Inflation rates experienced by different groups of consumers within a country vary. This is because the prices of goods and services and the expenditure patterns of consumers differ. The published inflation rate is used for important decisions regarding the preservation of consumer purchasing power. These include the adjustment of social grants and minimum wages by government and the benchmarking of returns by investors when making investment decisions. It is thus vital that inflation is measured accurately to ensure the purchasing power of consumers is preserved. Current measures of inflation published by Stats SA are applicable to typical consumers and are not relevant to each individual. This resource supplements a study that seeks to provide a publicly available model that can be used by consumers to calculate their personal rate of inflation.

In 2024, the average annual inflation rate in China ranged at around 0.2 percent compared to the previous year. For 2025, projections by the IMF expect slightly negative inflation. The monthly inflation rate in China dropped to negative values in the first quarter of 2025. Calculation of inflation The inflation rate is calculated based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for China. The CPI is computed using a product basket that contains a predefined range of products and services on which the average consumer spends money throughout the year. Included are expenses for groceries, clothes, rent, power, telecommunications, recreational activities, and raw materials (e.g. gas, oil), as well as federal fees and taxes. The product basked is adjusted every five years to reflect changes in consumer preference and has been updated in 2020 for the last time. The inflation rate is then calculated using changes in the CPI. As the inflation of a country is seen as a key economic indicator, it is frequently used for international comparison. China's inflation in comparison Among the main industrialized and emerging economies worldwide, China displayed comparatively low inflation in 2023 and 2024. In previous years, China's inflation ranged marginally above the inflation rates of established industrialized powerhouses such as the United States or the European Union. However, this changed in 2021, as inflation rates in developed countries rose quickly, while prices in China only increased moderately. According to IMF estimates for 2024, Zimbabwe was expected to be the country with the highest inflation rate, with a consumer price increase of about 561 percent compared to 2023. In 2023, Turkmenistan had the lowest price increase worldwide with prices actually decreasing by about 1.7 percent.

In 2024, the consumer price index (CPI) was 315.61. Data represents U.S. city averages. The monthly inflation rate for the United States can be found here. United States urban Consumer Price Index (CPI) The U.S. Consumer Price Index is a measure of change in the price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The CPI is defined by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics as "a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services." To calculate the CPI, the Bureau of Labor Statistics considers the price of goods and services from various categories: housing, transportation, apparel, food & beverage, medical care, recreation, education and other/uncategorized. The CPI is a useful measure, as it indicates how the cost of urban living in the United States has changed over time, compared to a base period. CPI is also used to calculate inflation, or change in the purchasing power of money. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the U.S. urban CPI has been rising steadily since 1992. As of 2023, the CPI was 304.7, up from 233 ten years earlier and up from 184 twenty years earlier. This indicates the extent to which, compared to a base period 1982-1984 = 100, the price of various goods and services has risen.

The tables presented in this file are a supplement to the article “CBS switches to new method for calculating energy prices in the CPI”, published on 30 June 2023. The article presents the results of the research carried out by Statistics Netherlands (CBS) in order to develop new energy prices for the Consumer price index (CPI).

The table displays the source data and describes all steps that were taken to estimate the cost of a single MDA round per 100,000 eligibles.n.a. = not applicable.aThe term base year refers to the year in which cost were originally measured (1996 for India, 2002 for West Africa).bCalculated from 1), 3) and 4), assuming that drugs (50 mg DEC tablets) were purchased for all eligible persons.cFor India: cost of DEC (50-mg tablets; 5.2 tablets p.p. on average; 0.026 US$ p.p. on average) were subtracted.dCorrection for inflation, using the annual deflators as published by the World Bank [24], i.e. the rate of price change in the economy as a whole. The amount under 6) was first converted back to local currency using the base year conversion rate. Then we applied the correction for inflation between the base year and 2009. The new amount was reconverted into US dollars using the 2009 conversion rate. Average annual inflation in India was about 5% between 1996 and 2009. The average annual inflation between 2002 and 2009 in Burkina Faso was 9%.eWe assume that sensitization efforts in India are intensified to achieve higher coverage, as studied elsewhere [25], [26]. Associated extra costs (for personnel and supplies) would be 0.009 US $ per person in 2002, or 0.015 US$ per eligible if adjusted to 2009 values.fVolunteer remuneration has changed. In 2002, volunteers were paid for 2 days of training only, not distribution. By 2010 Burkina volunteers were remunerated for about 2.5 days training and 7 days distribution; the daily rate remained the same. [sources: [11] and personal communications from program directors in Burkina Faso in 2011].gIn India, DEC has to be purchased by the government, at 0.00924 US% p.p. on average (for 100 mg tablets, 2.75 tablets p.p. on average).hDonated drug: albendazole (0.022 US$ p.p.).iDonated drugs: albendazole (0.022 US$ p.p.) and ivermectin (4.2 US$ p.p. on average).

