The statistic shows the inflation rate in Spain from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. The inflation rate is calculated using the price increase of a defined product basket. This product basket contains products and services, on which the average consumer spends money throughout the year. They include expenses for groceries, clothes, rent, power, telecommunications, recreational activities and raw materials (e.g. gas, oil), as well as federal fees and taxes. In 2023, the average inflation rate in Spain increased by about 3.4 percent compared to the previous year. Inflation in Spain As explained briefly above, inflation is commonly defined as the level of prices for goods and services in a country’s economy over a certain time span. It increases when the total money supply of a country increases, causing the money’s value to decrease, and prices to increase again in turn. Nowadays the term “inflation” is used more or less synonymously with “price level increase”. Its opposite is deflation, which, in short, means a decrease of the price level. Spain and its economy have been severely affected by the financial crisis of 2008 (as can be seen above), when the real estate bubble imploded and caused the demand for goods and services to decrease and the unemployment rate in Spain to increase dramatically. Even though deflation only occurred for one year in 2009 and the price level has been increasing since, Spain’s economy still has a long way to go until full recovery. Apart from the inflation rate and the unemployment rate, gross domestic product / GDP growth in Spain and the trade balance of goods in Spain, i.e. the exports of goods minus the imports, are additional indicators of Spain’s desolate condition during the economic crisis and its slow and difficult recovery ever since. Still, there is a silver lining for Spain’s economy. All in all, things seems to be improving economically, albeit slowly; many key indicators are starting to stabilize or even pick up again, while others still have some recovering to do.

Inflation Rate in Turkey decreased to 35.41 percent in May from 37.86 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Turkey Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

This paper seeks to address the policy issue of the usefulness of financial spreads as indicators of future inflation and output growth in the countries of the European Union, placing a particular focus on out-of-sample forecasting performance. Such analysis is of considerable relevance to monetary authorities, given the breakdown of the money/income relation in a number of countries and following increased emphasis of domestic monetary policy on control of inflation following the broadening of the ERM bands. The results confirm that for some countries, financial spread variables do contain some information about future output growth and inflation, with the yield curve and the reverse yield gap performing best. However, the relatively poor out-of-sample forecasting performance and/or parameter instability suggests that the need for caution in using spread variables for forecasting in EU countries. Only a small number of spreads contain information, and improve forecasting in a manner which is stable over time.

We study the impact of targeted price controls on supermarket products in Argentina between 2007 and 2015. Using web-scraping methods, we collected daily prices for controlled and non-controlled goods and examined the differential effects of the policy on inflation, product availability, entry and exit, and price dispersion. We first show that price controls have only a small and temporary effect on inflation that reverses itself as soon as the controls are lifted. Second, contrary to common beliefs, we find that controlled goods are consistently available for sale. Third, firms compensate for price controls by introducing new product varieties at higher prices, thereby increasing price dispersion within narrow categories. Overall, our results show that targeted price controls are just as ineffective as more traditional forms of price controls in reducing aggregate inflation.

Inflation Rate in China remained unchanged at -0.10 percent in May. This dataset provides - China Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland provides daily “nowcasts” of inflation for two popular price indexes, the price index for personal consumption expenditures (PCE) and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). These nowcasts give a sense of where inflation is today. Released each business day.

Inflation Rate in Egypt increased to 16.80 percent in May from 13.90 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides - Egypt Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

P1380A: Quarterly time-series data (1970:1 - 1992:2 / 92 points of measurement) containing for West Germany and the United States: money-stock (source: OECD), nominal gross national product (source: OECD, IMF), world trade volume in 1985 prices (source: DATASTREAM, IMF), price index of gross national product - 1985=100 (source: OECD, IMF), foreign price index - 1985=100 (source: DATASTREAM, IMF), oil-price index in US dollars - 1985=100 (source: HWWA) and derived constructs. Analysis aimed at testing: 1. symmetry hypothesis (= positive and negative shocks have equal effect on real income), 2. structural neutrality hypothesis (= expected changes in aggregate demand do not influence real output) and 3. non persistence hypothesis (= shocks only influence real output at time they occur). The price-misperception models and the price-stickiness models lead to opposing predictions regarding these hypotheses. ( natural rate hypothesis, Phillips curve P1380B: Cross-sectional meta-analysis of 143 developed and developing countries, based on material from 10 studies previously published. Variables: supply response to changes in the expected real price level in each individual market, price variance, trade-off effects of an unexpected increase in nominal demand on cyclical output and variance of nominal demand growth. Analysis aimed at testing Lucas variability hypotheses. ( new-classical economics / Phillips-curve ) P1380C: Quarterly time-series data (1969:1 - 1995:2 / 106 points of measurement) containing for Spain and Italy: consumer price index - 1990=100 (for Germany also), European price index (constructed), import price index - 1990=100, exchange rate towards Deutschmark and real effective exchange rate index - 1972=100 (constructed) Source: International Financial Statistics/ constructed variables: various. Analysis aimed at testing increase of speed of inflation convergence of Spain and Italy when joining the Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM )of the European Monetary System ( EMS ) and when maintaining a hard peg to the Deutschmark in the 1975-1995 period. ( credibility hypothesis / monetary policy )

A 2022 survey revealed that even in times of inflation, most U.S. online shoppers have returned about the same proportion of purchases as before the current inflationary environment. Still, more than two in ten respondents in the two youngest age groups reported returning a higher percentage of online purchases due to economic pressure.

