In 2024, the annual end-of-period inflation rate of Brazil was approximately 4.83 percent. Between 1981 and 2024, the figure dropped by around 90.83 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. The rate is forecast to decline by about 1.87 percentage points from 2024 to 2030, fluctuating as it trends downward.The International Monetary Fund describes this indicator as a measure of inflation based upon the year-on-year percent change in the end-of-period consumer price index (CPI). The said index measure is based upon the cost of a typical basket of goods and services at the end of a given time period.

In 2024, the annual end-of-period inflation rate of Panama was estimated at about -0.19 percent. Between 1980 and 2024, the figure dropped by approximately 15.69 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. From 2024 to 2030, the rate will rise by around 2.19 percentage points, showing an overall upward trend with periodic ups and downs.The International Monetary Fund describes this indicator as a measure of inflation based upon the year-on-year percent change in the end-of-period consumer price index (CPI). The said index measure is based upon the cost of a typical basket of goods and services at the end of a given time period.

Abstract (en): This research focuses on the longer-term monetary relationships in historical data. Charts describing the 10-year average growth rates in the M2 monetary aggregate, nominal GDP, real GDP, and inflation are used to show that there is a consistent longer-term correlation between M2 growth, nominal GDP growth, and inflation but not between such nominal variables and real GDP growth. The data reveal extremely long cycles in monetary growth and inflation, the most recent of which was the strong upward trend in M2 growth, nominal GDP growth, and inflation during the 1960s and 1970s, and the strong downward trend since then. Data going back to the 19th century show that the most recent inflation/disinflation cycle is a repetition of earlier long monetary growth and inflation cycles in the United States historical record. Also discussed is a measure of bond market inflation credibility, defined as the difference between averages in long-term bond rates and real GDP growth. By this measure, inflation credibility hovered close to zero during the 1950s and early 1960s, but then rose to a peak of about 10 percent in the early 1980s. During the 1990s, the bond market has yet to restore the low inflation credibility that existed before inflation turned up during the 1960s. The conclusion is that the risks of starting another costly inflation/disinflation cycle could be avoided by monitoring monetary growth and maintaining a sufficiently tight policy to keep inflation low. An environment of credible price stability would allow the economy to function unfettered by inflationary distortions, which is all that can reasonably be expected of monetary policy, and is precisely what should be expected. (1) The file submitted is the data file 9811WD.DAT. (2) These data are part of ICPSR's Publication-Related Archive and are distributed exactly as they arrived from the data depositor. ICPSR has not checked or processed this material. Users should consult the investigator(s) if further information is desired.

In 2024, the annual end-of-period inflation rate of Chile was approximately 4.53 percent. Between 1980 and 2024, the figure dropped by around 26.71 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. The rate is forecast to decline by about 1.53 percentage points from 2024 to 2030, fluctuating as it trends downward.The International Monetary Fund describes this indicator as a measure of inflation based upon the year-on-year percent change in the end-of-period consumer price index (CPI). The said index measure is based upon the cost of a typical basket of goods and services at the end of a given time period.

Expressed in end of the period, not annual average data. A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes in the prices of goods and services that households consume. Such changes affect the real purchasing power of consumers' incomes and their welfare. As the prices of different goods and services do not all change at the same rate, a price index can only reflect their average movement. A price index is typically assigned a value of unity, or 100, in some reference period and the values of the index for other periods of time are intended to indicate the average proportionate, or percentage, change in prices from this price reference period. Price indices can also be used to measure differences in price levels between different cities, regions or countries at the same point in time. [CPI Manual 2004, Introduction] For euro countries, consumer prices are calculated based on harmonized prices.

