A listing of organizational memberships by country and year between 1955 and 2010.

The 1960 Census Tract files were originally created by keypunching the data from the printed publications prepared by the Bureau of the Census. The work was done under the direction of Dr. Donald Bogue, whose wife, Elizabeth Mullen Bogue, completed much of the data work. Subsequently, the punchcards were converted to data files and transferred to the National Archive and Records Administration (NARA). ICPSR received copies of these files from NARA and converted the binary block-length records to ASCII format.

Abstract (en): Of the 14 nations included in the original study, these data cover the following ten: Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, India, Israel, Nigeria, Panama, United States, West Germany, and Yugoslavia. (The data for Egypt, Japan, the Philippines, and Poland are not available through ICPSR.) In India and Israel the interviews were conducted in two waves, with different samples. Besides ascertaining the usual personal information, the study employed a "Self-Anchoring Striving Scale," an open-ended scale asking the respondent to define hopes and fears for self and the nation, to determine the two extremes of a self-defined spectrum on each of several variables. After these subjective ratings were obtained, the respondents indicated their perceptions of where they and their nations stood on a hypothetical ladder at three different points in time. Demographic variables include the respondents' age, gender, marital status, and level of education. For more information on the samples, coding, and the means of measurement, see the related publication listed below. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. Adult population of Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, India, Israel, Nigeria, Panama, United States, West Germany and Yugoslavia. Separate samples were drawn in each country. All samples were intended to be crossnational, except for the kibbutz sample in Israel. However, both India samples underrepresent females, and the sample from Cuba was drawn exclusively from urban areas. In addition, the samples from Brazil, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, India, Nigeria, Panama, and the United States were weighted to achieve the intended representation. 2006-01-12 All files were removed from dataset 13 and flagged as study-level files, so that they will accompany all downloads. (1) Because the original data format included some multiply punched variables, it is inappropriate to assume that the first response of a multiple response variable is more important than the rest: the current order of responses is an artifact of the technology used to record and recover them. It is even possible to have a missing data code followed by further substantive responses in some cases. (2) These data files were originally released separately, under ICPSR study numbers 7023-7031, 7085-7086, and 7258. They are now concatenated into one data collection as 7023. References in the codebooks to the old study numbers should be ignored. (3) The codebooks are also available together in one bound volume available upon request from ICPSR. 4) The codebook is provided by ICPSR as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided on the ICPSR Web site.

Abstract (en): This study is part of a time-series collection of national surveys fielded continuously since 1952. The election studies are designed to present data on Americans' social backgrounds, enduring political predispositions, social and political values, perceptions and evaluations of groups and candidates, opinions on questions of public policy, and participation in political life. A Black supplement of 263 respondents, who were asked the same questions that were administered to the national cross-section sample, is included with the national cross-section of 1,571 respondents. In addition to the usual content, the study contains data on opinions about the Supreme Court, political knowledge, and further information concerning racial issues. Voter validation data have been included as an integral part of the election study, providing objective information from registration and voting records or from respondents' past voting behavior. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Performed consistency checks.; Standardized missing values.; Performed recodes and/or calculated derived variables.; Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. United States citizens of voting age living in private households in the continental United States. A representative cross-section sample, consisting of 1,571 respondents, plus a Black supplement sample of 263 respondents. 2015-11-10 The study metadata was updated.1999-12-14 The data for this study are now available in SAS transport and SPSS export formats, in addition to the ASCII data file. Variables in the dataset have been renumbered to the following format: 2-digit (or 2-character) year prefix + 4 digits + [optional] 1-character suffix. Dataset ID and version variables have also been added. In addition, SAS and SPSS data definition statements have been created for this collection, and the data collection instruments are now available as a PDF file. face-to-face interview, telephone interviewThe SAS transport file was created using the SAS CPORT procedure.

The eighth cycle of the Ithaka S+R Faculty Survey queried a random sample of higher education faculty members in the United States to learn about their attitudes and practices related to their research and teaching. Respondents were asked about resource discovery and access; research topics and practices; research dissemination, including open access, data management, and preservation; instruction and perceptions of student research skills; the role and value of the academic library; and open-educational resources. Demographic variables include the respondent's age, gender, primary academic field, title or role, institution's Carnegie classification, how many years the respondent has worked at their current college or university, how many years the respondent has worked in their field, what format the courses they are currently teaching (if any) are in (synchronous, asynchronous, or a mix of both) and whether the respondent primarily identifies as a researcher, teacher, or somewhere in between.

