According to recent projections, the impact of reciprocal tariffs worldwide will lead to a short-term acceleration of prices by 0.71 percent. The U.S. is expected to experience the highest price index increase, estimated at 7.26 percent.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data, tables, and charts presented in Why Trump’s tariff proposals would harm working Americans, PIIE Policy Brief 24-1.

If you use the data, please cite as: Clausing, Kimberly, and Mary E. Lovely. 2024. Why Trump’s tariff proposals would harm working Americans. PIIE Policy Brief 24-1. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Graph and download economic data for Inflation, consumer prices for the United States (FPCPITOTLZGUSA) from 1960 to 2024 about consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

In May 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In early 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 20 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at -0.1 percent in May 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 9.9 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

US Tariff Impact on the Market

The global foldable drone market, particularly in the U.S., is influenced by tariffs imposed on Chinese imports. In 2023, the U.S. imposed 25% tariffs on drone components from China, which impacted manufacturers' costs, leading to an increase in drone prices. This shift has driven companies to explore alternate supply chain strategies, including domestic production and sourcing from non-tariffed countries.

While tariffs have raised prices, they have also led to a surge in demand for locally produced drones, with U.S. companies increasing investment in R&D and manufacturing facilities. Despite price hikes, consumer demand for foldable drones remains strong, particularly in commercial sectors like photography, surveying, and infrastructure inspection.

US Tariff Impact Percentage for Impacted Sector

• Tariff Rates and Impact on Drone Prices:

In April 2025, the U.S. imposed a cumulative 170% tariff on Chinese-made drones, including models from DJI, due to national security concerns.

• Legislative Actions and Proposals:

A bipartisan group of U.S. lawmakers urged the Biden administration to increase tariffs on Chinese-made drones and implement incentives to support U.S. drone manufacturers.

House Republicans proposed legislation to boost tariffs on Chinese-made drones by 30% initially, with annual increases, and to ban imports of drones containing critical Chinese components by 2030.

• Economic Impact on Drone Components:

The tariffs led to cost inflation and delayed availability of critical drone components, including lithium-ion batteries, electronic speed controllers, sensors, and optics, which were predominantly sourced from China.

➤➤➤ Get More Detailed Insights for US Tariff Impact @ https://market.us/report/foldable-drones-market/free-sample/

Economic Impact

• The imposition of tariffs increased the production costs of foldable drones.
• Companies responded by raising prices or seeking alternative manufacturing regions.
• Despite cost pressures, demand in sectors like photography, real estate, and infrastructure inspection remains strong.

Geographical Impact

• North America, especially the U.S., remains a leading market, accounting for over 39% of global share.
• European and Asian markets are growing as demand for foldable drones expands in commercial and recreational sectors.
• The rise in local manufacturing in the U.S. due to tariffs impacts the global supply chain.

<!-- wp:heading {"l...

The study of Jürgen Nautz deals with selected aspects of tariff autonomy and wage development during the years of inflation in the Weimar Republic. First the development of wages will be presented in the context of cost of living. To investigate the question of tariff autonomy in the inflation period it is of special interest to analyze the usage of arbitration instruments by unions, management and the state. Another central subject of this study is the fundamental position concerning the question of the design of important relations. Two themes are in the focus of interest; the ideas of the further refinement of the collective bargaining principle and the arbitration of labor disputes.Especially concerning tariff autonomy legal positions were developed during the inflation years which had an important impact on the discussion about tariff autonomy during the entire period the Weimar Republic. Data tables in HISTAT:A.1 Development of cost of living: Index of the statistical office of the German Empire (1920-1923)A.2 Index of average real weekly wages per collective agreement Index (1913-1923)A.3 Real weekly and real hourly wages of unskilled and skilled workers (1919-1923)A.4 Strikes and lockouts (1918-1924) A.5 Number of collective agreements (1918-1929)

