This statistic shows the unadjusted annual inflation rate and monetary base growth rate in the United States from 1960 to 2019. Historic data is shown in 3-year increments. In 2019, prices went up by 1.6 percent compared to 2018. In the same time frame, the monetary base decreased by approximately 0.8 percent.

Abstract (en): This research focuses on the longer-term monetary relationships in historical data. Charts describing the 10-year average growth rates in the M2 monetary aggregate, nominal GDP, real GDP, and inflation are used to show that there is a consistent longer-term correlation between M2 growth, nominal GDP growth, and inflation but not between such nominal variables and real GDP growth. The data reveal extremely long cycles in monetary growth and inflation, the most recent of which was the strong upward trend in M2 growth, nominal GDP growth, and inflation during the 1960s and 1970s, and the strong downward trend since then. Data going back to the 19th century show that the most recent inflation/disinflation cycle is a repetition of earlier long monetary growth and inflation cycles in the United States historical record. Also discussed is a measure of bond market inflation credibility, defined as the difference between averages in long-term bond rates and real GDP growth. By this measure, inflation credibility hovered close to zero during the 1950s and early 1960s, but then rose to a peak of about 10 percent in the early 1980s. During the 1990s, the bond market has yet to restore the low inflation credibility that existed before inflation turned up during the 1960s. The conclusion is that the risks of starting another costly inflation/disinflation cycle could be avoided by monitoring monetary growth and maintaining a sufficiently tight policy to keep inflation low. An environment of credible price stability would allow the economy to function unfettered by inflationary distortions, which is all that can reasonably be expected of monetary policy, and is precisely what should be expected. (1) The file submitted is the data file 9811WD.DAT. (2) These data are part of ICPSR's Publication-Related Archive and are distributed exactly as they arrived from the data depositor. ICPSR has not checked or processed this material. Users should consult the investigator(s) if further information is desired.

Keynote remarks by Loretta J. Mester, President and Chief Executive Officer, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland - 2014 Inflation Conference: "Inflation, Monetary Policy, and the Public" - The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH - May 30, 2014

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts and calculations presented in US Monetary Policy and the Recent Surge in Inflation, PIIE Working Paper 24-13.

If you use the data, please cite as:

Reifschneider, David. 2024. US Monetary Policy and the Recent Surge in Inflation. PIIE Working Paper 24-13. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

In September 2025, prices had increased by three percent compared to September 2024, according to the 12-month percentage change in the consumer price index — the monthly inflation rate for goods and services in the United States. The data represents U.S. city averages. In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. A projection of the annual U.S. inflation rate can be accessed here and the actual annual inflation rate since 1990 can be accessed here. InflationOne of the most important economic indicators is the development of the Consumer Price Index in a country. The change in this price level of goods and services is defined as the rate of inflation. The inflationary situation in the United States had been relatively severe in 2022 due to global events relating to COVID-19, supply chain restraints, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. More information on U.S. inflation may be found on our dedicated topic page. The annual inflation rate in the United States has increased from 3.2 percent in 2011 to 8.3 percent in 2022. This means that the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar has weakened in recent years. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. According to the data published by the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) was about 258.84 in 2020 and is forecasted to grow up to 325.6 by 2027, compared to the base period from 1982 to 1984. The monthly percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for urban consumers in the United States was 0.1 percent in March 2023 compared to the previous month. In 2022, countries all around the world are experienced high levels of inflation. Although Brazil already had an inflation rate of 8.3 percent in 2021, compared to the previous year, while the inflation rate in China stood at 0.85 percent.

The rate at which prices for goods and services are generally rising and, as a result, currency's purchasing power is declining is known as inflation. Central banks attempt to limit inflation—and avoid deflation—in order to keep the economy running smoothly. Each unit of currency may purchase fewer products and services as prices rise. This results in a reduction in the actual value of money, a process that impacts every level of the economy, from consumers to governments. The percentage change in the cost of a basket of goods and services over a certain time period, often a year, is measured by the inflation rate. It’s a key metric for assessing the health of an economy, showing how much more expensive everyday goods and services have become. The change in the average price level of a basket of goods and services over a year is represented by the inflation rate average consumer prices (annual per cent change). It’s calculated by taking the average of prices across all months of a given year compared to the previous year. This metric is determined by averaging monthly price data and comparing it to the average of the previous year. It provides a broader view of inflation trends across a longer time frame, smoothing out any short-term volatility. The Inflation rate, end of period consumer prices (annual per cent change) reflects the price level change from the end of one period (typically December) to the end of the next period (the following December). Instead of taking an average, this rate focuses on the price level at a specific point in time, providing a snapshot of inflation. It’s calculated by comparing the Consumer Price Index (CPI) of the final month of the year with the CPI of the last month of the previous year.

Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

United States Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: Effective Federal Funds Rate data was reported at 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 05 May 2025. United States Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: Effective Federal Funds Rate data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Jun 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.008 % in 01 Jan 2024 and a record low of 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. United States Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: Effective Federal Funds Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Headline.

United States Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: Broad General Collateral Rate data was reported at 0.001 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.001 % for 05 May 2025. United States Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: Broad General Collateral Rate data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Jun 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.914 % in 13 Nov 2023 and a record low of 0.000 % in 10 Mar 2025. United States Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: Broad General Collateral Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Headline.

This dataset provides a comprehensive collection of monthly U.S. macroeconomic indicators spanning January 2000 to December 2024.

It was designed specifically for machine learning-based inflation forecasting and includes key economic factors historically associated with inflation trends:

• Consumer Price Index (CPI) & Inflation Rate
• Unemployment Rate
• Federal Funds Rate
• M2 Money Supply
• Crude Oil Prices (WTI)
• Producer Price Index (PPI)

Primary Goal: Build predictive models to forecast year-over-year inflation rates

Possible Use Cases:

• Forecasting inflation using machine learning models like XGBoost, Random Forest, or LSTM.
• Studying relationships between macroeconomic factors and inflationary pressure.
• Comparing classical econometric approaches with modern AI-based forecasting techniques.