Detailed county and state-level ecological or descriptive data for the United States for the years 1790 to 1970 are contained in this collection. These data files contain extensive information about the social and political character of the United States, including a breakdown of population by state, race, nationality, number of families, size of the family, births, deaths, marriages, occupation, religion, and general economic conditions. Though not complete over the full time span of this study, statistics are available on such diverse subjects as total numbers of newspapers and periodicals, total capital invested in manufacturing, total numbers of educational institutions, total number of churches, taxation by state, and land surface area in square miles. (Source: downloaded from ICPSR 7/13/10)

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at ICPSR at https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR00003.v1. We highly recommend using the ICPSR version as they may make this dataset available in multiple data formats in the future.

This data collection contains general election returns for the offices of president, governor, and United States representative in the period 1788-1823. These returns comprise an extension of the general election collection (see UNITED STATES HISTORICAL ELECTION RETURNS, 1824-1968--ICPSR 0001) back to the occurrence of the first elections held under the United States Constitution. The data are recorded chiefly at the county level, although town-level returns were collected and preserved as well for the New England states. This collection of Early National period election returns is much less complete than the body of returns available for the years from 1824 to the present. Fugitive and nonextant sources resulted in the recovery of only approximately half of the possible returns for elections in this period. The collection and processing of the pre-1824 election materials was supported by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. (Source: downloaded from ICPSR 7/13/10)

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at ICPSR -- https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR00079.v5. We highly recommend using the ICPSR version as they made this dataset available in multiple data formats.

The U.S. Census Bureau TIGER/Line® files in this data collection were originally distributed by the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) through its TIGER/Line file web site, which was decommissioned in 2018 (archived version: https://web.archive.org/web/20090924181858/http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/TIGER/index.html). There, users could download various versions of the U.S. Census Bureau's TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) database. The TIGER/Line files do not include demographic data, but they do contain geographic information that can be linked to the Census Bureau’s demographic data. Due to file number limitations in openICPSR, the original data collections have been bundled into single zip packages. A single TIGER_directory.txt file listing the original files and the original directory structure is included with the root directory. Documentation files are also included as standalone subdirectories in each collection so users do not need to download entire zip bundles to view documentation. The TIGER/Line data are stored in compressed format in subdirectories by state name. There is one TIGER/Line file (in a compressed format) for each county or county equivalent. The file names consist of TGR + the 2-digit state FIPS (Federal Information Processing Standards) code + the 3-digit county FIPS code (i.e. TGR01031.ZIP for Coffee County, Alabama). Each state folder contains individual county files.The individual county files include one file for each record type included for that county with the following name convention: tgr01031.rt1. The convention follows the order described above with each file having a suffix which includes 'rt' (record type) followed by its designation (in this case record type 1). Each county file also contains its own metadata record.If present, documentation files for the TIGER/Line data are stored in a directory named '0docs' which is located in the 'Parent Directory'. This directory appears at the top of the index of state subdirectories for each edition of the TIGER/Line files. The documentation includes a complete list of FIPS state and county codes.

