Real interest rates describe the growth in the real value of the interest on a loan or deposit, adjusted for inflation. Nominal interest rates on the other hand show us the raw interest rate, which is unadjusted for inflation. If the inflation rate in a certain country were zero percent, the real and nominal interest rates would be the same number. As inflation reduces the real value of a loan, however, a positive inflation rate will mean that the nominal interest rate is more likely to be greater than the real interest rate. We can see this in the recent inflationary episode which has taken place in the wake of the Coronavirus pandemic, with nominal interest rates rising over the course of 2022, but still lagging far behind the rate of inflation, meaning these rate rises register as smaller increases in the real interest rate.

The inflation rate in the United States is expected to decrease to 2.1 percent by 2029. 2022 saw a year of exceptionally high inflation, reaching eight percent for the year. The data represents U.S. city averages. The base period was 1982-84. In economics, the inflation rate is a measurement of inflation, the rate of increase of a price index (in this case: consumer price index). It is the percentage rate of change in prices level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. According to the forecast, prices will increase by 2.9 percent in 2024. The annual inflation rate for previous years can be found here and the consumer price index for all urban consumers here. The monthly inflation rate for the United States can also be accessed here. Inflation in the U.S.Inflation is a term used to describe a general rise in the price of goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. Inflation in the United States is calculated using the consumer price index (CPI). The consumer price index is a measure of change in the price level of a preselected market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. This forecast of U.S. inflation was prepared by the International Monetary Fund. They project that inflation will stay higher than average throughout 2023, followed by a decrease to around roughly two percent annual rise in the general level of prices until 2028. Considering the annual inflation rate in the United States in 2021, a two percent inflation rate is a very moderate projection. The 2022 spike in inflation in the United States and worldwide is due to a variety of factors that have put constraints on various aspects of the economy. These factors include COVID-19 pandemic spending and supply-chain constraints, disruptions due to the war in Ukraine, and pandemic related changes in the labor force. Although the moderate inflation of prices between two and three percent is considered normal in a modern economy, countries’ central banks try to prevent severe inflation and deflation to keep the growth of prices to a minimum. Severe inflation is considered dangerous to a country’s economy because it can rapidly diminish the population’s purchasing power and thus damage the GDP .

Inflation Rate in European Union remained unchanged at 2.40 percent in August. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - European Union Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Inflation Rate in Ukraine decreased to 13.20 percent in August from 14.10 percent in July of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Ukraine Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Inflation Nowcasting Monthly Month-Over-Month is a part of the Inflation Nowcasting indicator of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.

Inflation Nowcasting Monthly Year-Over-Year is a part of the Inflation Nowcasting indicator of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.

Graph and download economic data for 5-Year Breakeven Inflation Rate (T5YIE) from 2003-01-02 to 2025-10-07 about spread, 5-year, interest rate, interest, inflation, rate, and USA.

Inflation Rate in Canada increased to 1.90 percent in August from 1.70 percent in July of 2025. This dataset provides - Canada Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Poland's inflation rate has shown significant fluctuations recently, with the country experiencing both periods of high inflation and deflation. In August 2025, consumer prices increased by *** percent compared to the previous year, marking a notable decline from the peak of **** percent recorded in February 2023. Food and beverage prices drive inflation Food and non-alcoholic beverages have contributed to Poland's inflation, with prices in this category reaching a staggering **** percent increase in March 2023. Although the rate has since decreased, it remained at *** percent in September 2024, indicating ongoing pressure on consumer budgets. Similarly, alcoholic beverages experienced significant price hikes, peaking at **** percent in March 2023 before settling at *** percent in February 2024. These persistent increases in essential goods have substantially impacted the overall inflation rate. Varied impact across sectors While food and beverages have seen consistent price increases, other sectors have experienced more volatile trends. Clothing and footwear, for instance, went through a period of deflation from January 2019 to April 2021, with prices declining by as much as **** percent in May 2020. However, this sector also saw a sharp reversal, with inflation peaking at *** percent in March 2023. Liquid fuel prices demonstrated even more dramatic swings, soaring to an astonishing ***** percent increase in June 2022. As of January 2025, housing-related costs, including utilities, have emerged as the leading inflationary force, rising by nearly **** percent year-over-year and significantly influencing the overall inflation rate.

In November 2024, the inflation rate in Turkey corresponded to **** percent. The monthly inflation rate in Turkey reached ***** percent in October 2022, the highest inflation rate recorded during the provided time interval. In June 2023, the year-on-year change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) was recorded at ***** percent, the lowest since January 2022. Since the second half of 2019, Turkey’s inflation rate has consistently been in double digits, with inflation accelerating at the fastest rate in 2022. High production costs In Turkey, domestic producer price indices have been continuously rising, which has directly resulted in a price increase in all consumer goods and services. Accordingly, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in all commodity groups increased extremely since 2022. In the same year, the food and non-alcoholic beverages category had one of the highest inflation rates in the CPI. This particularly affected Turkish consumers, as these products accounted for the highest share of household expenditure in 2023. Soaring food prices Since 2020, food prices have increased significantly around the world, and Turkey is no exception. Although inflation has started to slow down recently, food prices in Turkey continue to go up steadily, increasing by **** percent in November 2024 compared to the same month in the previous year. It is not surprising that food inflation has not simmered down, as the producer price index (PPI) of agricultural products followed a constant increasing trend in the country over the past few years.

We report average expected inflation rates over the next one through 30 years. Our estimates of expected inflation rates are calculated using a Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland model that combines financial data and survey-based measures. Released monthly.

