This dataset supports the research exploring the impact of monetary policy instruments on the Colombian economy, focusing on the classical dichotomy and monetary neutrality. The analysis delves into how monetary policy, including instruments such as interest rates and money supply, influences both nominal and real variables in the economy. It also highlights the relationship between monetary policy and economic stability, particularly how central banks manage inflation and economic growth. Key sections explore the separation between nominal and real variables as explained by the classical dichotomy, and the principle of monetary neutrality, which argues that changes in money supply affect nominal variables without impacting real economic factors.

The dataset is structured around a combination of theoretical insights and simulations that analyze the effectiveness of monetary neutrality in the Colombian context, given both domestic and international economic challenges such as the war in Ukraine and agricultural sector disruptions. Through simulations, the dataset demonstrates the effects of monetary expansion on variables like inflation, production, and employment, providing a framework for understanding current economic trends and proposing solutions to socio-economic challenges in Colombia.

The Eurozone's money supply has experienced significant growth over the past two decades, with the M2 measure reaching approximately 15.6 trillion euros by the end of 2024. This substantial increase from 4.6 trillion euros in 2001 reflects the expanding monetary base in the euro area. However, 2023 marked a notable deviation from this trend, as it was the first year in the observed period where the money supply in the euro area decreased. Components of money supply M2 is a broader measure of money supply that includes cash, checking deposits, and convertible near money. It encompasses the more narrow M1 measure, which consists of the most liquid components, such as currency in circulation and overnight deposits. As of December 2024, the Eurozone's M1 money supply stood at 10.57 trillion euros, while M2 reached 15.6 trillion euros. These figures are used by central banks to forecast inflation and interest rates, playing a crucial role in shaping monetary policy. Comparison with other regions While the Eurozone has seen steady growth in its money supply, other major economies have experienced their own unique trajectories. In the United States, for instance, the M2 money supply reached 20.86 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023, showing a slight decrease from the previous year. Both the Eurozone and the U.S. saw exceptional increases in their money supply during 2020, largely due to quantitative easing measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This global economic event had a profound impact on monetary policies across different regions, influencing the money supply dynamics worldwide.

Money Supply M2 in the United States increased to 21942 USD Billion in May from 21862.40 USD Billion in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Operation Committed with Federal Securities data was reported at 113,074.640 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 103,266.242 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Operation Committed with Federal Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 29,866.033 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 218,686.067 BRL mn in Mar 2016 and a record low of 0.000 BRL mn in Jul 1999. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Operation Committed with Federal Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100927

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: Federal Securities data was reported at 945,884.462 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 915,024.308 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: Federal Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 159,917.679 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 945,884.462 BRL mn in Jun 2018 and a record low of 18,217.380 BRL mn in Dec 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: Federal Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100947

In 2023, the money supply in Indonesia grew by approximately 3.5 percent from the previous year. An increase in the supply of money generally lowers interest rates, resulting more investment developments and an increase of consumers' money, thereby stimulating spending.

Effect of MFS transactions on monetary aggregates during a given month.

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Savings Deposit data was reported at 751,486.708 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 744,039.511 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Savings Deposit data is updated monthly, averaging 170,037.040 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 751,486.708 BRL mn in Jun 2018 and a record low of 41,816.679 BRL mn in Jul 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Savings Deposit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100847

Cumulative effect of MFS transactions on monetary aggregates over the year.

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the currency reform and of the introduction of the German D-mark on 20th June 1948, the German Bundesbank – in its function as central bank and bank of issue of the Federal Republic of Germany – presented long series of monetary statistics in 1998. In approximately 1,400 data charts, extensive information about the development of the German finance and banking industry, the capital market, and the foreign trade relations are given.

In total, approximately 25,000 time series about the following core subjects were collected: general overviews of banking statistics, bank of issue, credit institutions, minimum reserves, interest rates, statistics of exchange rates, capital market, public finances, foreign trade, macroeconomic capital finance accounts and annual accounts of West German companies.

Factual classification of the tables in HISTAT: A. Selected data regarding the economic development A.1 Monetary development A.2 Population and labour market A.3 Macroeconomic production and demand A.4 Prices and wages A.5 Distribution of the national income and incomes of the private households

B. Foreign trade (currently not completed in HISTAT; access to the subjects B2, B3, B4, B7 see below) B1. Foreign debts and liabilities of domestic companies B.2 Foreign debts and liabilities of the credit institutions B.3 Foreign cross ownerships of German companies B.4 Regional balances of payment B.5 State of assets compared to other countries B.6 Balance of payments B.7 Additional specifications regarding the balance of payments B.8 Foreign payments by the German Bundesbank Any data including a differentiation of countries (EU countries, other industrialised countries, some developing countries, countries of the off-shore finance centres, OPEC countries, reform countries) are currently only available by placing an order with the ZHSF Data Service (ordering address see below)