The inflation rate in the United States is expected to decrease to 2.1 percent by 2029. 2022 saw a year of exceptionally high inflation, reaching eight percent for the year. The data represents U.S. city averages. The base period was 1982-84. In economics, the inflation rate is a measurement of inflation, the rate of increase of a price index (in this case: consumer price index). It is the percentage rate of change in prices level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. According to the forecast, prices will increase by 2.9 percent in 2024. The annual inflation rate for previous years can be found here and the consumer price index for all urban consumers here. The monthly inflation rate for the United States can also be accessed here. Inflation in the U.S.Inflation is a term used to describe a general rise in the price of goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. Inflation in the United States is calculated using the consumer price index (CPI). The consumer price index is a measure of change in the price level of a preselected market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. This forecast of U.S. inflation was prepared by the International Monetary Fund. They project that inflation will stay higher than average throughout 2023, followed by a decrease to around roughly two percent annual rise in the general level of prices until 2028. Considering the annual inflation rate in the United States in 2021, a two percent inflation rate is a very moderate projection. The 2022 spike in inflation in the United States and worldwide is due to a variety of factors that have put constraints on various aspects of the economy. These factors include COVID-19 pandemic spending and supply-chain constraints, disruptions due to the war in Ukraine, and pandemic related changes in the labor force. Although the moderate inflation of prices between two and three percent is considered normal in a modern economy, countries’ central banks try to prevent severe inflation and deflation to keep the growth of prices to a minimum. Severe inflation is considered dangerous to a country’s economy because it can rapidly diminish the population’s purchasing power and thus damage the GDP .

US Tariff Impact on the API Security Market

The imposition of U.S. tariffs has introduced significant challenges to the API Security Market, particularly affecting the IT and Telecom sectors. Tariffs have led to increased costs for telecom equipment and components imported from affected countries, with some hardware pricing seeing noticeable jumps due to tariffs reaching up to 100%.

These additional expenses often translate into higher prices for consumers and businesses, potentially reducing demand for telecom services. Furthermore, tariffs on hardware components essential for software development and deployment. Such as servers and networking equipment, have raised concerns about increased costs in the tech sector.

➤➤➤ Discover how our research uncovers business opportunities @ https://market.us/report/api-security-market/free-sample/

These cost escalations can strain the financial viability of API security investments, particularly for large enterprises relying on imported hardware and cloud infrastructure. The uncertainty surrounding trade policies may also deter institutional investors. Who are pivotal in the API Security Market, from committing capital to projects susceptible to tariff-induced cost fluctuations?

Economic Impact

• Increased Operational Costs: Tariffs have led to higher prices for imported hardware, escalating operational expenses for businesses.
• Inflationary Pressures: The added costs contribute to inflation, affecting consumer spending and investment returns.
• Investment Uncertainty: Unpredictable trade policies may lead to deferred investment decisions, impacting the flow of capital into API security projects.

Geographical Impact

• North America: As the largest market, North America faces significant exposure to tariff-induced cost increases, particularly in the IT and Telecom sectors.
• Asia-Pacific: Tariffs may shift investment focus towards Asia-Pacific regions with favorable trade conditions, altering the geographical distribution of API security investments.
• Global Supply Chains: Disruptions in global supply chains due to tariffs can affect the implementation and success of API security projects worldwide.

Business Impact

• Strategic Reassessment: Businesses may need to reevaluate supply chains and sourcing strategies to mitigate tariff impacts.
• Cost Management: Increased costs necessitate enhanced financial planning and cost-control measures to maintain project viability.
• Investor Relations: Transparency regarding tariff impacts becomes crucial in maintaining investor confidence and securing funding.

➤â...

Building materials made of steel, copper and other metals had some of the highest price growth rates in the U.S. in early 2025 in comparison to the previous year. The growth rate of the cost of several construction materials was slightly lower than in late 2024. It is important to note, though, that the figures provided are Producer Price Indices, which cover production within the United States, but do not include imports or tariffs. This might matter for lumber, as Canada's wood production is normally large enough that the U.S. can import it from its neighboring country. Construction material prices in the United Kingdom Similarly to these trends in the U.S., at that time the price growth rate of construction materials in the UK were generally lower 2024 than in 2023. Nevertheless, the cost of some construction materials in the UK still rose that year, with several of those items reaching price growth rates of over **** percent. Considering that those materials make up a very big share of the costs incurred for a construction project, those developments may also have affected the average construction output price in the UK. Construction material shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic During the first years of the COVID-19 pandemic, there often were supply problems and material shortages, which created instability in the construction market. According to a survey among construction contractors, the construction materials most affected by shortages in the U.S. during most of 2021 were steel and lumber. This was also a problem on the other side of the Atlantic: The share of building construction companies experiencing shortages in Germany soared between March and June 2021, staying at high levels for over a year. Meanwhile, the shortage of material or equipment was one of the main factors limiting the building activity in France in June 2022.