In 2023, the U.S. Consumer Price Index was 309.42, and is projected to increase to 352.27 by 2029. The base period was 1982-84. The monthly CPI for all urban consumers in the U.S. can be accessed here. After a time of high inflation, the U.S. inflation rateis projected fall to two percent by 2027. United States Consumer Price Index ForecastIt is projected that the CPI will continue to rise year over year, reaching 325.6 in 2027. The Consumer Price Index of all urban consumers in previous years was lower, and has risen every year since 1992, except in 2009, when the CPI went from 215.30 in 2008 to 214.54 in 2009. The monthly unadjusted Consumer Price Index was 296.17 for the month of August in 2022. The U.S. CPI measures changes in the price of consumer goods and services purchased by households and is thought to reflect inflation in the U.S. as well as the health of the economy. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics calculates the CPI and defines it as, "a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services." The BLS records the price of thousands of goods and services month by month. They consider goods and services within eight main categories: food and beverage, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education, and other goods and services. They aggregate the data collected in order to compare how much it would cost a consumer to buy the same market basket of goods and services within one month or one year compared with the previous month or year. Given that the CPI is used to calculate U.S. inflation, the CPI influences the annual adjustments of many financial institutions in the United States, both private and public. Wages, social security payments, and pensions are all affected by the CPI.

This dataset is about the Inflation for Saudi Arabia for 2009 - Jan 2020 (Base year 2007 & 2013). Data from Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority. Follow datasource.kapsarc.org for timely data to advance energy economics research.Note:- Data found here from January 2018 till January 2020 was 2013 base year CPI calculation- Data found here from October 2009 till December 2017 was 2007 base year CPI calculation.You can find Saudi Arabia Inflation Rate with the latest 2018 base year on KAPSARC Dataportal.

The inflation rate for the Retail Price Index (RPI) in the United Kingdom was 4.8 percent in June 2025, up from 4.4 percent in the previous month. From 2021 onwards, prices in the UK rose rapidly, with the RPI inflation rate peaking at 14.2 percent in October 2022. Although inflation fell in subsequent months, it wasn't until July 2023 that inflation fell below double digits, and as of late 2024, the RPI rate was still above three percent. The CPI and CPIH While the retail price index is still a popular method of calculating inflation, the consumer price index (CPI) is the current main measurement of inflation in the UK. There is also an additional price index, which includes some extra housing costs, known as the Consumer Price Index including homer occupiers' costs (CPIH) index, which is seen by the UK's Office of National Statistics as the official inflation rate. As of December 2024, the CPI inflation rate stood at 2.5 percent, while the CPIH rate was 3.5 percent. Core inflation down in 2024 Another way of measuring inflation is to strip out the volatility of energy and food prices and look at the underlying core inflation rate. As of December 2024, this was 3.2 percent, slightly higher than the overall CPI rate, but more aligned with the overall figure than it was in 2022 and 2023. When inflation peaked at 11.2 percent in October 2022, for example, core inflation stood at just 6.5 percent. After energy prices in 2023 fell relative to 2022, the overall inflation rate in the UK declined quite rapidly, with core inflation overtaking the overall rate in July 2023. During the most recent period of high inflation, core inflation peaked at 7.1 percent in May 2023, and while taking longer to fall than the overall figure, has generally been declining since then.

These are graphical summaries comparing price change against inflation over the cumulative period from 2017 to 2020. We took the 2017 prices for all the drug formulations, calculated based on inflation what the price would be (using both the general inflation rate and healthcare inflation rate) and plotted the actual prices on the same graph. We performed this for both the copay prices and the AWP, using inflation data based off the US Bureau of Labor Statistics to perform our calculations.

