77 datasets found
  1. Monthly bank rate in the UK 2012-2025

    • statista.com
    • ai-chatbox.pro
    Updated Jun 23, 2025
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    Statista (2025). Monthly bank rate in the UK 2012-2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/889792/united-kingdom-uk-bank-base-rate/
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    Dataset updated
    Jun 23, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    Jan 2012 - Apr 2025
    Area covered
    United Kingdom
    Description

    August 2024 marked a significant shift in the UK's monetary policy, as it saw the first reduction in the official bank base interest rate since August 2023. This change came after a period of consistent rate hikes that began in late 2021. In a bid to minimize the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank of England cut the official bank base rate in March 2020 to a record low of *** percent. This historic low came just one week after the Bank of England cut rates from **** percent to **** percent in a bid to prevent mass job cuts in the United Kingdom. It remained at *** percent until December 2021 and was increased to one percent in May 2022 and to **** percent in October 2022. After that, the bank rate increased almost on a monthly basis, reaching **** percent in August 2023. It wasn't until August 2024 that the first rate decrease since the previous year occurred, signaling a potential shift in monetary policy. Why do central banks adjust interest rates? Central banks, including the Bank of England, adjust interest rates to manage economic stability and control inflation. Their strategies involve a delicate balance between two main approaches. When central banks raise interest rates, their goal is to cool down an overheated economy. Higher rates curb excessive spending and borrowing, which helps to prevent runaway inflation. This approach is typically used when the economy is growing too quickly or when inflation is rising above desired levels. Conversely, when central banks lower interest rates, they aim to encourage borrowing and investment. This strategy is employed to stimulate economic growth during periods of slowdown or recession. Lower rates make it cheaper for businesses and individuals to borrow money, which can lead to increased spending and investment. This dual approach allows central banks to maintain a balance between promoting growth and controlling inflation, ensuring long-term economic stability. Additionally, adjusting interest rates can influence currency values, impacting international trade and investment flows, further underscoring their critical role in a nation's economic health. Recent interest rate trends Between 2021 and 2024, most advanced and emerging economies experienced a period of regular interest rate hikes. This trend was driven by several factors, including persistent supply chain disruptions, high energy prices, and robust demand pressures. These elements combined to create significant inflationary trends, prompting central banks to raise rates in an effort to temper spending and borrowing. However, in 2024, a shift began to occur in global monetary policy. The European Central Bank (ECB) was among the first major central banks to reverse this trend by cutting interest rates. This move signaled a change in approach aimed at addressing growing economic slowdowns and supporting growth.

  2. T

    Japan Interest Rate

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • ru.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated Jul 3, 2025
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    TRADING ECONOMICS (2025). Japan Interest Rate [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/japan/interest-rate
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    excel, xml, json, csvAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jul 3, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Oct 2, 1972 - Jun 17, 2025
    Area covered
    Japan
    Description

    The benchmark interest rate in Japan was last recorded at 0.50 percent. This dataset provides - Japan Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

  3. Annual Fed funds effective rate in the U.S. 1990-2024

    • statista.com
    • ai-chatbox.pro
    Updated Jan 3, 2025
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    Statista (2025). Annual Fed funds effective rate in the U.S. 1990-2024 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/247941/federal-funds-rate-level-in-the-united-states/
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    Dataset updated
    Jan 3, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

  4. Mortgage rates by quarter in Europe 2012-2024, by country

    • statista.com
    Updated Jun 26, 2025
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    Statista (2025). Mortgage rates by quarter in Europe 2012-2024, by country [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1172629/mortgage-rates-per-country-in-europe-per-quarter/
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    Dataset updated
    Jun 26, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    Europe
    Description

    The average mortgage interest rate decreased in nearly every country in Europe between 2012 and 2021, followed by an increase in response to inflation. In the fourth quarter of 2024, Poland, Hungary, and Romania topped the ranking as the countries with the highest mortgage interest rates in Europe. Conversely, Belgium, Spain, and Italy displayed the lowest interest rates. The UK, which is the country with the largest value of mortgages outstanding, had an interest rate of **** percent.