The rate at which prices for goods and services are generally rising and, as a result, currency's purchasing power is declining is known as inflation. Central banks attempt to limit inflation—and avoid deflation—in order to keep the economy running smoothly. Each unit of currency may purchase fewer products and services as prices rise. This results in a reduction in the actual value of money, a process that impacts every level of the economy, from consumers to governments. The percentage change in the cost of a basket of goods and services over a certain time period, often a year, is measured by the inflation rate. It’s a key metric for assessing the health of an economy, showing how much more expensive everyday goods and services have become. The change in the average price level of a basket of goods and services over a year is represented by the inflation rate average consumer prices (annual per cent change). It’s calculated by taking the average of prices across all months of a given year compared to the previous year. This metric is determined by averaging monthly price data and comparing it to the average of the previous year. It provides a broader view of inflation trends across a longer time frame, smoothing out any short-term volatility. The Inflation rate, end of period consumer prices (annual per cent change) reflects the price level change from the end of one period (typically December) to the end of the next period (the following December). Instead of taking an average, this rate focuses on the price level at a specific point in time, providing a snapshot of inflation. It’s calculated by comparing the Consumer Price Index (CPI) of the final month of the year with the CPI of the last month of the previous year.

Kazakhstan Consumer Price Index (CPI): Core Inflation: Same Period PY=100 data was reported at 106.300 Same Period PY=100 in Nov 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 106.300 Same Period PY=100 for Oct 2018. Kazakhstan Consumer Price Index (CPI): Core Inflation: Same Period PY=100 data is updated monthly, averaging 107.000 Same Period PY=100 from Jan 2003 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 191 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 119.000 Same Period PY=100 in Aug 2008 and a record low of 104.500 Same Period PY=100 in Jan 2014. Kazakhstan Consumer Price Index (CPI): Core Inflation: Same Period PY=100 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kazakhstan – Table KZ.I010: Consumer Price Index: Core Inflation.

This paper examines the determinants of inflation forecast uncertainty using a panel of density forecasts from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF). Based on a dynamic heterogeneous panel data model, we find that the persistence in forecast uncertainty is much less than what the aggregate time series data would suggest. In addition, the strong link between past forecast errors and current forecast uncertainty, as often noted in the ARCH literature, is largely lost in a multi-period context with varying forecast horizons. We propose a novel way of estimating news and its variance using the Kullback-Leibler information, and show that the latter is an important determinant of forecast uncertainty. Our evidence suggests a strong relationship of forecast uncertainty with level of inflation, but not with forecaster discord or with the volatility of a number of other macroeconomic indicators.

Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

In 2025, the annual inflation rate of end of period consumer prices of Brazil lies at approximately 5.27 percent.Fluctuating decline between 1981 and 2025Between 1981 and 2025 a total decrease by approximately 90.39 percentage points can be observed. This decrease however did not happen continuously.Fluctuating decline between 2025 and 2030In 2030 the rate will stand at around 2.96 percent, according to forecasts. There is an overall decrease by approximately 2.31 percentage points since 2025.The International Monetary Fund describes this indicator as a measure of inflation based upon the year on year change in the end of period consumer price index. Said index measure is based upon the cost of a typical basket of goods and services at the end of a given time period. Typically a reference year exists for which a value of 100 had been assigned.

Dataset Summary

Inflation is a critical economic indicator that reflects the overall increase in prices of goods and services within an economy over a specific period. Understanding inflation trends on a global scale is crucial for economists, policymakers, investors, and businesses. This dataset provides comprehensive insights into the inflation rates of various countries for the year 2022. The data is sourced from reputable international organizations and government reports… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/aswin1906/countries-inflation.

As shown in this statistic, the annual inflation rate of end of period consumer prices of Venezuela is approximately 254.35 percent in 2025.Fluctuating rise between 1985 and 2025A total increase by approximately 245.23 percentage points can be observed between 1985 and 2025. The data emphasizes however that this increase did not happen continuously.Continuous decline between 2025 and 2026The rate will be around 218.22 percent in 2026, according to forecasts. There is an overall decrease by approximately 36.13 percentage points since 2025. This decrease reflects a consistent falling trend.The International Monetary Fund describes this indicator as a measure of inflation based upon the year on year change in the end of period consumer price index. Said index measure is based upon the cost of a typical basket of goods and services at the end of a given time period. Typically a reference year exists for which a value of 100 had been assigned.

