In January 2025, prices had increased by three percent compared to January 2024 according to the 12-month percentage change in the consumer price index — the monthly inflation rate for goods and services in the United States. The data represents U.S. city averages. In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. A projection of the annual U.S. inflation rate can be accessed here and the actual annual inflation rate since 1990 can be accessed here. InflationOne of the most important economic indicators is the development of the Consumer Price Index in a country. The change in this price level of goods and services is defined as the rate of inflation. The inflationary situation in the United States had been relatively severe in 2022 due to global events relating to COVID-19, supply chain restrains, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. More information on U.S. inflation may be found on our dedicated topic page. The annual inflation rate in the United States has increased from 3.2 percent in 2011 to 8.3 percent in 2022. This means that the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar has weakened in recent years. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. According to the data published by the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) was about 258.84 in 2020 and is forecasted to grow up to 325.6 by 2027, compared to the base period from 1982 to 1984. The monthly percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for urban consumers in the United States was 0.1 percent in March 2023 compared to the previous month. In 2022, countries all around the world are experienced high levels of inflation. Although Brazil already had an inflation rate of 8.3 percent in 2021, compared to the previous year, while the inflation rate in China stood at 0.85 percent.

The Volcker Shock was a period of historically high interest rates precipitated by Federal Reserve Chairperson Paul Volcker's decision to raise the central bank's key interest rate, the Fed funds effective rate, during the first three years of his term. Volcker was appointed chairperson of the Fed in August 1979 by President Jimmy Carter, as replacement for William Miller, who Carter had made his treasury secretary. Volcker was one of the most hawkish (supportive of tighter monetary policy to stem inflation) members of the Federal Reserve's committee, and quickly set about changing the course of monetary policy in the U.S. in order to quell inflation. The Volcker Shock is remembered for bringing an end to over a decade of high inflation in the United States, prompting a deep recession and high unemployment, and for spurring on debt defaults among developing countries in Latin America who had borrowed in U.S. dollars.

Monetary tightening and the recessions of the early '80s

Beginning in October 1979, Volcker's Fed tightened monetary policy by raising interest rates. This decision had the effect of depressing demand and slowing down the U.S. economy, as credit became more expensive for households and businesses. The Fed funds rate, the key overnight rate at which banks lend their excess reserves to each other, rose as high as 17.6 percent in early 1980. The rate was allowed to fall back below 10 percent following this first peak, however, due to worries that inflation was not falling fast enough, a second cycle of monetary tightening was embarked upon starting in August of 1980. The rate would reach its all-time peak in June of 1981, at 19.1 percent. The second recession sparked by these hikes was far deeper than the 1980 recession, with unemployment peaking at 10.8 percent in December 1980, the highest level since The Great Depression. This recession would drive inflation to a low point during Volcker's terms of 2.5 percent in August 1983.

The legacy of the Volcker Shock

By the end of Volcker's terms as Fed Chair, inflation was at a manageable rate of around four percent, while unemployment had fallen under six percent, as the economy grew and business confidence returned. While supporters of Volcker's actions point to these numbers as proof of the efficacy of his actions, critics have claimed that there were less harmful ways that inflation could have been brought under control. The recessions of the early 1980s are cited as accelerating deindustrialization in the U.S., as manufacturing jobs lost in 'rust belt' states such as Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania never returned during the years of recovery. The Volcker Shock was also a driving factor behind the Latin American debt crises of the 1980s, as governments in the region defaulted on debts which they had incurred in U.S. dollars. Debates about the validity of using interest rate hikes to get inflation under control have recently re-emerged due to the inflationary pressures facing the U.S. following the Coronavirus pandemic and the Federal Reserve's subsequent decision to embark on a course of monetary tightening.