  5. T

    Tonga Lending interest rate - data, chart | TheGlobalEconomy.com

    • theglobaleconomy.com
    csv, excel, xml
    Updated Dec 19, 2013
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    Globalen LLC (2013). Tonga Lending interest rate - data, chart | TheGlobalEconomy.com [Dataset]. www.theglobaleconomy.com/Tonga/lending_interest_rate/
    Explore at:
    excel, csv, xmlAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Dec 19, 2013
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Globalen LLC
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Dec 31, 2012 - Dec 31, 2023
    Area covered
    Tonga
    Description

    Tonga: Interest rates on bank credit to the private sector: The latest value from 2023 is 7.74 percent, a decline from 7.86 percent in 2022. In comparison, the world average is 14.19 percent, based on data from 83 countries. Historically, the average for Tonga from 2012 to 2023 is 8.27 percent. The minimum value, 7.74 percent, was reached in 2023 while the maximum of 9.93 percent was recorded in 2012.

  6. F

    Bank Prime Loan Rate Changes: Historical Dates of Changes and Rates

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    json
    Updated Jan 8, 2025
    + more versions
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    (2025). Bank Prime Loan Rate Changes: Historical Dates of Changes and Rates [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PRIME
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    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jan 8, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domainhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domain

    Description

    Graph and download economic data for Bank Prime Loan Rate Changes: Historical Dates of Changes and Rates (PRIME) from 1955-08-04 to 2024-12-20 about prime, loans, interest rate, banks, interest, depository institutions, rate, and USA.

  7. F

    Interest Rates: 3-Month or 90-Day Rates and Yields: Interbank Rates: Total...

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    json
    Updated May 15, 2025
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    (2025). Interest Rates: 3-Month or 90-Day Rates and Yields: Interbank Rates: Total for Costa Rica [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CRIIR3TIB01STQ
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    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    May 15, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-requiredhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-required

    Description

    Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: 3-Month or 90-Day Rates and Yields: Interbank Rates: Total for Costa Rica (CRIIR3TIB01STQ) from Q4 2012 to Q1 2025 about Costa Rica, interbank, 3-month, yield, interest rate, interest, and rate.

  8. Monthly Fed funds effective rate in the U.S. 1954-2025

    • statista.com
    Updated Jun 23, 2025
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    Statista (2025). Monthly Fed funds effective rate in the U.S. 1954-2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/187616/effective-rate-of-us-federal-funds-monthly/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Jun 23, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    Jul 1954 - Jun 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    The U.S. federal funds effective rate underwent a dramatic reduction in early 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate plummeted from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.65 percent in March, and further decreased to 0.05 percent in April. This sharp reduction, accompanied by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, was implemented to stabilize the economy during the global health crisis. After maintaining historically low rates for nearly two years, the Federal Reserve began a series of rate hikes in early 2022, with the rate moving from 0.33 percent in April 2022 to 5.33 percent in August 2023. The rate remained unchanged for over a year, before the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in nearly three years in September 2024, bringing the rate to 5.13 percent. By December 2024, the rate was cut to 4.48 percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy in the second half of 2024. In January 2025, the Federal Reserve implemented another cut, setting the rate at 4.33 percent, which remained unchanged throughout the following months. What is the federal funds effective rate? The U.S. federal funds effective rate determines the interest rate paid by depository institutions, such as banks and credit unions, that lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. Changing the effective rate in times of crisis is a common way to stimulate the economy, as it has a significant impact on the whole economy, such as economic growth, employment, and inflation. Central bank policy rates The adjustment of interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was a coordinated global effort. In early 2020, central banks worldwide implemented aggressive monetary easing policies to combat the economic crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's dramatic reduction of its federal funds rate - from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.05 percent by April - mirrored similar actions taken by central banks globally. While these low rates remained in place throughout 2021, mounting inflationary pressures led to a synchronized tightening cycle beginning in 2022, with central banks pushing rates to multi-year highs. By mid-2024, as inflation moderated across major economies, central banks began implementing their first rate cuts in several years, with the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank all easing monetary policy.