At the end of 2023, Zimbabwe had the highest inflation rate in the world, at 667.36 percent change compared to the previous year. Inflation in industrialized and in emerging countries Higher inflation rates are more present in less developed economies, as they often lack a sufficient central banking system, which in turn results in the manipulation of currency to achieve short term economic goals. Thus, interest rates increase while the general economic situation remains constant. In more developed economies and in the prime emerging markets, the inflation rate does not fluctuate as sporadically. Additionally, the majority of countries that maintained the lowest inflation rate compared to previous years are primarily oil producers or small island independent states. These countries experienced deflation, which occurs when the inflation rate falls below zero; this may happen for a variety of factors, such as a shift in supply or demand of goods and services, or an outflow of capital.

Georgia Core Consumer Price Index (CPI): YoY data was reported at 2.328 % in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.436 % for Mar 2025. Georgia Core Consumer Price Index (CPI): YoY data is updated monthly, averaging 2.824 % from Jan 2010 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 184 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.214 % in Nov 2015 and a record low of -0.756 % in Feb 2013. Georgia Core Consumer Price Index (CPI): YoY data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Statistics Office of Georgia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Georgia – Table GE.I013: Core Consumer Price Index: YoY. Core inflation is calculated by excluding the following groups of goods and services from the consumer basket: food and non-alcoholic beverages, energy, regulated tariffs, transport (specific tariffs).

Der Beitrag von Jürgen Nautz widment sich ausgewählten Aspekten zum Problembereich der Tarifautonomie und der Lohnentwicklung in der Zeit der Inflationsjahre während der Weimarer Republik. Als erstes wird die Entwicklung der Löhne auf dem Hintergrund der Lebenshaltungskosten dargestellt. Für die Frage nach dem Zustand der Tarifautonomie in der Inflationsphase ist die Handhabung des Schlichtungsinstrumentariums durch die Tarifparteien und den Staat von besonderem Interesse. Ein zentraler Gegenstand dieses Beitrages ist auch die Darstellung der grundsätzlichen Positionen in der Frage der Gestaltung der industriellen Beziehungen. Dabei stehen zwei Topoi im Mittelpunkt des Interesses: die Vorstellungen von der weiteren Ausgestaltung des Tarifvertragsprinzips und der Schlichtung von Arbeitsstreitigkeiten. Gerade in der Frage der Tarifautonomie sind in den Inflationsjahren Rechtspositionen entwickelt worden, die prägend waren für die Diskussion der Tarifautonomie während der gesamten Phase der Weimarer Republik.

Datentabellen in HISTAT: A.1 Entwicklung der Lebenshaltungskosten: Index des Statistischen Reichsamts (1920-1923) A.2 Index der durchschnittlichen Realwochenlöhne je Tarifvertrag (1913-1923) A.3 Realwochen- und Realstundenlohnsätze ungelernter und gelernter Arbeiter (1919-1923) A.4 Streiks und Aussperrungen (1918-1924) A.5 Zahl der Tarifverträge (1918-1929)

US Tariff Impact on the Private Aircraft Market

Recent U.S. tariffs have introduced complexities into the private aircraft market, particularly affecting the cost structure and supply chain dynamics. The imposition of a 25% tariff on imported steel and aluminum, effective March 12, 2025, has increased production costs for aircraft manufacturers, as these materials are critical components in aircraft construction.

➤➤➤ Discover how our research uncovers business opportunities @ https://market.us/report/private-aircraft-market/free-sample/

Additionally, tariffs on aircraft components and electronics, which can constitute 20–30% of an aircraft's cost, have further escalated expenses. These increased costs are often passed on to consumers, potentially dampening demand in the private aviation sector. Moreover, the uncertainty surrounding trade policies has led to deferred investment decisions and disrupted global supply chains, impacting the timely delivery and maintenance of private aircraft.