Inflation Rate in Japan decreased to 3.30 percent in June from 3.50 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Japan Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In November 2024, the inflation rate in Turkey corresponded to **** percent. The monthly inflation rate in Turkey reached ***** percent in October 2022, the highest inflation rate recorded during the provided time interval. In June 2023, the year-on-year change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) was recorded at ***** percent, the lowest since January 2022. Since the second half of 2019, Turkey’s inflation rate has consistently been in double digits, with inflation accelerating at the fastest rate in 2022. High production costs In Turkey, domestic producer price indices have been continuously rising, which has directly resulted in a price increase in all consumer goods and services. Accordingly, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in all commodity groups increased extremely since 2022. In the same year, the food and non-alcoholic beverages category had one of the highest inflation rates in the CPI. This particularly affected Turkish consumers, as these products accounted for the highest share of household expenditure in 2023. Soaring food prices Since 2020, food prices have increased significantly around the world, and Turkey is no exception. Although inflation has started to slow down recently, food prices in Turkey continue to go up steadily, increasing by **** percent in November 2024 compared to the same month in the previous year. It is not surprising that food inflation has not simmered down, as the producer price index (PPI) of agricultural products followed a constant increasing trend in the country over the past few years.

The UK inflation rate was 3.6 percent in June 2025, up from 3.4 percent in the previous month, and the fastest rate of inflation since January 2024. Between September 2022 and March 2023, the UK experienced seven months of double-digit inflation, which peaked at 11.1 percent in October 2022. Due to this long period of high inflation, UK consumer prices have increased by over 20 percent in the last three years. As of the most recent month, prices were rising fastest in the communications sector, at 6.1 percent, but were falling in both the furniture and transport sectors, at -0.3 percent and -0.6 percent, respectively.
The Cost of Living Crisis High inflation is one of the main factors behind the ongoing Cost of Living Crisis in the UK, which, despite subsiding somewhat in 2024, is still impacting households going into 2025. In December 2024, for example, 56 percent of UK households reported their cost of living was increasing compared with the previous month, up from 45 percent in July, but far lower than at the height of the crisis in 2022. After global energy prices spiraled that year, the UK's energy price cap increased substantially. The cap, which limits what suppliers can charge consumers, reached 3,549 British pounds per year in October 2022, compared with 1,277 pounds a year earlier. Along with soaring food costs, high-energy bills have hit UK households hard, especially lower income ones that spend more of their earnings on housing costs. As a result of these factors, UK households experienced their biggest fall in living standards in decades in 2022/23. Global inflation crisis causes rapid surge in prices The UK's high inflation, and cost of living crisis in 2022 had its origins in the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the initial waves of the virus, global supply chains struggled to meet the renewed demand for goods and services. Food and energy prices, which were already high, increased further in 2022. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 brought an end to the era of cheap gas flowing to European markets from Russia. The war also disrupted global food markets, as both Russia and Ukraine are major exporters of cereal crops. As a result of these factors, inflation surged across Europe and in other parts of the world, but typically declined in 2023, and approached more usual levels by 2024.

Inflation Rate in India decreased to 2.10 percent in June from 2.82 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - India Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Inflation rates in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) ranged from ** percent inflation in Myanmar to **** percent inflation in Thailand in 2025. Only a few countries are in the 2 to 6 percent range that many economists view as optimal for emerging economies. Effects of high inflation High inflation is generally detrimental to the economy. Prices tend to rise faster than wages, meaning that people and firms have less purchasing power. This in turn leads to slower growth in the gross domestic product (GDP). It also leads to a weaker currency. For countries with a positive trade balance this can be beneficial, because exports are relatively cheaper to foreign buyers. Through the same mechanism, net importers suffer from a weaker currency. Additionally, inflation makes a country’s national debt less expensive if the debt is denominated in the local currency. However, most of this debt is in U.S. dollars, so inflation makes the debt more difficult to service and repay. Risks of deflation With deflation, consumers and firms delay investments because they expect prices to be lower in the future. This slows consumption and investment, two major components of GDP growth. The most common example of this is Japan, where the GDP growth rate has been low for a long time due, in large part, to deflation. For this reason, countries like Brunei would rather see low and stable inflation than slight deflation.