  9. T

    Pakistan Interest Rate

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • jp.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated May 5, 2025
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    TRADING ECONOMICS (2025). Pakistan Interest Rate [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/interest-rate
    Explore at:
    csv, xml, excel, jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    May 5, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Feb 3, 1992 - Jun 16, 2025
    Area covered
    Pakistan
    Description

    The benchmark interest rate in Pakistan was last recorded at 11 percent. This dataset provides - Pakistan Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

  10. ECB fixed interest rate 2008-2025

    • statista.com
    • ai-chatbox.pro
    Updated May 5, 2025
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    Statista (2025). ECB fixed interest rate 2008-2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/621489/fluctuation-of-fixed-rate-interest-rates-ecb/
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    Dataset updated
    May 5, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    Europe
    Description

    In June 2024, the European Central Bank (ECB) began reducing its fixed interest rate for the first time since 2016, implementing a series of cuts. The rate decreased from 4.5 percent to 3.15 percent by year-end: a 0.25 percentage point cut in June, followed by additional reductions in September, October, and December. The central bank implemented other cuts in early 2025, setting the rate at 2.4 percent in April 2025. This marked a significant shift from the previous rate hike cycle, which began in July 2022 when the ECB raised rates to 0.5 percent and subsequently increased them almost monthly, reaching 4.5 percent by December 2023 - the highest level since the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. How does this ensure liquidity? Banks typically hold only a fraction of their capital in cash, measured by metrics like the Tier 1 capital ratio. Since this ratio is low, banks prefer to allocate most of their capital to revenue-generating loans. When their cash reserves fall too low, banks borrow from the ECB to cover short-term liquidity needs. On the other hand, commercial banks can also deposit excess funds with the ECB at a lower interest rate. Reasons for fluctuations
    The ECB’s primary mandate is to maintain price stability. The Euro area inflation rate is, in theory, the key indicator guiding the ECB's actions. When the fixed interest rate is lower, commercial banks are more likely to borrow from the ECB, increasing the money supply and, in turn, driving inflation higher. When inflation rises, the ECB increases the fixed interest rate, which slows borrowing and helps to reduce inflation.

  11. F

    Interest Rates: 3-Month or 90-Day Rates and Yields: Interbank Rates: Total...

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    json
    Updated May 15, 2025
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    (2025). Interest Rates: 3-Month or 90-Day Rates and Yields: Interbank Rates: Total for India [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/INDIR3TIB01STQ
    Explore at:
    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    May 15, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-requiredhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-required

    Area covered
    India
    Description

    Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: 3-Month or 90-Day Rates and Yields: Interbank Rates: Total for India (INDIR3TIB01STQ) from Q1 2012 to Q1 2025 about interbank, India, 3-month, yield, interest rate, interest, and rate.

  12. B

    Benin Real interest rate - data, chart | TheGlobalEconomy.com

    • theglobaleconomy.com
    csv, excel, xml
    Updated Feb 25, 2018
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    Globalen LLC (2018). Benin Real interest rate - data, chart | TheGlobalEconomy.com [Dataset]. www.theglobaleconomy.com/Benin/Real_interest_rate/
    Explore at:
    csv, xml, excelAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Feb 25, 2018
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Globalen LLC
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Dec 31, 2005 - Dec 31, 2021
    Area covered
    Benin
    Description

    Benin: Real interest rate: Bank lending rate minus inflation: The latest value from 2021 is 4.56 percent, an increase from 3.56 percent in 2020. In comparison, the world average is 1.66 percent, based on data from 106 countries. Historically, the average for Benin from 2005 to 2021 is 3.63 percent. The minimum value, -2.47 percent, was reached in 2012 while the maximum of 7.33 percent was recorded in 2017.

  13. Z

    Zimbabwe Real interest rate - data, chart | TheGlobalEconomy.com

    • theglobaleconomy.com
    csv, excel, xml
    Updated Jan 19, 2015
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    Globalen LLC (2015). Zimbabwe Real interest rate - data, chart | TheGlobalEconomy.com [Dataset]. www.theglobaleconomy.com/Zimbabwe/Real_interest_rate/
    Explore at:
    csv, xml, excelAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jan 19, 2015
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Globalen LLC
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Dec 31, 2012 - Dec 31, 2023
    Area covered
    Zimbabwe
    Description

    Zimbabwe: Real interest rate: Bank lending rate minus inflation: The latest value from 2023 is -73.54 percent, a decline from -36.83 percent in 2022. In comparison, the world average is 4.42 percent, based on data from 87 countries. Historically, the average for Zimbabwe from 2012 to 2023 is -26.55 percent. The minimum value, -81.13 percent, was reached in 2020 while the maximum of 8.79 percent was recorded in 2014.

