An I(2) analysis of Australian inflation and the markup is undertaken within an imperfect competition model. It is found that the levels of prices and costs are best characterized as integrated of order 2 and that a linear combination of the levels (which may be defined as the markup) cointegrates with price inflation. From the empirical analysis we obtain a long-run relationship where higher inflation is associated with a lower markup and vice versa. The impact in the long run of inflation on the markup is interpreted as the cost to firms of overcoming missing information when adjusting prices in an inflationary environment.

A 2022 survey revealed that even in times of inflation, most U.S. online shoppers have returned about the same proportion of purchases as before the current inflationary environment. Still, more than two in ten respondents in the two youngest age groups reported returning a higher percentage of online purchases due to economic pressure.

Inflation Rate in Brazil increased to 5.06 percent in February from 4.56 percent in January of 2025. This dataset provides - Brazil Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

This is not going to be an article or Op-Ed about Michael Jordan. Since 2009 we've been in the longest bull-market in history, that's 11 years and counting. However a few metrics like the stock market P/E, the call to put ratio and of course the Shiller P/E suggest a great crash is coming in-between the levels of 1929 and the dot.com bubble. Mean reversion historically is inevitable and the Fed's printing money experiment could end in disaster for the stock market in late 2021 or 2022. You can read Jeremy Grantham's Last Dance article here. You are likely well aware of Michael Burry's predicament as well. It's easier for you just to skim through two related videos on this topic of a stock market crash. Michael Burry's Warning see this YouTube. Jeremy Grantham's Warning See this YouTube. Typically when there is a major event in the world, there is a crash and then a bear market and a recovery that takes many many months. In March, 2020 that's not what we saw since the Fed did some astonishing things that means a liquidity sloth and the risk of a major inflation event. The pandemic represented the quickest decline of at least 30% in the history of the benchmark S&P 500, but the recovery was not correlated to anything but Fed intervention. Since the pandemic clearly isn't disappearing and many sectors such as travel, business travel, tourism and supply chain disruptions appear significantly disrupted - the so-called economic recovery isn't so great. And there's this little problem at the heart of global capitalism today, the stock market just keeps going up. Crashes and corrections typically occur frequently in a normal market. But the Fed liquidity and irresponsible printing of money is creating a scenario where normal behavior isn't occurring on the markets. According to data provided by market analytics firm Yardeni Research, the benchmark index has undergone 38 declines of at least 10% since the beginning of 1950. Since March, 2020 we've barely seen a down month. September, 2020 was flat-ish. The S&P 500 has more than doubled since those lows. Look at the angle of the curve: The S&P 500 was 735 at the low in 2009, so in this bull market alone it has gone up 6x in valuation. That's not a normal cycle and it could mean we are due for an epic correction. I have to agree with the analysts who claim that the long, long bull market since 2009 has finally matured into a fully-fledged epic bubble. There is a complacency, buy-the dip frenzy and general meme environment to what BigTech can do in such an environment. The weight of Apple, Amazon, Alphabet, Microsoft, Facebook, Nvidia and Tesla together in the S&P and Nasdaq is approach a ridiculous weighting. When these stocks are seen both as growth, value and companies with unbeatable moats the entire dynamics of the stock market begin to break down. Check out FANG during the pandemic. BigTech is Seen as Bullet-Proof me valuations and a hysterical speculative behavior leads to even higher highs, even as 2020 offered many younger people an on-ramp into investing for the first time. Some analysts at JP Morgan are even saying that until retail investors stop charging into stocks, markets probably don’t have too much to worry about. Hedge funds with payment for order flows can predict exactly how these retail investors are behaving and monetize them. PFOF might even have to be banned by the SEC. The risk-on market theoretically just keeps going up until the Fed raises interest rates, which could be in 2023! For some context, we're more than 1.4 years removed from the bear-market bottom of the coronavirus crash and haven't had even a 5% correction in nine months. This is the most over-priced the market has likely ever been. At the night of the dot-com bubble the S&P 500 was only 1,400. Today it is 4,500, not so many years after. Clearly something is not quite right if you look at history and the P/E ratios. A market pumped with liquidity produces higher earnings with historically low interest rates, it's an environment where dangerous things can occur. In late 1997, as the S&P 500 passed its previous 1929 peak of 21x earnings, that seemed like a lot, but nothing compared to today. For some context, the S&P 500 Shiller P/E closed last week at 38.58, which is nearly a two-decade high. It's also well over double the average Shiller P/E of 16.84, dating back 151 years. So the stock market is likely around 2x over-valued. Try to think rationally about what this means for valuations today and your favorite stock prices, what should they be in historical terms? The S&P 500 is up 31% in the past year. It will likely hit 5,000 before a correction given the amount of added liquidity to the system and the QE the Fed is using that's like a huge abuse of MMT, or Modern Monetary Theory. This has also lent to bubbles in the housing market, crypto and even commodities like Gold with long-term global GDP meeting many headwinds in the years ahead due to a...