Structure: Each CSV contains a Date column and corresponding metric values, making it easy to merge and align data for analysis.

License: MIT License – free to use for research and educational purposes.

Loretta J. Mester-President and Chief Executive Officer-Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Distinguished Speaker Series-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Golub Center for Finance and Policy - Cambridge, MA, September 26, 2022, 4:10 p.m. EDT

In economics, inflation is a general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation corresponds to a reduction in the purchasing power of money. Wikipedia

Dataset

This dataset was created by Timal Peramune

Contents

The data and programs replicate tables and figures from "From Hyperinflation to Stable Prices: Argentina's Evidence on Menu Cost Models", by Alvarez, Beraja, Gonzalez-Rozada, and Neumeyer. Please see the Readme file for additional details.

The inflation rate in the United States declined significantly between June 2022 and September 2025, despite rising inflationary pressures towards the end of 2024. The peak inflation rate was recorded in June 2022, at *** percent. In August 2023, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hit its highest level during the observed period, at **** percent, and remained unchanged until September 2024, when the Federal Reserve implemented its first rate cut since September 2021. By September 2025, the rate dropped to **** percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy. What is the Federal Reserve interest rate? The Federal Reserve interest rate, or the federal funds rate, is the rate at which banks and credit unions lend to and borrow from each other. It is one of the Federal Reserve's key tools for maintaining strong employment rates, stable prices, and reasonable interest rates. The rate is determined by the Federal Reserve and adjusted eight times a year, though it can be changed through emergency meetings during times of crisis. The Fed doesn't directly control the interest rate but sets a target rate. It then uses open market operations to influence rates toward this target. Ways of measuring inflation Inflation is typically measured using several methods, with the most common being the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI tracks the price of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, providing a measure of the price changes consumers face. At the end of 2023, the CPI in the United States was ****** percent, up from ****** a year earlier. A more business-focused measure is the producer price index (PPI), which represents the costs of firms.

This dataset contains economic indicators for Pakistan spanning from 1986 to 2006 (21 years of data). Here's what the dataset includes: Dataset Overview:

Time Period: 1986-2006 Country: Pakistan Purpose: Inflation forecasting analysis

Variables/Columns:

Year - Time period identifier Inflation - Inflation rates (ranging from about 2.9% to 12.4%) [Column C] - Unlabeled column with values like 16.65, 17.4, 18, etc. GDP Growth - Economic growth rates (ranging from 1% to 7.8%) Unemployment - Unemployment rates (mostly between 3-8%) Broad Money - Monetary supply indicator (values in hundreds) Exports - Export values Imports - Import values Oil rents - Oil-related economic indicator (mostly below 1.0) Remittances - Foreign remittance values

Key Characteristics:

Comprehensive macroeconomic dataset Covers multiple economic indicators that typically influence inflation Suitable for econometric analysis and forecasting models Includes both monetary (broad money, remittances) and real sector variables (GDP, unemployment) Trade variables (exports/imports) for external sector analysis

This appears to be a well-structured dataset for studying inflation dynamics and building forecasting models for Pakistan's economy.

This analysis presents a rigorous exploration of financial data, incorporating a diverse range of statistical features. By providing a robust foundation, it facilitates advanced research and innovative modeling techniques within the field of finance.

Inflation: Friend or Foe to the Stock Market?

Financial data:

• Historical daily stock prices (open, high, low, close, volume)

• Fundamental data (e.g., market capitalization, price to earnings P/E ratio, dividend yield, earnings per share EPS, price to earnings growth, debt-to-equity ratio, price-to-book ratio, current ratio, free cash flow, projected earnings growth, return on equity, dividend payout ratio, price to sales ratio, credit rating)

• Technical indicators (e.g., moving averages, RSI, MACD, average directional index, aroon oscillator, stochastic oscillator, on-balance volume, accumulation/distribution A/D line, parabolic SAR indicator, bollinger bands indicators, fibonacci, williams percent range, commodity channel index)

Machine learning features:

• Feature engineering based on financial data and technical indicators

• Sentiment analysis data from social media and news articles

• Macroeconomic data (e.g., GDP, unemployment rate, interest rates, consumer spending, building permits, consumer confidence, inflation, producer price index, money supply, home sales, retail sales, bond yields)

Potential Applications:

• Stock price prediction

• Portfolio optimization

• Algorithmic trading

• Market sentiment analysis

• Risk management

Use Cases:

• Researchers investigating the effectiveness of machine learning in stock market prediction

• Analysts developing quantitative trading Buy/Sell strategies

• Individuals interested in building their own stock market prediction models

• Students learning about machine learning and financial applications

Additional Notes:

• The dataset may include different levels of granularity (e.g., daily, hourly)

• Data cleaning and preprocessing are essential before model training

• Regular updates are recommended to maintain the accuracy and relevance of the data

Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: BOJ: Monetary Base data was reported at 0.000 % in 01 Dec 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 24 Nov 2025. Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: BOJ: Monetary Base data is updated weekly, averaging 0.629 % from Jun 2020 (Median) to 01 Dec 2025, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.575 % in 12 Sep 2022 and a record low of 0.000 % in 01 Dec 2025. Japan Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Money Market: BOJ: Monetary Base data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Headline.

Inflation Rate in India decreased to 0.25 percent in October from 1.44 percent in September of 2025. This dataset provides - India Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

This dataset is about countries per year in Germany. It has 64 rows. It features 4 columns: country, currency, and inflation.