Inflation Rate in Nigeria decreased to 22.97 percent in May from 23.71 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides - Nigeria Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In 2021, the inflation rate in Ghana amounted to about 9.98 percent compared to the previous year. Ghana’s inflation peaked at almost 17.5 percent in 2016 and is predicted to decrease to 8 percent by 2030. Steady is best for inflationAccording to economists, a steady inflation rate between two and three percent is desirable to achieve a stable economy in a country. Inflation is the increase in the price level of consumer goods and services over a certain time period. A high inflation rate is often caused by excessive money supply and can turn into hyperinflation, i.e. if inflation occurs too quickly and rapidly, it can devalue currency and cause a recession and even economic collapse. This scenario is currently taking place in Venezuela , for example. The opposite of inflation, the decrease in the price level of goods and services below zero percent, is called deflation. While hyperinflation devalues money, deflation usually increases its value. Both events can damage an economy severely. Is Ghana’s economy at risk?Ghana’s economy is considered quite stable and fast-growing, and is rich in oil, diamonds, and gold. After struggling in the years around 2015 due to increased government spending and plummeting oil prices, it is now on an upswing again. This is also reflected in the decreasing inflation rate, and other key indicators like unemployment and rapid GDP growth support this theory. However, Ghana’s government debt is still struggling with the consequences of the 2015 crisis and forecast to keep skyrocketing during the next few years.

Inflation Rate in Taiwan decreased to 1.55 percent in May from 2.03 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Taiwan Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In 2025, the gap between perceived and actual inflation was 7.9 percentage points. Housing costs recorded the highest perceived inflation, at 16.4 percent, while the actual one was at 5 percent, with the largest gap at 11.4 points, ahead of food and accommodation. On the contrary, education registered the smallest gap, as perceived and actual inflation differed in only 4.3 percentage points.

Background: This study investigates the influence of regional minimum wages (RMW), gross domestic product (GDP), and inflation on Indonesia's unemployment rates from 2012 to 2020. Methods: Multiple linear regression analysis examines the relationships between these economic variables. Findings: The findings reveal that RMW significantly negatively affects unemployment rates, indicating that a 1% increase in the minimum wage leads to a 3.951% decrease in unemployment, ceteris paribus. GDP also exhibits a significant negative influence, aligning with Okun's law, which suggests an inverse relationship between economic growth and unemployment. In contrast, inflation does not significantly impact unemployment rates during the studied period. Collectively, the three variables positively and significantly affect Indonesia's unemployment rate, with an adjusted R-squared value of 0.749. This implies that 74.9% of the variation in unemployment can be explained by GDP, inflation, and minimum wages, while other factors account for the remaining 25.1%. Conclusion: The study highlights the complex interplay between these macroeconomic indicators and unemployment, providing insights for policymakers to develop effective strategies for managing employment challenges in Indonesia. Novelty/Originality of this article: This empirical analysis reveals the dynamic relationship between RMW, GDP, inflation, and unemployment in Indonesia (2012—2020). The findings provide an evidence-based basis for formulating more effective and responsive employment and economic policies for Indonesia's labour market conditions.

How should monetary policy respond to changes in financial conditions? We consider a simple model where firms are subject to shocks which may force them to default on their debt. Firms' assets and liabilities are nominal and predetermined. Monetary policy can therefore affect the real value of funds used to finance production. In this model, allowing for inflation volatility in response to aggregate shocks can be optimal; the optimal response to adverse financial shocks is to lower interest rates and to engineer some inflation; and the Taylor rule may implement allocations that have opposite cyclical properties to the optimal ones. (JEL G32, E31, E43, E44, E52)