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Industry: Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing: Primary Products (PCU334512334512P) from Dec 1979 to Feb 2025 about environmental, primary, manufacturing, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Inflation Rate in the United States decreased to 2.80 percent in February from 3 percent in January of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) will fund almost 400 billion U.S. dollars toward climate technologies and energy infrastructure over the next decade. Of this total, an estimated 69 percent will be tax credits, while the remaining costs will be direct expenditures on areas such as forestry and agriculture and energy loans. Clean electricity generation and storage will account for the largest share of spending, at 34 percent. The IRA represents the largest single climate spending bill in U.S. history.

Inflation Rate in Japan decreased to 3.70 percent in February from 4 percent in January of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Japan Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

This layer shows locations of projects funded by the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). The layer includes announced IRA funding for which approximate geolocation is available as of Oct. 6, 2023. The categories “Climate Resilience”, “Parks and Conservation”, and “Environmental Remediation” are included.

Please note this dataset does not include projects with funding announced later than October 6th, 2023, and projects for which geolocation is not available.Project data and locations were provided from invest.gov.This dataset is being used within the American Conservation and Stewardship Atlas to support the America the Beautiful initiative in representing natural resources, societal interests, and conservation and restoration efforts. These data have been made publicly available from an authoritative source other than this Atlas and data should be obtained directly from that source for any re-use. See the original metadata from the authoritative source for more information about these data and use limitations. The authoritative source of these data can be found at the following location:Investing In America | The White House

The statistic shows the inflation rate in the Netherlands from 1987 to 2023, with projections up until 2029. The inflation rate is calculated using the price increase of a defined product basket. This product basket contains products and services, on which the average consumer spends money throughout the year. They include expenses for groceries, clothes, rent, power, telecommunications, recreational activities and raw materials (e.g. gas, oil), as well as federal fees and taxes. In 2023, the average inflation rate in the Netherlands was about 4.12 percent compared to the previous year.

Economy of the Netherlands

The Netherlands has an open economy, which implies that the country is highly dependent on foreign activities, such as imports and exports. The country’s economic policies and regulations have allowed for the country to highly benefit from strong international relations, however have increased the chances of economic struggles that correspond with the economic situations in other countries as well. The Netherlands is one of the main countries for foreign direct investments in Europe due to its strategic location, superior technological infrastructure as well as international business environment, a reputation that has all but grown more formidable over the years. Additionally, the country’s tourism industry makes up a rather large part of its GDP.

Despite feeling the effects of the global financial crisis of 2008 as well as the Eurozone crisis, many aspects of the Dutch economy are highly prosperous, most notably with its low inflation rates. Unemployment within the country, in spite of a slight increase over the past several years, has remained relatively low in comparison many other European countries that were equally as affected by recession.

Between 2022 and 2031, the United States plans to spend over 390 billion U.S. dollars on clean energy and climate protection projects, as established by the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in 2022. Clean electricity tax credits will account for the largest share of this funding, while 42 billion U.S. dollars will be spent for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, of climate pollution, and for the decarbonization of the transportation sector.