The file "dataset_regression_income.csv" contains a dataset developed in the analysis of inflation heterogeneity for Italian Households in the period 2015-2023.The dataset is the outcome of merging the yearly Household Budget Surveys (HBS) conducted by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat), the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) which is calculated monthly by Istat, according to EU regulations, and the Survey on Households Income and Wealth (SHIW) conducted by Bank of Italy.Mapping price information into consumption decisions and aggregating an individual price index for each household according to a Laspeyres Formula leads to the computation of household-level inflation rates.Furthermore, we compute non-durable equivalent expenditure for each household as a proxy of living standards. The variable is obtained by subtracting durable expenditure from total aggregate expenditure and scaling down by an household equivalent scale (in the benchmark specification, the square root of the household size). The decile distribution of the variable is also computed.Finally, we apply a statistical matching procedure to integrate income information from SHIW data sources. The output is a synthetic dataset containing both expenditure and income information that preserves the joint distribution and correlation structures of the original datasets.The file "ISTAT_MFR_HBS_EUR.csv" is a conversion table that maps ECOICOP items to HBS expenditure voices.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services. Indexes are available for the U.S. and various geographic areas. Average price data for select utility, automotive fuel, and food items are also available. Prices for the goods and services used to calculate the CPI are collected in 75 urban areas throughout the country and from about 23,000 retail and service establishments. Data on rents are collected from about 43,000 landlords or tenants. More information and details about the data provided can be found at http://www.bls.gov/cpi

Inflation is an important measure of any country’s economy, and the Retail Price Index (RPI) is one of the most widely used indicators in the United Kingdom, with the rate expected to be 4.1 percent in 2025, compared with 3.6 percent in 2024. This followed 2022, when RPI inflation reached a rate of 11.6 percent, by far the highest annual rate during this provided time period. CPI vs RPI Although the Retail Price Index is a commonly utilized inflation indicator, the UK also uses a newer method of calculating inflation, the Consumer Price Index. The CPI, along with the CPIH (Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs) are usually preferred by the UK government, but the RPI is still used in certain instances. Increases in rail fares for example, are calculated using the RPI, while increases in pension payments are calculated using CPI, when this is used as the uprating factor. The use of one inflation measure over the other can therefore have a significant impact on people’s lives in the UK. High inflation falls to more typical levels by 2024 Like the Retail Price Index, the Consumer Price Index inflation rate also reached a recent peak in October 2022. In that month, prices were rising by 11.1 percent and did not fall below double figures until April 2023. This fall was largely due to slower price increases in key sectors such as energy, which drove a significant amount of the 2022 wave of inflation. Inflation nevertheless remains elevated, fueled not only by high food inflation, but also by underlying core inflation. As of February 2025, the overall CPI inflation rate was 2.8 percent, although an uptick in inflation is expected later in the year, with a rate of 3.7 percent forecast for the third quarter of the year.

In July 2025, the Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) inflation rate of the United Kingdom was *** percent, up from *** percent in the previous month. The inflation rate fell noticeably after the COVID-19 pandemic but rose sharply between Spring 2021 and Autumn 2022. After peaking at *** percent in October 2022, CPIH inflation declined throughout 2023 and into 2024, falling to *** percent by September of that year, before increasing again recently. Cost of living problems persist into 2025 Although it is likely that the worst of the recent inflation surge may have passed, the issues caused by it look set to linger into 2025 and beyond. While the share of households experiencing living cost rises has fallen from ** percent in August 2022, to ** percent in July 2024, this share rose towards the end of the year, with more than half of households reporting rising costs in December. Even with lower inflation, overall consumer prices have already increased by around ** percent in the last three years, rising to almost ** percent for food prices, which lower income households typically spend more of their income on. The significant increase in people relying on food banks across the UK, is evidence of the magnitude of this problem, with approximately **** million people using food banks in 2023/24. Other measures of inflation While the CPIH inflation rate displayed here is the preferred index of the UK's Office of National Statistics, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is often more prominently featured in the media in general. An older index, the Retail Price Index (RPI) is also still used by the government to calculate certain taxes and rail fares. Other metrics include the core inflation rate, which measures price increases without the volatility of food and energy costs, while price increases in goods and services can also be tracked separately. The inflation rate of individual sectors can also be measured, and as of December 2024, prices were rising fastest in the communications sector, at *** percent, with costs falling in the transport and furniture sectors.

The data is exported from OECD and World Bank databases and put in an appropriate order to run the analysis for the research. The research hypothesis was that exchange rates indirectly affect the foreign trade. To establish empirical results, regression analysis was run on SPSS using this data in which devaluation and inflation rates can be found. Devaluation tab on the data is calculated using Excel formulas on the exchange rate data exported.