Inflation Rate in France remained unchanged at 1 percent in July. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - France Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

This statistic shows the average inflation rate in Malaysia from 1987 to 2024, with projections up to 2030. In 2024, the average inflation rate in Malaysia amounted to about 1.83 percent compared to the previous year. Malaysia's economy is slowly recovering The inflation rate is the annual rate of increase of a price index, normally the consumer price index over time. If the same item bought today for 1 U.S. dollar is bought again one year from now, but for 1.03 U.S. dollars, then the inflation rate is at 3 percent. Generally, a low inflation rate is sought by every country, and a rate of 3 percent, as is estimated for Malaysia in the next few years, is considered low. However, there was a slight rise in Malaysia’s inflation rate, from close to 2 percent in 2010 to a little over 3 percent in 2011. In 2012, it dropped back down to its normal rate, but future estimates predict a slight increase once again. Perhaps this increase has come from initial worries concerning the country’s slowing economy as the country’s GDP growth slowed from 7.43 percent in 2010 to 5.19 percent in 2011, or its negative budget balance in relation to GDP which was at its recent worst in 2010 at -4.66 percent. At the same time, the country’s national debt was also rising, but predictions show that this trend is reversing. Yet, the economic outlook and inflation rate still appear stable for the future of Malaysia, and the inflation rate is below the global inflation rate. Furthermore, the country’s GDP continues to rise and totaled 326.93 billion U.S. dollars in 2013.

For 2024, economic experts predict a *** percent inflation rate growth in Germany. Therefore, prices are expected to rise slower, one reason being that energy commodity prices have fallen significantly again. Nevertheless, the economic institutes do not expect the inflation rate to fall to *** percent until 2026.

Inflation is an important measure of any country’s economy, and the Retail Price Index (RPI) is one of the most widely used indicators in the United Kingdom, with the rate expected to be 4.1 percent in 2025, compared with 3.6 percent in 2024. This followed 2022, when RPI inflation reached a rate of 11.6 percent, by far the highest annual rate during this provided time period. CPI vs RPI Although the Retail Price Index is a commonly utilized inflation indicator, the UK also uses a newer method of calculating inflation, the Consumer Price Index. The CPI, along with the CPIH (Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs) are usually preferred by the UK government, but the RPI is still used in certain instances. Increases in rail fares for example, are calculated using the RPI, while increases in pension payments are calculated using CPI, when this is used as the uprating factor. The use of one inflation measure over the other can therefore have a significant impact on people’s lives in the UK. High inflation falls to more typical levels by 2024 Like the Retail Price Index, the Consumer Price Index inflation rate also reached a recent peak in October 2022. In that month, prices were rising by 11.1 percent and did not fall below double figures until April 2023. This fall was largely due to slower price increases in key sectors such as energy, which drove a significant amount of the 2022 wave of inflation. Inflation nevertheless remains elevated, fueled not only by high food inflation, but also by underlying core inflation. As of February 2025, the overall CPI inflation rate was 2.8 percent, although an uptick in inflation is expected later in the year, with a rate of 3.7 percent forecast for the third quarter of the year.

Inflation Expectations in the United States decreased to 3 percent in June from 3.20 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Consumer Inflation Expectations- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Inflation Rate in the United Kingdom increased to 3.60 percent in June from 3.40 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

View data of the frequency at which one unit of currency purchases domestically produced goods and services within a given time period.

Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

This deposit is a supporting dataset that accompanies the paper "Non-Gaussianity in D3-brane inflation" (arXiv:2105.03637). It contains the primary trajectory catalogue used to generate the statistical results reported in this paper. It also contains a precise specification of the inflationary model (kinetic mixing matrix and potential) in the form of a CppTransport .model file, and supporting files needed to build the COSMOSIS pipeline used to compute observables.

Please note that the .model file is in a non-standard format. If you wish to process it, you will require a specific build of CppTransport (commit hash 35c5ad8f).

This deposit contains the following files:

Main trajectory catalogue

• catalogue.csv. This contains all parameters needed to specify the potential for a particular trajectory. (Initial conditions are not required, because each trajectory begins at the same field-space location. These initial conditions are specified in the COSMOSIS configuration file d3brane_deltamax_38_all_values.ini.) It also contains values for the summary inflationary observables. The columns contained in this file are listed below.

CppTransport setup files

As explained above, the .model file uses a custom format associated with the interface to COSMOSIS. A public release of this interface is planned, but the final .model file format used may change. These files should always be used with CppTransport commit hash 35c5ad8f.