Abstract (en): Detailed tabulations of international and domestic finance data are presented in this data collection. These time series data summarize each country's balance of payments, with collateral data on major financial components such as trade and reserves, and data on exchange rates, international liquidity, money and banking, international transactions, prices, production, government finance, and interest rates. A subset of these data, containing annual data from 1948 to 1978, is available as well. 196 countries and geographical areas. (1)The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has notified ICPSR that it will not renew ICPSR's INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL STATISTICS (IFS) (ICPSR 7629) monthly tape subscription effective November 1, 1991. This action coincides with IMF's decision to begin distributing this series to individuals on CD-ROM. As a result ICPSR will not be able to update these data on a monthly basis. The IFS data for the 1948 through July, 1991 period will continue to be available from ICPSR\; this is the last version of the data received under our former subscription. Efforts will continue to renew the monthly subscription with IMF and users will be notified when such efforts are successful. (2) The data are stored in packed zoned decimal format. A COBOL processing program is available for use with this dataset. (3) Each time series can contain a variable number of logical records. The exact number of records in any time series in this collection is dependent upon the availability of annual, quarterly, and monthly data. Approximately 23,000 time series are included in the collection. (4) The term "country," as used in this dataset, does not in all cases refer to a territorial entity which is a state as understood by international law and practice. The term also covers some territorial entities that are not states but for which statistical data are maintained and provided internationally on a separate and independent basis. (5) Exchange rates are expressed in United States dollars per national currency unit or vice versa, and two rates are given for the special drawing right (SDR) value of the national currency unit. (6) One codebook now documents these four IMF studies: DIRECTION OF TRADE (ICPSR 7628), INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL STATISTICS (ICPSR 7629), BALANCE OF PAYMENTS STATISTICS (ICPSR 8623), and GOVERNMENT FINANCE STATISTICS (ICPSR 8624). (7) The codebook is provided by ICPSR as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided on the ICPSR Web site.

This paper studies the association between regulation and the organizational form of new life insurers between 1900 and 1949. The mutual form was popular in states with low initial capital requirements for mutual companies and differentially higher requirements for stock companies, but was rarely used elsewhere. This suggests that entrepreneurs took a "path of least resistance" when choosing organizational form and that the mutual's disadvantage in raising capital contributed to its decline–a decline that accelerated as states raised requirements and eliminated the aforementioned differentials. Contrary to previous analysis, the paper finds little evidence connecting other regulations to mutual decline. (JEL G21, L51, N21, N22)

Abstract (en): This dataset contains records for each public elementary and secondary school in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, United States territories (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the Marshall Islands), and Department of Defense schools outside the United States for 1996-1997. Records in this file provide the National Center for Education Statistics and state identification numbers, name and ID number of the agency operating the school, name, address, and phone number of the school, school type (regular, special education, vocational education, alternative), locale code (seven categories from urban to rural), number of students by grade and ungraded, number of students eligible for free lunch, and number of students by five race/ethnic categories. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. All public elementary and secondary schools in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, United States territories (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the Marshall Islands), and Department of Defense schools outside the United States during 1996-1997. (1) The data contain high ASCII, accented Spanish characters. (2) Users are encouraged to check the NCES homepage (http://www.ed.gov/NCES/ccd/) for additional information on this collection. (3) The codebook and instruction manual are provided as Portable Document Format (PDF) files. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided through the ICPSR Website on the Internet.

This collection of historical election data contains state files that list county-level returns for over 90 percent of all elections to the offices of president, governor, United States senator, and United States representative from 1824 through 1968. The data files include returns for all parties and candidates (as well as write-in and scattering votes if available for individual states), and for special elections as well as regularly-scheduled contests. Over 1,000 individual party names and many additional unaffiliated candidates are included. Datafiles include State election results upto 1974. Please review datasets to determine timelines for each state.

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at ICPSR at https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR00001.v3. We highly recommend using the ICPSR version as they may make this dataset available in multiple data formats in the future.

Abstract (en): This survey collected data from institutional-level respondents on issues such as faculty composition, turnover, recruitment, retention, and tenure policies. A stratified random sample of institutions was selected from the 1987 Integrated Post-secondary Education Data System file and consisted of 480 colleges and universities. It was intended that this survey be repeated periodically, so that changes over time in faculty characteristics, behaviors, and attitudes could be assessed. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. Nonproprietary two- and four-year institutions whose accreditation at the higher education level was recognized by the United States Department of Education. A stratified random sample of 480 postsecondary institutions. The codebook and data collection instrument are provided by ICPSR as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided on the ICPSR Web site.