South Korea NAIRU: Unemployment Gap data was reported at 0.090 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of -0.493 % for 2021. South Korea NAIRU: Unemployment Gap data is updated yearly, averaging -0.049 % from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2022, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.118 % in 1996 and a record low of -2.838 % in 1998. South Korea NAIRU: Unemployment Gap data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s South Korea – Table KR.OECD.EO: Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU): Forecast: OECD Member: Annual. GAPUNR - Unemployment gap Difference of nairu and unemployment rate OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook, Database Inventory OECD Economic Outlook, Database Inventory:https://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/Database_Inventory.pdf

South Africa’s inflation has been quite stable for the past years, levelling off between 3.2 and 6.9 percent, and is in fact expected to stabilize at around 4.5 percent in the future. South Africa is a mixed economy, generating most of its GDP through the services sector, especially tourism. However, the country struggles with unemployment and poverty.

Inflation who?

The inflation rate of a country is an important key factor to determine the country’s economic strength. It is calculated using the price increase of a defined product basket, containing goods and services on which the average consumer spends money throughout the year. They include, for example, expenses for groceries, clothes, rent, utilities, but also recreational activities, and raw materials (e.g. gas, oil), as well as federal fees and taxes. Some of these goods are more volatile than others – food prices, for example, are considered less reliable. The European Central Bank aims to keep inflation at around two percent in the long run.

What happened in 2016?

In 2016, South Africa’s inflation rate peaked at over 6.3 percent, and gross domestic product, and thus economic growth , took a hit, a sure indicator that something was affecting the country’s economic scaffolding: Low growth due to weak demand and an uncertain political future caused a crisis; then-President Jacob Zuma’s alleged mismanagement and unstable reign steeped in controversy and criminal charges even caused the economy’s outlook to be downgraded by ratings agencies. Zuma was relieved of his office in 2018 – ever since, inflation, GDP, and economic growth seem to have stabilized.

Annual Inflationary Adjustments and Passbook RateApplicability: Programs that are governed by HUD’s regulations found in 24 CFR Part 5 or are governed by regulations that cross reference 24 CFR Part 5: Public Housing, Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher (HCV), Section 8 project-based rental assistance (PBRA), non-insured 236 projects with Interest Reduction Payments (236 IRP), Section 202/811 PRAC, Senior Preservation Rental Assistance Contracts (SPRAC), 811 PRA, HOME Investment Partnerships Program, HOME-American Rescue Plan Program, Housing Trust Fund, and Housing Opportunities for Persons With AIDS (HOPWA).Background: On February 14, 2023, HUD published the Housing Opportunity Through Modernization Act (HOTMA) Final Rule. The Final Rule requires that certain amounts used to make income, asset, and eligibility determinations be adjusted by an inflationary factor on an annual basis. Recipients of funding under the above-covered programs, including PHAs, MFH Owners, and Grantees, must use the HUD-published values when determining income, net family assets, and adjusted income for income examinations in accordance with the HOTMA Final Rule and other implementation guidance.Publication Timing: Around August each year, HUD will calculate the inflation factor, recalculate the inflation-adjusted values, and post the revised figures effective for the next calendar year on this webpage. The revised amounts will become effective on January 1st of each year. The amounts effective January 1, 2024, were published in the HOTMA final rule (88 FR 9600). HUD’s methodology for calculating and applying the inflationary factor to the values specified in the final rule was published in the Federal Register (89 FR 27440). Going forward, HUD will solicit public comment only if the Department proposes to change the methodology.Along with the inflationary adjustments, HUD will also annually publish a passbook rate to become effective January 1st of each year. The passbook rate will be based on the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) National Deposit Rate for savings accounts, which is an average of national savings rates published monthly. PHAs/MFH Owners/Grantees must use the HUD-published passbook rate when calculating imputed asset income for all income examinations. HUD published the passbook rate methodology in joint Notice PIH 2023-27 / H 2023-10.

In the fiscal year 2023, the Japanese construction cost deflator for buildings stood at ***** index points, increasing from ***** points in the previous year. The construction cost deflator is a weighted index estimating the inflation-adjusted price development of construction in Japan, considering expenditures for materials, labor, and investment. What are features of the construction cost deflator? Since 1951, the government has been compiling a deflator for construction costs. It helps, for example, to determine contract prices for public works like roads. Today’s version includes various sub-indices, such as the one for buildings; they may be residential or non-residential, and their structural frames may be either wood, steel, or reinforced concrete. While the deflator considers all of Japan, other price indices give more detailed insight into specific buildings, materials, and regions. Rising energy-prices have spilled over to materials Japan has not been spared by recently inflating energy prices. Accordingly, the domestic construction industry is monitoring the monthly construction material price index. Unlike the deflator, it also provides regional-specific data, showing that although inflation impacted all materials throughout the country, some materials and places were more affected than others. In Tokyo, cement prices have increased by over ** points since fiscal year 2021 – in Osaka, by around **.