• d3brane_deltamax_38_all.model. CppTransport .model file that fully specifies the D3-brane kinetic mixing matrix and potential.
• christoffel.txt. Contains pre-computed expressions for the components of the connexion. This file is automatically ingested by the CppTransport translator in 35c5ad8f. It should be placed in the same folder as the .model file.
• inv_metric.txt. Contains pre-computed expressions for the inverse field-space metric (kinetic mixing matrix). This file is automatically ingested by the CppTransport translator in 35c5ad8f. It should be placed in the same folder as the .model file.
• riemann.txt. Contains pre-computed expressions for the Riemann tensor associated with the field-space metric. This file is automatically ingested by the CppTransport translator in 35c5ad8f. It should be placed in the same folder as the .model file.

PyTransport setup files

• DBraneSetup.py. PyTransport setup file to install the D3-brane model.

COSMOSIS configuration files

These are used to specify the COSMOSIS pipeline used to compute observables.

• d3brane_deltamax_38_all_mcmc.ini. Main COSMOSIS configuration file specifying the pipeline.
• d3brane_deltamax_38_all_priors.ini. Specifies priors for each sample parameter. Used only during catalogue construction.
• d3brane_deltamax_38_all_values.ini. Specifies fixed parameters of the potential (\(T_3\), \(a_0\), \(\phi_{\mathrm{UV}}\)), cosmological parameters (\(\Omega_c h^2\), \(\Omega_b h^2\), \(h\), \(\tau\)), and field-space initial conditions.

COMOSIS module files

• class_interface.py. A modified version of the CLASS interface to COSMOSIS that accepts a sampled power spectrum (written to a separate file) rather than specifying the power spectrum using \(A_s\), \(n_s\). If the COSMOSIS configuration files are not modified, the pipeline will expect to find this interface in the location

  The other parts of the CLASS module can be copied to this folder. Only class_interface.py needs to be replaced.

Fields included in trajectory catalogue

The main trajectory catalogue catalogue.csv contains a large number of fields.

• trajectory. Unique trajectory label, beginning at 1. Numeric labels used in the corresponding science paper refer to this identified.
• Q, alpha. See Table 1 of the science paper.
• ReBlm_xxx, ImBlm_xxx. Real and imaginary parts of the complex Wilson coefficient for "non-real" zero modes (i.e. modes with at least one of (R), (m_1), (m_2) not zero) appearing in the contributions to the potential from the conifold zero modes. Normalized as in Eq. (2.30) of arXiv v1 of the science paper. Drawn from a Gaussian distribution with mean zero and standard deviation unity. The xxx label is associated with an internal ordering of the modes.
• ReDlm_xxx, ImDlm_xxx. Real and imaginary parts of the complex Wilson coefficient for "non-real" modes appearing in the contributions to the potential from the inhomogeneous term (|\Lambda^2|) in the field equation for (\Phi_-). Normalized as in the discussion below Eq. (2.42) of arXiv v1 of the science paper. Drawn from a Gaussian distribution with mean zero and standard deviation unity. The xxx label is associated with an internal ordering of the modes.
• A_lm. Real Wilson coefficient for real modes (i.e. those with (R = m_1 = m_2 = 0)) appearing in the contributions to the potential from the conifold zero modes. Normalized as in Eq. (2.30) of arXiv v1 of the science paper. Drawn from a Gaussian distribution with mean zero and standard deviation unity. The xxx label is associated with an internal ordering of the modes.
• C_lm. Real Wilson coefficient for real modes appearing in the contributions to the potential from the inhomogeneous term (|\Lambda^2|) in the field equation for (\Phi_-). Normalized as in the discussion below Eq. (2.42) of arXiv v1 of the science paper. Drawn from a Gaussian distribution with mean zero and standard deviation unity. The xxx label is associated with an internal ordering of the modes.
• As, At, r. Values of the power spectra at (k = 0.002 / \mathrm{Mpc}). Defined as in Step 1 in §3.1.1 of arXiv v1 of the science paper.
• ns, nt. Values of the spectral indices (n_s) and (n_t) at (k = 0.002 / \mathrm{Mpc}). Obtained by performing a fit as described in §3.1.2 of arXiv v1 of the science paper. Notice that nt is not used for the tensor spectral index estimates reported in the paper.
• nsfull, ntfull. Fits for the spectral indices using the full wavenumber range provided to CLASS. Has no clear meaning when the spectrum is not accurately fit by a power law over this range of wavenumbers. Used mostly for comparison with ns and nt.
• epsilon, eta. Values for the slow-roll parameters (\epsilon = - \dot{H}/H^2) and (\eta = \mathrm{d}\ln \epsilon / \mathrm{d}N) sampled 60 e-folds before the end of inflation. The value of epsilon is used to estimate (n_t) as described in the science paper.
• kpiv. Wavenumber of the pivot scale (k = 0.002 / \text{Mpc}) in CppTransport internal units normalized so that (k=1) is the mode that exits the horizon 15 e-folds after the initial point.
• Npiv. Horizon-exit time of the pivot scale (k = 0.002/\text{Mpc}) measured from (N=0) at the end of inflation.
• Nefolds. Total number of e-folds attained in this model, measured from (N=0) at the initial point.
• normmassmatrixeigenvalueN-M. Values of (m_N^2 / H^2), where (m_N^2) is the (N^{\text{th}}) ordered eigenvalue of the mass-squared matrix (from light to heavy). (M=1) is 55 e-folds from the end of inflation; (M=2) is 2.5 e-folds from the end of inflation; (M=3) is 1 e-fold from the end of inflation; (M=4) corresponds to the end of inflation.
• Bequi, fNLequi. Bispectrum shape function and reduced bispectrum (respectively) on the equilateral configuration described in Step 2, §3.1.1 of arXiv v1 of the science