Economic Impact

• Increased Production Costs: Tariffs on essential materials have raised manufacturing expenses, leading to higher aircraft prices.
• Inflationary Pressures: Elevated costs contribute to overall inflation, affecting consumer purchasing power.
• Investment Hesitation: Uncertainty in trade policies may deter investments in the private aviation sector.

Geographical Impact

• North America: As a major market, it faces significant cost increases due to tariffs on imported components.
• Europe: Manufacturers may seek alternative markets or adjust supply chains to mitigate tariff impacts.
• Asia-Pacific: Potential growth as companies look to diversify manufacturing and reduce reliance on tariff-affected regions.

Business Impact

• Supply Chain Disruptions: Tariffs have led to delays and increased costs in the procurement of aircraft parts.
• Operational Challenges: Higher costs may result in reduced profit margins and operational efficiency.
• Strategic Reassessment: Companies may need to reevaluate sourcing and manufacturing strategies to navigate the new trade landscape.

Key Takeaways

• U.S. tariffs have increased production costs in the private aircraft market.
• Trade policy uncertainties are causing investment delays and supply chain disruptions.
• Manufacturers and operators must adapt strategies to mitigate tariff impacts.

...

The sporting goods manufacturing industry has benefitted from rising health consciousness over the past decade, which spurred an uptick in sports participation, driving demand. However, inflationary pressures plagued the industry in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak, resulting in people cutting discretionary spending. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 2.6% over the five years through 2025 to €10.8 billion, including an estimated jump of 1.8% in 2025. Profit is also expected to edge upwards to 12.2% in 2025 as higher interest rates cool inflation and ease input cost pressures. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, pent-up demand and supply chain disruptions incited inflationary pressures, ratcheting up living costs. This resulted in many people’s real household disposable income’s plummeting, forcing them to cut discretionary spending on goods like sporting equipment. Despite central banks across Europe raising interest rates to curb rising prices, inflation persisted in the two years through 2023, hurting demand. However, rising sport participation and health consciousness have supported revenue in recent years, driven by effective government initiatives. This includes the Erasmus+ Sport programme, which supports grassroots sports projects across Europe. According to a 2022 survey from the European Commission, Finland tops the list of countries most likely to exercise at least once a week, at 71% of respondents. Import competition has impacted the industry with consumers opting for cheaper alternatives from low-cost production countries amid the cost-of-living crisis. This forced manufacturers to focus their efforts on premium, performance-focused gear, maintaining revenue growth. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 5.8% over the five years through 2030 to €14.3 billion. Sporting goods manufacturing will welcome declining costs as inflationary pressures subside in the short term. However, uncertainty surrounding Trump’s tariffs policies will hamper GDP growth due to businesses delaying investment projects which would have potentially aided demand for sports goods manufacturers. This will force manufacturers to diversify into faster-growing or tariff-free markets like Asia. Sport participation will continue to rise, supported by robust funding towards promoting exercise as governments seek to slow down rising obesity across Europe. Yet, countries like France facing budget pressures have slashed funding aimed at promoting sports, hindering demand for sports goods manufacturers.

According to a survey conducted between July 9 and July 11, 2022, 45 percent of Americans thought that Joe Biden was highly responsible for the current trend in the inflation rate. This is compared to 26 percent of Americans who said President Biden did not have a lot of responsibility for the current inflation rate.

Inflation in the U.S. Global events in 2022 had a significant impact on the United States. Inflation rose from 1.4 percent in January 2021 to 9.1 percent in June 2022. Significantly higher prices of basic goods led to increased concern over the state of the economy, and the ability to cover increasing monthly costs with the same income. Low interest rates, COVID-19-related supply constraints, corporate profiteering, and strong consumer spending had already put pressure on prices before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Despite rising wages on paper, the rapid growth of consumer prices resulted in an overall decline in real hourly earnings in the first half of 2022.

How much control does Joe Biden have over inflation? The bulk of economic performance and the inflation rate is determined by factors outside the President’s direct control, but U.S. presidents are often held accountable for it. Some of those factors are market forces, private business, productivity growth, the state of the global economy, and policies of the Federal Reserve. Although high-spending decisions such as the 2021 COVID-19 relief bill may have contributed to rising inflation rates, the bill has been seen by economists as a necessary intervention for preventing a recession at the time, as well as being of significant importance to low-income workers impacted by the pandemic.