UVA/riboflavin corneal cross-linking (CXL) is a common used approach to treat progressive keratoconus. This study aims to investigate the alteration of corneal stiffness following CXL by mimicking the inflation of the eye under the in vivo loading conditions. Seven paired porcine eye globes were involved in the inflation test to examine the corneal behaviour. Cornea-only model was constructed using the finite element method, without considering the deformation contribution from sclera and limbus. Inverse analysis was conducted to calibrate the non-linear material behaviours in order to reproduce the inflation test. The corneal stress and strain values were then extracted from the finite element models and tangent modulus was calculated under stress level at 0.03 MPa. UVA/riboflavin cross-linked corneas displayed a significant increase in the material stiffness. At the IOP of 27.25 mmHg, the average displacements of corneal apex were 307 ± 65 μm and 437 ± 63 μm (p = 0.02) in CXL and PBS corneas, respectively. Comparisons performed on tangent modulus ratios at a stress of 0.03 MPa, the tangent modulus measured in the corneas treated with the CXL was 2.48 ± 0.69, with a 43±24% increase comparing to its PBS control. The data supported that corneal material properties can be well-described using this inflation methods following CXL. The inflation test is valuable for investigating the mechanical response of the intact human cornea within physiological IOP ranges, providing benchmarks against which the numerical developments can be translated to clinic.

Methods Fresh porcine eyes were obtained from a local abattoir (Morphets, Tan house farm, Widnes) and tested within 6-9 hours after death. Soft muscular tissue was removed with surgical scissors. The superior direction was marked and the eye globe was placed in a customized compartment for accurate needle insertion through the posterior pole. The internal eye components were removed through the posterior pole using a 14G needle. The needle was then lightly glued around the posterior pole and the intra-ocular cavity was washed with 5 to 6 ml PBS (Sigma, Dorset, United Kingdom). The outer surface of the globe was continually kept hydrated by applying PBS every 2-5 minutes. Random speckles were applied on the globe by lightly spraying a waterproof and fast drying black paint to facilitate deformation tracking in post-analysis. The prepared specimen was then placed into a custom-designed eye chamber filled with PBS, and transferred onto the inflation rig.

The inflation test rig provides full-field observation of ocular response to uniform intraocular pressure (IOP) changes. The physical test equipment is fully bespoke having been designed and built in-house. The equipment features closed loop control software written in LabVIEW (version 10.0.1, RRID:SCR_014325) to regulate IOP while collecting real-time data by triggering cameras to take pictures of the globe. The obtained images are used for measurement of deformation across the globe. The specimen was clamped in a horizontally placed eye chamber with high precision real-time laser (LK-2001, Keyence, UK) pointing towards the apical displacement. An array of six high resolution digital cameras (18.0 megapixels, 550D, Canon, Tokyo, Japan) surrounding the eye chamber and a pressure adjusting tank was placed vertically to inflate the eye while taking synchronous images. The camera setup allows an angle of 25° within each pair and an angle of 120° between each set.

A custom-built LabVIEW software was used to tightly control the pressure. The experiments started by 3 pre-conditioning cycles. The pre-conditioning cycles were to ensure the eye was sitting comfortably on the needle, and the tissue behavior was repeatable (15). An initial pressure of 2.5 mmHg was used to balance the external pressure applied by PBS in the pressure chamber, and was therefore considered a zero-pressure point for the inflation test. Specimens were loaded to a maximum internal load at a medium rate of 0.55 mmHg/s for each cycle. During each cycle the eye was allowed to relax for a period of 2 minutes which was obtained experimentally to allow tissue to fully recover to its relaxation state. The behavior of specimen in the final loading cycle was used for post-analysis.

After the experiment was completed, the eye was removed from the test rig and dissected into anterior and posterior parts. Eight meridian profiles of discrete thickness measurements were selected. The thickness at each desired point on each meridian line was determined using an in-house developed Thickness Measurement Device (TMD) (LTA-HS, Newport, Oxfordshire, UK) which was developed by the Biomechanical Engineering group to measure the thickness of biological tissue. A vertical measurement probe was located at a height of about 30 mm above the centre point of the support. The probe moved down with a controlled velocity until it reached the surface of the tissue. By precisely knowing the original distance between the initial position of probe and the surface of support, the measured value was recorded as the thickness of the tissue.

To decrease the geometrical complexity and understand the effect of CXL treatment on corneas where the application of interest is, we built up a corneal-only model by excluding the sclera part from a whole globe model. In this corneal model, the orphan mesh of geometry was constructed with Abaqus 6.13 (Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp., Rhode Island, USA) using bespoke software. The 2592 elements with 8611 total nodes adopted the hybrid and quadratic type with triangular cross-section (C3D15H), which were arranged in 12 rings across the cornea surface and 3 layers through the thickness. Corneal apex was restrained against displacement in X- and Y-directions, whereas limbus was restrained in the X-, Y-, and Z-direction. The intraocular pressure was distributed on the posterior surface of the cornea. The apical displacement of the entire cornea was extracted by the displacement of corneal apex minus the average displacement of limbus in the anterior-posterior direction.

The image profiles obtained were analyzed using a 2D DIC method named Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to obtain deformations on the surface of the eye (Figure 3) (21, 22). PIV compares an un-deformed and deformed image pairs of specimen surface which was speckled to present the local displacements within the selected subsets. Three discrete locations including corneal apex and limbus were measured from each camera. As only cornea was considered in the study, the cornea deformation was calculated by subtracting the average displacement of limbus in the anterior-posterior direction from the displacement of corneal apex.