Inflation in Zimbabwe rose to 10.61 percent in 2018, and is projected to jump dramatically to 736.11 percent in 2024. After that, estimates predict a slow decline for now - however, given Zimbabwe’s history of poor monetary policy, including one of the worst instances of hyperinflation, this seems unrealistic. Inflation history Inflation depends significantly on economic expectations of it, making it hard to reduce inflation once it has hit higher levels. This happened in Zimbabwe in the years approaching 2008, at the end of which a single U.S. dollar was worth over 2.6 trillion Zimbabwe dollars, up from 10,000 Zimbabwe dollars at the start of 2005. This all but destroyed Zimbabwe’s economy, leading to very low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and a government struggling to finance itself. The way ahead In 2009, the Zimbabwean dollar had twelve zeros slashed from the banknotes. This was not enough, and after three decades of rule, former Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe was removed from power at the end of 2017. Citizens of the country are trying to hold foreign banknotes; they prefer U.S. dollars or euros, but the South African rand is more common. However, the rand’s performance against other currencies has been lackluster in recent years. This underscores the struggle that the Zimbabwean people have to find a stable currency at the moment.

Monthly indexes for major components and special aggregates of the Consumer Price Index (CPI), not seasonally adjusted, for Canada, provinces, Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit. Data are presented for the current month and previous four months. The base year for the index is 2002=100.

Inflation in Myanmar dropped to a five-year low in 2022, settling at 2.25 percent. This is down from a fairly high spike in 2015, expected to converge to a steady state around 7.8 percent in the coming years. For a developing economy, this is an acceptable level, though Myanmar’s central bankers would probably prefer one or two percentage points less. What is inflation? Inflation is the rise in prices over time. This is often caused by economic growth, and economists consider low, stable growth to be a sign of a healthy economy. The unemployment rate can also cause inflation if it is too low because businesses have to offer higher wages to attract workers. The firms raise prices to pay these higher wages, driving up inflation. Myanmar may be different While the unemployment rate is very low, other indicators may reveal that the labor market still has some slack. Myanmar does not publish the workforce particiaption rate, but one can infer by the low rate of urbanization that many workers may engage in subsistance agriculture or simply not search for jobs, keeping them out of the unemployment statistic. Similarly, the low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita may cause workers to stay with a job that is not a good match simply because they do not think they can find another. The hope is that the higher inflation rate will have upward pressure on wages, bringing more wealth to the people of Myanmar.

Inflation Rate in Turkey decreased to 35.05 percent in June from 35.41 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Turkey Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Inflation Rate in Brazil increased to 5.35 percent in June from 5.32 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - Brazil Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.