  14. Portugal Long Term Interest Rate

    • ceicdata.com
    • dr.ceicdata.com
    Updated Aug 15, 2019
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    CEICdata.com (2019). Portugal Long Term Interest Rate [Dataset]. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/portugal/long-term-interest-rate
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    Dataset updated
    Aug 15, 2019
    Dataset provided by
    CEIC Data
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Mar 1, 2024 - Feb 1, 2025
    Area covered
    Portugal
    Description

    Key information about Portugal Long Term Interest Rate

    • Portugal Long Term Interest Rate: Month Avg: Portugal: ECB Harmonised was reported at 2.95 % pa in Feb 2025, compared with 2.96 % pa in the previous month.
    • Portugal Long Term Interest Rate data is updated monthly, available from Jul 1993 to Feb 2025.
    • The data reached an all-time high of 13.85 % pa in Jan 2012 and a record low of 0.03 % pa in Jan 2021.
    • Long Term Interest Rate is reported by reported by CEIC Data.

    The data reflects primary market yields.


    Related information about Portugal Long Term Interest Rate
    • In the latest reports, Portugal Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: EURIBOR: 3 Months was reported at -0.57 % pa in Nov 2021.
    • The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Main Refinancing Operations) was set at 2.90 % pa in Feb 2025.
    • Portugal Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.92 (USD/EUR) in Jun 2023.

  15. T

    Australia Interest Rate

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • it.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated Jul 8, 2025
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    TRADING ECONOMICS (2025). Australia Interest Rate [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/interest-rate
    Explore at:
    excel, csv, xml, jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jul 8, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Jan 22, 1990 - Jul 8, 2025
    Area covered
    Australia
    Description

    The benchmark interest rate in Australia was last recorded at 3.85 percent. This dataset provides - Australia Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

  16. Interest rate of the central bank South Korea 2012-2025

    • statista.com
    Updated May 13, 2025
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    Statista (2025). Interest rate of the central bank South Korea 2012-2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1235224/south-korea-central-bank-base-rate/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    May 13, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    Jul 2012 - Feb 2025
    Area covered
    South Korea
    Description

    In Februar 2025, South Korea's central bank reduced the base rate to **** percent. Between May 2020 and January 2023, the rate had seen a continuous increase, impacting especially the housing market during this time.

  17. F

    15-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Average in the United States

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    json
    Updated Jul 10, 2025
    + more versions
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    (2025). 15-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Average in the United States [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MORTGAGE15US
    Explore at:
    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jul 10, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-requiredhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-required

    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Graph and download economic data for 15-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Average in the United States (MORTGAGE15US) from 1991-08-30 to 2025-07-10 about 15-year, fixed, mortgage, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

  18. Average mortgage interest rate in the UK 2010-2024, by quarter

    • statista.com
    Updated Jun 26, 2025
    + more versions
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    Statista (2025). Average mortgage interest rate in the UK 2010-2024, by quarter [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/814493/mortgage-interest-rate-united-kingdom/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Jun 26, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    United Kingdom
    Description

    Mortgage interest rates in the UK were on a downward trend for more than a decade before soaring in 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the average weighted interest rate stood at **** percent — nearly ***** times the interest rate in the fourth quarter of 2021. Mortgage rates also vary depending on the type of mortgage: Historically, fixed rate mortgages with a shorter term had on average lower interest rates. What types of mortgages are there? In terms of the type of interest rate, mortgages can be fixed and variable. A fixed interest rate is simply a mortgage where the rate of repayment is fixed, while a variable rate depends on the lender’s underlying variable interest rate. Furthermore, mortgages could be for a house purchase or for refinancing. The vast majority of mortgages in the UK are fixed rate mortgages for house purchase, and only a small share is for remortgaging. How big is the UK mortgage market? The UK has the largest mortgage market in Europe, amounting to nearly ***billion euros in gross residential mortgage lending as of the second quarter of 2023. When comparing the total outstanding residential mortgage lending, the UK also ranks first with about *** trillion euros.