An in-house built software that uses Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) as an optimization strategy was developed in Matlab (RRID:SCR_001622) to conduct the inverse analysis optimization due to its success in the engineering applications. PSO evaluates the fitness of the apical displacement between simulation and experiment and iterates over the different values of material parameters to decrease the error until the best fitness appears. The material constitutive model chosen to demonstrate the material behavior of ocular tissue during loading was Ogden model, utilized in a number of previous studies on soft tissues.

The Ogden material model order one relies on two parameters of μ (shear modulus) and α (strain hardening exponent) to define the non-linear material behavior. The use of first order material model (N=1) reduced the complexity of optimization and thus the computational cost as a result of less variables. The values of material parameters α and μ represented the output of the inverse modelling process that resulted in the highest fitness of simulation against inflation experiment. The design optimization process adjusts the value of μ and α within the constitutive model while setting a wide lower and upper boundary range (lower boundary = [0.005, 50]; upper boundary = [0.2, 200]). The error limit of RMS was set as 10%, which terminated the optimization once the error is lower than the limit. With these parameters, stress and strain could then be extracted from the numerical modelling results. The uniaxial-mode stress was calculated through obtained μ and α in Table 2, based on the previously described method and then tangent modulus was calculated numerically from the gradient of the resulting stress-strain curve.

ABSTRACT Having just completed its second consecutive “lost decade”, the Venezuelan case confirms that there are no short cuts to sound political economic management in the era of high capital mobility and securitized capital flows. The maintenance of a muddling-through exchange rate strategy has triumphed, at least for the time being, and enabled an elite executive-level coalition to prevail in pursuing a less than optimal macroeconomic policy. The author argues that Venezuela has avoided a full-blown Mexican or Brazilian-style devaluation by virtue of the Central Bank’s ability to effectively manage the exchange rate. However, this has been the only pocket of modernization, as policymakers throughout the rest of the state bureaucracy have rejected the kinds of market reforms that will be necessary to reverse the country’s highly mediocre performance. While high oil prices since 1999 have afforded politicians and policymakers the “luxury” of being a reform laggard, Venezuelan leaders seem determined to learn the hard way that international trends could again swing against them on a moment’s notice.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar in U.S. City Average (CUUR0000SA0R) from Jan 1913 to May 2025 about urban, consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset presents median income data over a decade or more for males and females categorized by Total, Full-Time Year-Round (FT), and Part-Time (PT) employment in Grand Cane. It showcases annual income, providing insights into gender-specific income distributions and the disparities between full-time and part-time work. The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into gender-based pay disparity trends and explore the variations in income for male and female individuals.

Key observations: Insights from 2023

Based on our analysis ACS 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates, we present the following observations: - All workers, aged 15 years and older: In Grand Cane, the median income for all workers aged 15 years and older, regardless of work hours, was $25,750 for males and $61,094 for females.

Contrary to expectations, women in Grand Cane, women, regardless of work hours, earn a higher income than men, earning 2.37 dollars for every dollar earned by men. This analysis indicates a significant shift in income dynamics favoring females.

Contrary to expectations, in Grand Cane, women, earn a higher income than men, earning 2.79 dollars for every dollar earned by men. This analysis showcase a consistent trend of women outearning men, when working full-time or part-time in the village of Grand Cane.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates. All incomes have been adjusting for inflation and are presented in 2023-inflation-adjusted dollars.

Gender classifications include:

• Male
• Female

Employment type classifications include:

• Full-time, year-round: A full-time, year-round worker is a person who worked full time (35 or more hours per week) and 50 or more weeks during the previous calendar year.
• Part-time: A part-time worker is a person who worked less than 35 hours per week during the previous calendar year.

Variables / Data Columns

• Year: This column presents the data year. Expected values are 2010 to 2023
• Male Total Income: Annual median income, for males regardless of work hours
• Male FT Income: Annual median income, for males working full time, year-round
• Male PT Income: Annual median income, for males working part time
• Female Total Income: Annual median income, for females regardless of work hours
• Female FT Income: Annual median income, for females working full time, year-round
• Female PT Income: Annual median income, for females working part time

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Grand Cane median household income by race. You can refer the same here

Prior to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the inflation rate in Morocco in 2020 and 2021 was expected at 1 and 1.2 percent, respectively. On the contrary, under a baseline scenario, inflation was projected at 0.4 percent in 2020 and 1.1 percent in 2021. Moreover, under a worst case scenario, where the pandemic continued to the end of 2020, inflation rate was estimated at 0.4 and 1.3 percent for 2020 and 2021 respectively.