Abstract (en): The American College Catalog Study Database (CCS) contains academic data on 286 four-year colleges and universities in the United States. CCS is one of two databases produced by the Colleges and Universities 2000 project based at the University of California-Riverside. The CCS database comprises a sampled subset of institutions from the related Institutional Data Archive (IDA) on American Higher Education (ICPSR 34874). Coding for CCS was based on college catalogs obtained from College Source, Inc. The data are organized in a panel design, with measurements taken at five-year intervals: academic years 1975-76, 1980-81, 1985-86, 1990-91, 1995-96, 2000-01, 2005-06, and 2010-11. The database is based on information reported in each institution's college catalog, and includes data regarding changes in major academic units (schools and colleges), departments, interdisciplinary programs, and general education requirements. For schools and departments, changes in structure were coded, including new units, name changes, splits in units, units moved to new schools, reconstituted units, consolidated units, departments reduced to program status, and eliminated units. The American College Catalog Study Database (CCS) is intended to allow researchers to examine changes in the structure of institutionalized knowledge in four-year colleges and universities within the United States. For information on the study design, including detailed coding conventions, please see the Original P.I. Documentation section of the ICPSR Codebook. The data are not weighted. Dataset 1, Characteristics Variables, contains three weight variables (IDAWT, CCSWT, and CASEWEIGHT) which users may wish to apply during analysis. For additional information on weights, please see the Original P.I. Documentation section of the ICPSR Codebook. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. Response Rates: Approximately 75 percent of IDA institutions are included in CCS. For additional information on response rates, please see the Original P.I. Documentation section of the ICPSR Codebook. Four-year not-for-profit colleges and universities in the United States. Smallest Geographic Unit: state CCS includes 286 institutions drawn from the IDA sample of 384 United States four-year colleges and universities. CCS contains every IDA institution for which a full set of catalogs could be located at the initiation of the project in 2000. CCS contains seven datasets that can be linked through an institutional identification number variable (PROJ_ID). Since the data are organized in a panel format, it is also necessary to use a second variable (YEAR) to link datasets. For a brief description of each CCS dataset, please see Appendix B within the Original P.I. Documentation section of the ICPSR Codebook.There are date discrepancies between the data and the Original P.I. Documentation. Study Time Periods and Collection Dates reflect dates that are present in the data. No additional information was provided.Please note that the related data collection featuring the Institutional Data Archive on American Higher Education, 1970-2011, will be available as ICPSR 34874. Additional information on the American College Catalog Study Database (CCS) and the Institutional Data Archive (IDA) database can be found on the Colleges and Universities 2000 Web site.

This is an extract of the decennial Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) released by the Bureau of the Census. Because the complete PUMS files contain several hundred thousand records, ICPSR has constructed this subset to allow for easier and less costly analysis. The collection of data at ten year increments allows the user to follow various age cohorts through the life-cycle. Data include information on the household and its occupants such as size and value of dwelling, utility costs, number of people in the household, and their relationship to the respondent. More detailed information was collected on the respondent, the head of household, and the spouse, if present. Variables include education, marital status, occupation and income. (Source: downloaded from ICPSR 7/13/10)

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at ICPSR -- https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08353.v2. We highly recommend using the ICPSR version as they made this dataset available in multiple data formats.

These data provide information on the number of arrests reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program each year by police agencies in the United States. These arrest reports provide data on 43 offenses including violent crime, drug use, gambling, and larceny. The data received by ICPSR were structured as a hierarchical file containing, per reporting police agency: an agency header record, and 1 to 49 detail offense records containing the counts of arrests by age, sex, and race for a particular offense. ICPSR restructured the original data to logical record length format with the agency header record variables copied onto the detail records. Consequently, each record contains arrest counts for a particular agency-offense.

Abstract (en): This dataset contains records for each public elementary and secondary education agency in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and United States territories (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the Marshall Islands) for 1993-1994. Data were reported to the Bureau of the Census for the National Center for Education Statistics by the state education agencies. Each record provides state and federal ID numbers, name, address, and telephone number of the agency, county name and FIPS code, agency type code, student counts, graduates and other completers counts, and other codes for selected characteristics of the agency. Grade span, number of schools operated by the agency, and number of classroom teachers were also aggregated. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. All public elementary and secondary education agencies in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and United States territories (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the Marshall Islands). 1999-11-02 The SAS data definition statements have been corrected and updated, with one implied decimal point (reported to the nearest tenth) added to 20 variables (TEACH93, PKTCH93, KGTCH93, etc.). The codebook is provided as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided through the ICPSR Website on the Internet.