On November 15, 2021, President Biden signed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), which invests more than $13 billion directly in Tribal communities across the country and makes Tribal communities eligible for billions more. For further explanation of the law please visit https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3684/text. These resources go to many Federal agencies to expand access to clean drinking water for Native communities, ensure every Native American has access to high-speed internet, tackle the climate crisis, advance environmental justice, and invest in Tribal communities that have too often been left behind. On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act into law, marking the most significant action Congress has taken on clean energy and climate change in the nation’s history. With the stroke of his pen, the President redefined American leadership in confronting the existential threat of the climate crisis and set forth a new era of American innovation and ingenuity to lower consumer costs and drive the global clean energy economy forward. More information on this can be found here: https://www.whitehouse.gov/cleanenergy/inflation-reduction-act-guidebook/. This dataset illustrates the locations of Bureau of Indian Affairs projects funded by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act in Fiscal Year 2022, 2023, and 2024. The points illustrated in this dataset are the locations of Bureau of Indian Affairs projects funded by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act in Fiscal Year 2022 and 2023. The locations for the points in this layer were provided by the persons involved in the following groups: Division of Water and Power, DWP, Ecosystem Restoration, Irrigation, Power, Water Sanitation, Dam Safety, Branch of Geospatial Support, Bureau of Indian Affairs, BIA.GIS point feature class was created by Bureau of Indian Affairs - Branch Of Geospatial Support (BOGS), Division of Water and Power (DWP), Ecosystem Restoration, Irrigation, Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Tribal Leaders Directory: https://www.bia.gov/service/tribal-leaders-directory/tld-csvexcel-dataset, The Department of the Interior | Strategic Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Project: https://www.doi.gov/emergency/shira#main-content

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Machinery and Equipment: Automatic Environmental Controls for Monitoring Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use (WPU118105) from Dec 2003 to Feb 2025 about environmental, appliances, machinery, residential, equipment, commercial, commodities, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Cost of food in India increased 3.75 percent in February of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides - India Food Inflation - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The inflation rate in the United States declined significantly between June 2022 and January 2025, despite rising inflationary pressures towards the end of 2024. The peak inflation rate was recorded in June 2022, at 9.1 percent. In August 2023, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hit its highest level during the observed period, at 5.33 percent, and remained unchanged until September 2024, when the Federal Reserve implemented its first rate cut since September 2021. By January 2025, the rate dropped to 4.33 percent, signalling a shift in monetary policy. What is the Federal Reserve interest rate? The Federal Reserve interest rate, or the federal funds rate, is the rate at which banks and credit unions lend to and borrow from each other. It is one of the Federal Reserve's key tools for maintaining strong employment rates, stable prices, and reasonable interest rates. The rate is determined by the Federal Reserve and adjusted eight times a year, though it can be changed through emergency meetings during times of crisis. The Fed doesn't directly control the interest rate but sets a target rate. It then uses open market operations to influence rates toward this target. Ways of measuring inflation Inflation is typically measured using several methods, with the most common being the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI tracks the price of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, providing a measure of the price changes consumers face. At the end of 2023, the CPI in the United States was 158.11 percent, up from 153.12 a year earlier. A more business-focused measure is the producer price index (PPI), which represents the costs of firms.

Research data associated with the manuscript: [1] Górajski, M., Kuchta, Z., Leszczyńska-Paczesna, A., 2022, Price-setting heterogeneity and robust monetary policy in a two-sector DSGE model of a small open economy

The Readme file describes all user-defined MATLAB functions that solve the robust monetary policy rules and replicate the main results from Section 4. We group them into four folders: main_estimation, main_robust_simple_rules, main_sensitivity_analysis, and main_simulations.

This work is supported by the National Science Centre in Poland under Grant No. 2017/26/D/HS4/00942.

Abstract This paper offers a welfare analysis of robust simple monetary policy rules in a multi-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of a small open economy. The model assumes price-setting heterogeneity between two sectors of the economy: the production of food and energy goods, and the remaining consumption goods and services. We determine monetary policy rules that minimise the Bayesian risk and take into account the uncertainty of the economic environment. Using this approach we propose a robust price index. To illustrate an application, we estimate the model on Polish data and compare expected welfare losses under implementable monetary policy rules. We show that reacting to core inflation improves social welfare more than responding to headline inflation. Moreover, the choice between the robust headline and core inflation rules may depend on country-specific factors, such as the share of food and energy in a consumption bundle or the level of competitiveness.