C. General overviews of bank statistics C.1 Consolidated balance of the banking system, assets C.2 Consolidated balance of the banking system, liabilities C.3 Cash circulation C.4 Development of money supply in connection with the balance C.5 Money demand of the Central Bank

D. Exchange rate statistics D.1 External value indeces D.2 Exchange rates at the Frankfurt stock exchange D.3 Values of the ECU D.4 Values of the extra educational law

E. Macroeconomic capital finance account E1. Domestic financial sectors E2. Domestic non-financial sectors E3. Other countries

F. Annual accounts of West German companies F.1 All German companies F.2 Building industry F.3 Clothing trade F.4 Chemical industry F.5 Retail industry (incl. automobile trade and service stations) F.6 Electrical engineering F.7 Power and water supply F.8 Food industry F.9 Glas industry, ceramics, processing of stones and earths F.10 Wholesale trade and trade negotiations F.11 Production of rubber and plastic goods F.12 Production of automobiles and automobile parts F.13 Production of metal goods F.14 Timber industry F.15 Engineering F.16 Medical, measurement, driving and control technology F.17 Metal production and metal working F.18 Paper industry F.19 Textile industry F.20 Manufacturing industry F.21 Transportation (without rail) F.22 Publishing and printing

G. Capital market (currently not in HISTAT; access see below) G1. Shares of domestic issuers G2. General overviews G3. Exchange transactions, option and future business G4. Domestic capital investment companies G5. Bonds of foreign issuers G6. Bonds of domestic issuers

H. Credit institutions (currently not in HISTAT; access see below) H1. Assets H2. Liabilities H3. Assets and liabilities of the foreign branches and foreign subsidiaries of domestic banks H4. Building associations H5. Deposit statistics H6. Deposits and loans H7. profit situation of the banks H8. domestic and foreign debts and liabilities H9. Circulating bearer bonds according to their terms and bank group H10. Loans H11. Savings deposits and savings certificates H12. Savings business turnover according to bank group and endorsed disposals of non-bank financial companies H13. equity stocks and shares

I. Minimum reserves (currently not registered in HISTAT; access see below) I.1 Overview I.2 Itemisation according to steps of progression (from March 1977) I3. Itemisation according to reserve classes (until February 1977) I1.1 Reserve stockpiles according to bank group, obligatory reserve liabilities I1.2. Reserve stockpiles according to bank group, Reserve debits I.2 Reserve ratios

J. Central bank (currently not registered in HISTAT; access see below) J.1 Assets J.2 Liabilities

K. Public finances K.1 Financial development of the public budgeting K1. Public debts

L. Interest rates L.1 Money market rates L1. Bank interest rates (currently not registered in HISTAT; access see below).

Money Supply M1 in the United States increased to 18712.60 USD Billion in May from 18667.60 USD Billion in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M1 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Table 123 : Hong Kong Dollar Interest Settlement Rates [Simplified Chinese]

The determination of the money supply for a period of missing key statistics, registries, and a central bank-note-system which was still in development had been neglected for a long time. The author has used only sources difficult of access. His study represents a first attempt to give a comprehensive picture of monetary developments and their significance for the period of industrialization in Germany. In the center of this investigation are the following topics:1. The systematic processing of statistical data on money supply changes from 1835 to 1913 in the form of time series.2. A description of the development of the particular money-types or types of money-surrogates, including the causes of their changes.3. Analysis and discussion of interdependencies between money supply and course of the economy.4. Changes in the total money supply and its relations to economic development. Therefore the time-period under investigation was divided into four phases:- The early days of industrialization and 1850,- The period of economic recovery from 1850 to 1873,- The stagnation from 1873 to 1894,- The period of economic recovery from 1894 to 1913. Datatables with time-series in the search- and downloadsystem HISTAT (Historical Statistics, www.histat.gesis.org): A. changes in money supply in Germany in the era of industrialization (1835 to 1913) (Tables 1 to 8 of Sprenger, 1982) A.1 The development of metal money supply in Germany (1835-1913)A.2 The development of banknote stocks (1835-1913)A.3 The development of the state paper money stock (1835-1913)A.4 The development of paper money supply (1835-1913)A.5 The composition of the paper money stock (1835-1913)A.6 The development of the book money supply (1835-1913)A.7 The development of the coin money supply (1835-1913)A.8 The composition of the coin money supply (1835-1913)A.9 development and composition of the money supply in Britain, France and Germany (1850-1913) B. The development of the money supply in the era of industrialization (1835 to 1913) (Tables 9 to 11 of Sprenger, 1982) B.1 The development of the money supply in various accruals (1835-1913)B.2 The composition of the money supply in term of a more comprehensive version (1835-1913)B.3 The development of the velocity of money (1850-1913) C. Development of the money supply from 1918 to 1945 C.1 The development of the of coin money in billions of marks (1913-1918)C.2 Development of prices and dollar exchange rate (1913-1918)C.3a The development of coin money supply and the floating of national debt (1918-1923)C.3b The development of coin money supply and the floating of national debt (1918-1923)C.4 price-development and dollar exchange rate (1918-1923)C.5 development and composition of money supply (1924-1933)C.6 The development of money supply, of price level, of national income and national debt under the period of National Socialism (1933-1945)C.7 The development of the coin money supply (1928-1945)C.8 composition of the monetary base in Germany (1914-1922) D. The development of the money supply in the Federal Republic of Germany D.1 money supply and interest rates in the Federal Republic of Germany (1948-1998) E. Additional time series E.1 Additional time series (1835-1959)E.2 The composition of the cash stock - The Reichsbank (1876-1921)E.3 Average composition of the metallic money supply - the Reichsbank (1876-1921)E.4 giro transactions - the Reichsbank (1876-1924) Timeseries are downloadable via the online system HISTAT (www.histat.gesis.org).