ECRI: Future Inflation Gauge Index data was reported at 111.900 NA in Nov 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 113.100 NA for Oct 2018. ECRI: Future Inflation Gauge Index data is updated monthly, averaging 110.500 NA from Jan 1994 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 299 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 126.200 NA in Oct 2005 and a record low of 77.600 NA in Apr 2009. ECRI: Future Inflation Gauge Index data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Economic Cycle Research Institute. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I042: Future Inflation Gauge Index.

In March 2020, inflation for Orel Region was 102.7 % change from the corresponding period of the previous year. Inflation of Orel Region increased from 102.5 % change from the corresponding period of the previous year in January 2020 to 102.7 % change from the corresponding period of the previous year in March 2020 growing at an average annual rate of 0.08%. The consumer price index (CPI) measures the average % change from the same period previous year in prices that consumers pay for a basket of goods and services , commonly known as inflation.

Year-on-year inflation time series from 1960 onwards.

ABSTRACT This paper builds on the theory of regulation developed by Stigler and Peltzman. According to these authors, a regulator chooses his/her strategy seeking to maximize political support from consumers and producers, viewing welfare and efficiency as secondary issues. This process determines a regulated price that is between the competitive and monopolistic levels. Our paper develops a modified version of Peltzman’s model by considering the idea that the regulator’s behaviour might change with the proximity of elections. The addition of a timing dimension to the problem and its implication for consumers, producers and the regulator’s behavior suggest that the optimal strategy now implies in a price cycle in regulated industries. The regulator has incentives to impose higher prices when elections are relatively far ahead and lower (real) prices in periods that immediately precede an important election. We show that the Brazilian gasoline market between 1969-1984 supports our results.

United States PCE Inflation Nowcast: sa: Contribution: Business Cycle Indicator data was reported at 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 05 May 2025. United States PCE Inflation Nowcast: sa: Contribution: Business Cycle Indicator data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Apr 2019 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 320 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.799 % in 15 Apr 2019 and a record low of 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. United States PCE Inflation Nowcast: sa: Contribution: Business Cycle Indicator data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Personal Consumption Expenditure (PCE) Inflation: Headline.

In 2024, the annual end-of-period inflation rate of Nicaragua stood at about 2.84 percent. Between 1995 and 2024, the figure dropped by approximately 8.28 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. From 2024 to 2030, the rate will rise by around 1.16 percentage points, showing an overall upward trend with periodic ups and downs.The International Monetary Fund describes this indicator as a measure of inflation based upon the year-on-year percent change in the end-of-period consumer price index (CPI). The said index measure is based upon the cost of a typical basket of goods and services at the end of a given time period.

In this paper we use GARCH-M methods to test four hypotheses about the effects of real and nominal uncertainty on average inflation and output growth in the United States from 1948 to 1996. We find no evidence that higher inflation uncertainty or higher output growth uncertainty raises the average inflation rate. We also find no support for the idea that more risky output growth is associated with a higher average real growth rate. Our key result is that in a variety of models and sample periods, inflation uncertainty significantly lowers real output growth.

The inflation rate in the United States declined significantly between June 2022 and May 2025, despite rising inflationary pressures towards the end of 2024. The peak inflation rate was recorded in June 2022, at *** percent. In August 2023, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hit its highest level during the observed period, at **** percent, and remained unchanged until September 2024, when the Federal Reserve implemented its first rate cut since September 2021. By January 2025, the rate dropped to **** percent, signalling a shift in monetary policy. What is the Federal Reserve interest rate? The Federal Reserve interest rate, or the federal funds rate, is the rate at which banks and credit unions lend to and borrow from each other. It is one of the Federal Reserve's key tools for maintaining strong employment rates, stable prices, and reasonable interest rates. The rate is determined by the Federal Reserve and adjusted eight times a year, though it can be changed through emergency meetings during times of crisis. The Fed doesn't directly control the interest rate but sets a target rate. It then uses open market operations to influence rates toward this target. Ways of measuring inflation Inflation is typically measured using several methods, with the most common being the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI tracks the price of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, providing a measure of the price changes consumers face. At the end of 2023, the CPI in the United States was ****** percent, up from ****** a year earlier. A more business-focused measure is the producer price index (PPI), which represents the costs of firms.