The most important tool for curbing inflation and controlling the U.S. economy is the Federal Reserve. The Reserve has the ability to set, raise, and lower interest rates and determine the wider monetary policy for the United States – something out of the president’s control. In June 2022, the Reserve announced it would raise interest rates 0.75 percent for the second time that year – hoisting the rate to a target range of 2.25 to 2.5 percent – in an attempt to slow consumer demand and balance demand with supply. However, it can often take time before the impacts of interventions by the Federal Reserve are seen in the public’s day-to-day lives. Most economists expect this wave of inflation to pass in a year to 18 months.

The sporting goods manufacturing industry has benefitted from rising health consciousness over the past decade, which spurred an uptick in sports participation, driving demand. However, inflationary pressures plagued the industry in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak, resulting in people cutting discretionary spending. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 2.6% over the five years through 2025 to €10.8 billion, including an estimated jump of 1.8% in 2025. Profit is also expected to edge upwards to 12.2% in 2025 as higher interest rates cool inflation and ease input cost pressures. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, pent-up demand and supply chain disruptions incited inflationary pressures, ratcheting up living costs. This resulted in many people’s real household disposable income’s plummeting, forcing them to cut discretionary spending on goods like sporting equipment. Despite central banks across Europe raising interest rates to curb rising prices, inflation persisted in the two years through 2023, hurting demand. However, rising sport participation and health consciousness have supported revenue in recent years, driven by effective government initiatives. This includes the Erasmus+ Sport programme, which supports grassroots sports projects across Europe. According to a 2022 survey from the European Commission, Finland tops the list of countries most likely to exercise at least once a week, at 71% of respondents. Import competition has impacted the industry with consumers opting for cheaper alternatives from low-cost production countries amid the cost-of-living crisis. This forced manufacturers to focus their efforts on premium, performance-focused gear, maintaining revenue growth. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 5.8% over the five years through 2030 to €14.3 billion. Sporting goods manufacturing will welcome declining costs as inflationary pressures subside in the short term. However, uncertainty surrounding Trump’s tariffs policies will hamper GDP growth due to businesses delaying investment projects which would have potentially aided demand for sports goods manufacturers. This will force manufacturers to diversify into faster-growing or tariff-free markets like Asia. Sport participation will continue to rise, supported by robust funding towards promoting exercise as governments seek to slow down rising obesity across Europe. Yet, countries like France facing budget pressures have slashed funding aimed at promoting sports, hindering demand for sports goods manufacturers.

As of June 2024, the average electricity tariff was at **** Singapore cents per kilowatt hour. In comparison, the tariffs for electricity was **** cents per kilowatt hour in 2014.

The sporting goods manufacturing industry has benefitted from rising health consciousness over the past decade, which spurred an uptick in sports participation, driving demand. However, inflationary pressures plagued the industry in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak, resulting in people cutting discretionary spending. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 2.6% over the five years through 2025 to €10.8 billion, including an estimated jump of 1.8% in 2025. Profit is also expected to edge upwards to 12.2% in 2025 as higher interest rates cool inflation and ease input cost pressures. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, pent-up demand and supply chain disruptions incited inflationary pressures, ratcheting up living costs. This resulted in many people’s real household disposable income’s plummeting, forcing them to cut discretionary spending on goods like sporting equipment. Despite central banks across Europe raising interest rates to curb rising prices, inflation persisted in the two years through 2023, hurting demand. However, rising sport participation and health consciousness have supported revenue in recent years, driven by effective government initiatives. This includes the Erasmus+ Sport programme, which supports grassroots sports projects across Europe. According to a 2022 survey from the European Commission, Finland tops the list of countries most likely to exercise at least once a week, at 71% of respondents. Import competition has impacted the industry with consumers opting for cheaper alternatives from low-cost production countries amid the cost-of-living crisis. This forced manufacturers to focus their efforts on premium, performance-focused gear, maintaining revenue growth. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 5.8% over the five years through 2030 to €14.3 billion. Sporting goods manufacturing will welcome declining costs as inflationary pressures subside in the short term. However, uncertainty surrounding Trump’s tariffs policies will hamper GDP growth due to businesses delaying investment projects which would have potentially aided demand for sports goods manufacturers. This will force manufacturers to diversify into faster-growing or tariff-free markets like Asia. Sport participation will continue to rise, supported by robust funding towards promoting exercise as governments seek to slow down rising obesity across Europe. Yet, countries like France facing budget pressures have slashed funding aimed at promoting sports, hindering demand for sports goods manufacturers.