The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Investment Deposit data was reported at 0.000 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Investment Deposit data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,254.129 BRL mn in Dec 2007 and a record low of 0.000 BRL mn in Jun 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Investment Deposit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. Banco Central do Brasil fez mudanças na metodologia de Dados de Crédito do Sistema Financeiro, em fevereiro de 2013 depois de 13 anos seguindo a mesma metodologia. Essas mudanças são fundamentais face a expansão do crédito, favorecido pela melhora dos indicadores de emprego e renda, redução contínua e acentuada das taxas de juro e por importantes avanços institucionais. É imprescindível a disponibilidade de novas informações, em particular, que possibilitem o acompanhamento mais detalhado das modalidades de crédito com recursos direcionados, sobretudo os financiamentos imobiliários, cujo dinamismo tem contribuído para a redução do déficit habitacional no País. A principal alteração compreende a cobertura dos dados relativos a concessões, taxas de juros, prazos e índices de inadimplência que passam a serem estendidos ao segmento de crédito direcionado e também se fez necessário aprofundar o detalhamento do arcabouço estatístico, de modo a possibilitar a identificação das modalidades mais relevantes, bem como reduzir a participação relativa das operações de crédito não classificadas – incorporadas em “outros créditos”.

The phrase "liquidity effect" was introduced by Milton Friedman (1969) to describe the first of three effects on interest rates caused by an exogenous change in the money supply. The lack of empirical support for the liquidity effect using monthly and quarterly monetary and reserve aggregates data led Hamilton (1997) to suggest that more convincing evidence of the liquidity effect could be obtained with daily data -- the daily liquidity effect. This paper investigates the implications of the daily liquidity effect for Friedman's liquidity effect using a more comprehensive model of the Federal Reserve's daily operating procedure than has been previously used in the literature.

This paper investigates the long-run and short-run relationship between money supply and inflation in Pakistan, utilizing annual data spanning from 1981 to 2021. The key objective is to assess the impact of monetary policy, specifically money supply, on inflation dynamics in the country. To achieve this, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach is employed, which is suitable for analyzing cointegration among variables with mixed integration orders. The results reveal both short and long-run cointegration between inflation, money supply, unemployment, and interest rates. Notably, unemployment demonstrates a negative correlation with inflation, while money supply and interest rates exhibit a positive relationship. These findings underscore the importance of dedicated policy measures to manage inflation effectively. The paper concludes by recommending the establishment of a policy implementation body and collaboration between the government and the central bank to ensure financial stability and control inflation through well-calibrated monetary and fiscal policies.

A monthly and quarterly data set spanning July 1995 to December 2016 of the following macro-economic variables 1. South African stock market 2. South African GDP3. United States GDP 4. South African interest rate 5. US interest rate 6. South African inflation rate 7. US inflation rate 8. South African Money Supply 9. Rand/Dollar Exchange 10. FTSE

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by May 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached * percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by *************, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in ***********, before the first rate cut since ************** occurred in **************. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

In October 2023, real estate, professional services, and support activities were the industries that borrowed the highest amount of money, followed by construction. Due to the economic effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic the Bank of England implemented quantitative easing measures in 2020. The injection of new money supply to help kick start the economy saw a huge increase in lending to businesses in March 2020. Key sectors including the construction, manufacturing, real estate and transport industries could take advantage of the record low bank base interest rate set by the Bank of England.