  19. T

    Tonga Real interest rate - data, chart | TheGlobalEconomy.com

    • theglobaleconomy.com
    csv, excel, xml
    Updated Nov 20, 2016
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    Globalen LLC (2016). Tonga Real interest rate - data, chart | TheGlobalEconomy.com [Dataset]. www.theglobaleconomy.com/Tonga/Real_interest_rate/
    Explore at:
    csv, xml, excelAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Nov 20, 2016
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Globalen LLC
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Dec 31, 2012 - Dec 31, 2023
    Area covered
    Tonga
    Description

    Tonga: Real interest rate: Bank lending rate minus inflation: The latest value from 2023 is 7.76 percent, an increase from 5.66 percent in 2022. In comparison, the world average is 4.42 percent, based on data from 87 countries. Historically, the average for Tonga from 2012 to 2023 is 5.66 percent. The minimum value, 2.18 percent, was reached in 2017 while the maximum of 11.92 percent was recorded in 2013.

  20. F

    Interest Rates: 3-Month or 90-Day Rates and Yields: Interbank Rates: Total...

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    json
    Updated May 15, 2025
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    (2025). Interest Rates: 3-Month or 90-Day Rates and Yields: Interbank Rates: Total for Costa Rica [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CRIIR3TIB01STM
    Explore at:
    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    May 15, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-requiredhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-required

    Description

    Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: 3-Month or 90-Day Rates and Yields: Interbank Rates: Total for Costa Rica (CRIIR3TIB01STM) from Sep 2012 to Apr 2025 about Costa Rica, interbank, 3-month, yield, interest rate, interest, and rate.

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Statista (2025). Monthly bank rate in the UK 2012-2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/889792/united-kingdom-uk-bank-base-rate/
Organization logo

Monthly bank rate in the UK 2012-2025

Explore at:
Dataset updated
Jun 23, 2025
Dataset authored and provided by
Statistahttp://statista.com/
Time period covered
Jan 2012 - Apr 2025
Area covered
United Kingdom
Description

August 2024 marked a significant shift in the UK's monetary policy, as it saw the first reduction in the official bank base interest rate since August 2023. This change came after a period of consistent rate hikes that began in late 2021. In a bid to minimize the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank of England cut the official bank base rate in March 2020 to a record low of *** percent. This historic low came just one week after the Bank of England cut rates from **** percent to **** percent in a bid to prevent mass job cuts in the United Kingdom. It remained at *** percent until December 2021 and was increased to one percent in May 2022 and to **** percent in October 2022. After that, the bank rate increased almost on a monthly basis, reaching **** percent in August 2023. It wasn't until August 2024 that the first rate decrease since the previous year occurred, signaling a potential shift in monetary policy. Why do central banks adjust interest rates? Central banks, including the Bank of England, adjust interest rates to manage economic stability and control inflation. Their strategies involve a delicate balance between two main approaches. When central banks raise interest rates, their goal is to cool down an overheated economy. Higher rates curb excessive spending and borrowing, which helps to prevent runaway inflation. This approach is typically used when the economy is growing too quickly or when inflation is rising above desired levels. Conversely, when central banks lower interest rates, they aim to encourage borrowing and investment. This strategy is employed to stimulate economic growth during periods of slowdown or recession. Lower rates make it cheaper for businesses and individuals to borrow money, which can lead to increased spending and investment. This dual approach allows central banks to maintain a balance between promoting growth and controlling inflation, ensuring long-term economic stability. Additionally, adjusting interest rates can influence currency values, impacting international trade and investment flows, further underscoring their critical role in a nation's economic health. Recent interest rate trends Between 2021 and 2024, most advanced and emerging economies experienced a period of regular interest rate hikes. This trend was driven by several factors, including persistent supply chain disruptions, high energy prices, and robust demand pressures. These elements combined to create significant inflationary trends, prompting central banks to raise rates in an effort to temper spending and borrowing. However, in 2024, a shift began to occur in global monetary policy. The European Central Bank (ECB) was among the first major central banks to reverse this trend by cutting interest rates. This move signaled a change in approach aimed at addressing growing economic slowdowns and supporting growth.

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