Abstract (en): This collection offers data on the basic characteristics of postsecondary institutions in the United States and covers institutional characteristics for 1993-1994. The data provide the basis for assigning each institution to a specific sector, which in turn determines the selection and distribution of other IPEDS surveys and the specific version of each survey appropriate to the institution. Sector is determined by an institution's type of control (public, private nonprofit, or private for-profit) and its highest level of offering (four-year or higher, at least two-year but less than four-year, or less than two-year certificate, diploma, degree, or other formal award). Key data elements include the name, address, and telephone number of the institution as well as information about levels of course offerings, calendar system, admissions requirements, student services, accreditation, modes of instruction, and institutional eligibility for student financial aid programs. Updated information on tuition and fees and room and board charges for the current academic year also is available. The unit of analysis is the postsecondary institution. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. All postsecondary institutions in operation in 1993 in the United States and its outlying areas. The documentation is provided as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided through the ICPSR Website on the Internet.

Abstract (en): This data collection contains data on the number of teachers, students, and other staff of local education agencies (LEA) for each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and outlying territories (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the Marshall Islands). The records also contain school district identifiers such as state code, standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) code, address, and metro status code. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. All public elementary and secondary education agencies in the 50 states, District of Columbia, United States territories (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the Marshall Islands), and Department of Defense schools outside of the United States. The codebook and data collection instrument are provided as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided through the ICPSR Website on the Internet.

Abstract (en): This poll, conducted July 20-23, 2000, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked to give their opinions of President Bill Clinton and his handling of the presidency, foreign policy, and the economy, as well as their views on the way Congress was handling its job. Those polled expressed their interest in and opinions about the 2000 presidential election, their readiness to vote in the upcoming election, and their level of support for both candidates, Vice President Al Gore and Texas governor George W. Bush. Respondents were also asked whether on the day of the survey they would vote for Al Gore or George W. Bush. They then answered the same question once more, this time choosing among four candidates: Al Gore (Democratic Party candidate), George W. Bush (Republican Party candidate), Pat Buchanan (Reform Party candidate), and Ralph Nader (Green Party candidate). Opinions of the four candidates and their respective parties were also elicited. Additional questions probed respondents' participation and candidate selection in the 1996 presidential election and in the 1998 House of Representatives election. Respondents answered another set of questions comparing Al Gore and George W. Bush as presidential candidates in terms of their qualities of leadership, their understanding of the complex problems a president has to deal with (especially international problems), whether they could be trusted to keep their word as president, whether they shared the same moral values as most Americans, whether they said what they believed or what people wanted to hear, and whether they cared about people like the respondent. Other questions examined respondents' opinions about both candidates' views on the following subjects: the economy, abortion, taxes, the environment, and health care. Those polled also expressed their views about whether the Democratic Party or the Republican Party was more likely to ensure a strong economy, make sure that the tax system was fair, make sure United States military defenses were strong, make the right decisions about Social Security, improve the education and health care systems, and protect the environment. Respondents also indicated which party was better at upholding traditional family values, which party cared more about people like the respondent, what the most important problems for the government in the coming year were, and what their views were on abortion. Background information on respondents includes age, gender, race/ethnic identity, education, religion, voter registration and participation history, political party affiliation, political orientation, marital status, age of children in the household, and income. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Created variable labels and/or value labels.. 2009-04-29 As part of an automated retrofit of some studies in the holdings, ICPSR updated the frequency file for this collection to include the original question text.2009-04-22 As part of an automated retrofit of some studies in the holdings, ICPSR created the full data product suite for this collection. Note that the ASCII data file may have been replaced if the previous version was formatted with multiple records per case. A frequency file, which contains the authoritative column locations, has also been added. (1) This collection has not been processed by ICPSR staff. ICPSR is distributing the data and documentation for this collection in essentially the same form in which they were received. When appropriate, documentation has been converted to Portable Document Format (PDF), data files have been converted to non-platform-specific formats, and variables have been recoded to ensure respondents' anonymity. (2) The codebook is provided by ICPSR as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided on the ICPSR Web site.The ...