct farm ownership loan is $300,000."