The sporting goods manufacturing industry has benefitted from rising health consciousness over the past decade, which spurred an uptick in sports participation, driving demand. However, inflationary pressures plagued the industry in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak, resulting in people cutting discretionary spending. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 2.6% over the five years through 2025 to €10.8 billion, including an estimated jump of 1.8% in 2025. Profit is also expected to edge upwards to 12.2% in 2025 as higher interest rates cool inflation and ease input cost pressures. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, pent-up demand and supply chain disruptions incited inflationary pressures, ratcheting up living costs. This resulted in many people’s real household disposable income’s plummeting, forcing them to cut discretionary spending on goods like sporting equipment. Despite central banks across Europe raising interest rates to curb rising prices, inflation persisted in the two years through 2023, hurting demand. However, rising sport participation and health consciousness have supported revenue in recent years, driven by effective government initiatives. This includes the Erasmus+ Sport programme, which supports grassroots sports projects across Europe. According to a 2022 survey from the European Commission, Finland tops the list of countries most likely to exercise at least once a week, at 71% of respondents. Import competition has impacted the industry with consumers opting for cheaper alternatives from low-cost production countries amid the cost-of-living crisis. This forced manufacturers to focus their efforts on premium, performance-focused gear, maintaining revenue growth. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 5.8% over the five years through 2030 to €14.3 billion. Sporting goods manufacturing will welcome declining costs as inflationary pressures subside in the short term. However, uncertainty surrounding Trump’s tariffs policies will hamper GDP growth due to businesses delaying investment projects which would have potentially aided demand for sports goods manufacturers. This will force manufacturers to diversify into faster-growing or tariff-free markets like Asia. Sport participation will continue to rise, supported by robust funding towards promoting exercise as governments seek to slow down rising obesity across Europe. Yet, countries like France facing budget pressures have slashed funding aimed at promoting sports, hindering demand for sports goods manufacturers.

The sporting goods manufacturing industry has benefitted from rising health consciousness over the past decade, which spurred an uptick in sports participation, driving demand. However, inflationary pressures plagued the industry in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak, resulting in people cutting discretionary spending. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 2.6% over the five years through 2025 to €10.8 billion, including an estimated jump of 1.8% in 2025. Profit is also expected to edge upwards to 12.2% in 2025 as higher interest rates cool inflation and ease input cost pressures. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, pent-up demand and supply chain disruptions incited inflationary pressures, ratcheting up living costs. This resulted in many people’s real household disposable income’s plummeting, forcing them to cut discretionary spending on goods like sporting equipment. Despite central banks across Europe raising interest rates to curb rising prices, inflation persisted in the two years through 2023, hurting demand. However, rising sport participation and health consciousness have supported revenue in recent years, driven by effective government initiatives. This includes the Erasmus+ Sport programme, which supports grassroots sports projects across Europe. According to a 2022 survey from the European Commission, Finland tops the list of countries most likely to exercise at least once a week, at 71% of respondents. Import competition has impacted the industry with consumers opting for cheaper alternatives from low-cost production countries amid the cost-of-living crisis. This forced manufacturers to focus their efforts on premium, performance-focused gear, maintaining revenue growth. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 5.8% over the five years through 2030 to €14.3 billion. Sporting goods manufacturing will welcome declining costs as inflationary pressures subside in the short term. However, uncertainty surrounding Trump’s tariffs policies will hamper GDP growth due to businesses delaying investment projects which would have potentially aided demand for sports goods manufacturers. This will force manufacturers to diversify into faster-growing or tariff-free markets like Asia. Sport participation will continue to rise, supported by robust funding towards promoting exercise as governments seek to slow down rising obesity across Europe. Yet, countries like France facing budget pressures have slashed funding aimed at promoting sports, hindering demand for sports goods manufacturers.