Phenotypic plasticity describes the ability of an individual to alter its phenotype in response to the environment and is potentially adaptive when dealing with environmental variation. However, robustness in the face of a changing environment may often be beneficial for traits that are tightly linked to fitness. We hypothesized that robustness of some traits may depend on specific patterns of plasticity within and among other traits. We used a reaction norm approach to study robustness and phenotypic plasticity of three life history traits of the collembolan Orchesella cincta in environments with different thermal regimes. We measured adult mass, age at maturity and growth rate of males and females from heath and forest habitats at two temperatures (12 and 22 °C). We found evidence for ecotype-specific robustness of female adult mass to temperature, with a higher level of robustness in the heath ecotype. This robustness is facilitated by plastic adjustments of growth rate and age at maturity. Furthermore, female fecundity is strongly influenced by female adult mass, explaining the importance of realizing a high mass across temperatures for females. These findings indicate that different predicted outcomes of life history theory can be combined within one species' ontogeny and that models describing life history strategies should not assume that traits like growth rate are maximized under all conditions. On a methodological note, we report a systematic inflation of variation when standard deviations and correlation coefficients are calculated from family means as opposed to individual data within a family structure.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Industry: Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing: Secondary Products and Miscellaneous Receipts (PCU334512334512SM) from Dec 1979 to Dec 1980 about environmental, miscellaneous, receipts, secondary, manufacturing, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Understanding how organisms distribute themselves in response to interacting species, ecosystems, climate, human development and time is fundamental to ecological study and practice. A measure to quantify the relationship among organisms and their environments is intensity of use: the rate of use of a specific resource in a defined unit of time. Estimating the intensity of use differs from estimating probabilities of occupancy or selection, which can remain constant even when the intensity of use varies. We describe a method to evaluate the intensity of use across conditions that vary in both space and time. We demonstrate its application on a large mammal community where linear developments and human activity are conjectured to influence the interactions between white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and wolves (Canis lupus) with possible consequences on threatened woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). We collect and quantify intensity of use data for multiple, interacting species with the goal of assessing management efficacy, including a habitat restoration strategy for linear developments. We test whether blocking linear developments by spreading logs across a 200‐m interval can be applied as an immediate mitigation to reduce the intensities of use by humans, predator and prey species in a boreal caribou range. We deployed camera traps on linear developments with and without restoration treatments in a landscape exposed to both timber and oil development. We collected a three‐year dataset and employed spatial recurrent event models to analyse intensity of use by an interacting human and large mammal community across a range of environmental and climatic conditions. Spatial recurrent event models revealed that intensity of use by humans influenced the intensity of use by all five large mammal species evaluated, and the intensities of use by wolves and deer were inextricably linked in space and time. Conditions that resist travel on linear developments had a strong negative effect on the intensity of human and large mammal use. Mitigation strategies that resist, or redirect, animal travel on linear developments can reduce the effects of resource development on interacting human and predator–prey interactions. Our approach is easily applied to other continuous time point‐based survey methodologies and shows that measuring the intensity of use within animal communities can help scientists monitor, mitigate and understand ecological states and processes.

The inflation rate in the United States is expected to decrease to 2.1 percent by 2029. 2022 saw a year of exceptionally high inflation, reaching eight percent for the year. The data represents U.S. city averages. The base period was 1982-84. In economics, the inflation rate is a measurement of inflation, the rate of increase of a price index (in this case: consumer price index). It is the percentage rate of change in prices level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. According to the forecast, prices will increase by 2.9 percent in 2024. The annual inflation rate for previous years can be found here and the consumer price index for all urban consumers here. The monthly inflation rate for the United States can also be accessed here. Inflation in the U.S.Inflation is a term used to describe a general rise in the price of goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. Inflation in the United States is calculated using the consumer price index (CPI). The consumer price index is a measure of change in the price level of a preselected market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. This forecast of U.S. inflation was prepared by the International Monetary Fund. They project that inflation will stay higher than average throughout 2023, followed by a decrease to around roughly two percent annual rise in the general level of prices until 2028. Considering the annual inflation rate in the United States in 2021, a two percent inflation rate is a very moderate projection. The 2022 spike in inflation in the United States and worldwide is due to a variety of factors that have put constraints on various aspects of the economy. These factors include COVID-19 pandemic spending and supply-chain constraints, disruptions due to the war in Ukraine, and pandemic related changes in the labor force. Although the moderate inflation of prices between two and three percent is considered normal in a modern economy, countries’ central banks try to prevent severe inflation and deflation to keep the growth of prices to a minimum. Severe inflation is considered dangerous to a country’s economy because it can rapidly diminish the population’s purchasing power and thus damage the GDP .