In 2024, the average inflation rate in the United Kingdom was approximately 2.53 percent. Between 1980 and 2024, the figure dropped by around 14.32 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. The inflation is forecast to decline by about 0.53 percentage points from 2024 to 2030, fluctuating as it trends downward.This indicator measures inflation based upon the year-on-year change in the average consumer price index, expressed in percent. The latter expresses a country's average level of prices based on a typical basket of consumer goods and services.

In May 2025, the year-on-year change in consumer prices was 0.46 percent in Finland. From onwards December 2022, the CPI is on a steady decline. Inflation or currency devaluation (drop in the real value of money), is characterized by a rise in the prices of finished products (consumer goods, capital goods). Vice versa, deflation or currency appreciation refers to an increase in the real value of money, allowing the buyer to purchase more goods and services with the same amount of money. Moreover, the consumer price index tracks price trends of private consumption expenditure.

In November 2024, the chained consumer price index for all urban consumers (C-CPI-U) in the United States decreased by 0.1 percent from the preceding month. The data represents U.S. city averages. The base period was January 1999=100. The chain weighted CPI incorporates the average changes in the quantity of goods purchased, along with standard pricing effects. This allows the chain weighted CPI to reflect situations where customers shift the weight of their purchases from one area of spending to another. A projection of the annual inflation rate of the country can be accessed here and the actual annual inflation rate since 1990 can be accessed here.

During the period beginning roughly in the mid-1980s until the Global Financial Crisis (2007-2008), the U.S. economy experienced a time of relative economic calm, with low inflation and consistent GDP growth. Compared with the turbulent economic era which had preceded it in the 1970s and the early 1980s, the lack of extreme fluctuations in the business cycle led some commentators to suggest that macroeconomic issues such as high inflation, long-term unemployment and financial crises were a thing of the past. Indeed, the President of the American Economic Association, Professor Robert Lucas, famously proclaimed in 2003 that "central problem of depression prevention has been solved, for all practical purposes". Ben Bernanke, the future chairman of the Federal Reserve during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and 2022 Nobel Prize in Economics recipient, coined the term 'the Great Moderation' to describe this era of newfound economic confidence. The era came to an abrupt end with the outbreak of the GFC in the Summer of 2007, as the U.S. financial system began to crash due to a downturn in the real estate market.

Causes of the Great Moderation, and its downfall

A number of factors have been cited as contributing to the Great Moderation including central bank monetary policies, the shift from manufacturing to services in the economy, improvements in information technology and management practices, as well as reduced energy prices. The period coincided with the term of Fed chairman Alan Greenspan (1987-2006), famous for the 'Greenspan put', a policy which meant that the Fed would proactively address downturns in the stock market using its monetary policy tools. These economic factors came to prominence at the same time as the end of the Cold War (1947-1991), with the U.S. attaining a new level of hegemony in global politics, as its main geopolitical rival, the Soviet Union, no longer existed. During the Great Moderation, the U.S. experienced a recession twice, between July 1990 and March 1991, and again from March 2001 tom November 2001, however, these relatively short recessions did not knock the U.S. off its growth path. The build up of household and corporate debt over the early 2000s eventually led to the Global Financial Crisis, as the bursting of the U.S. housing bubble in 2007 reverberated across the financial system, with a subsequent credit freeze and mass defaults.

Inflation Rate in Norway increased to 3.50 percent in August from 3.30 percent in July of 2025. This dataset provides - Norway Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Iran’s inflation rate rose sharply to 34.79 percent in 2019 and was projected to rise another 14 percentage points before slowly starting to decline. Given the recent sanctions by the United States regarding the nuclear deal, this number has both political and economic implications. Political implications President Hassan Rouhani won the 2017 election based on economic promises, many stemming from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), commonly known as the Iran Nuclear Deal. Lifting these sanctions opened the Iranian economy to many opportunities, including the chance to benefit from increased oil exports. The JCPOA was an integral part of the Rouhani campaign, so any economic hardship that is linked to the deal will likely be blamed on the president. Economic implications High inflation leads to high interest rates, which leads to less borrowing. Less borrowing means less investment, which slows economic growth. This slower growth often leads to higher inflation, which is what economists call an inflationary spiral. As such, Iran will have difficulty achieving substantial GDP growth until inflation returns to manageable rates.

In August 2025, the inflation rate in Japan stood at *** percent. The term inflation means the devaluation of money caused by a permanent increase of the price level for goods and services. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the price development for private expenses and shows the current level of inflation when it increases. Rising consumer prices since 2022 Since the economic downturn in the 1990s, consumer prices in Japan have remained stagnant. Many Japanese consumers have never experienced a significant rise in cost of living, as the country had been struggling with deflationary pressures for over three decades. In the last years, this has changed drastically. Consumers have been confronted with rising prices since 2022, driven by global tensions and the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. While Japan’s CPI recorded a *** percent growth in 2024, real household consumption expenditure declined. Consumer inflation in 2024 Annual inflation decreased from *** percent in 2023, the highest level recorded since 1991. A look at the price growth of major categories in the CPI shows that prices for ********************** saw the largest increases in 2024, followed by **** and ******************************. Fresh food prices, which rose by ***** percent, were at the core of the food price growth. ************, ****************, and ******* such as rice, bread, and noodles, were among the major contributors to Japan’s inflation. Rice prices jumped significantly in 2024. The staple food continued to see drastic price hikes in 2025.

View monthly updates and historical trends for Japan Inflation Rate. Source: Japan Statistics Bureau. Track economic data with YCharts analytics.

The annual monthly inflation rate in the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) increased steadily from February 2021 to October 2022, when the inflation rate reached **** percent compared to the same month the previous year. However, it has been slowing slightly since, dropping to *** percent as of July 2024. The world saw rising inflation through 2022 and 2023, driven by an aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and further spurred by Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.