AL refers to the axial length, CCT to the central corneal thickness, ACD to the external phakic anterior chamber depth measured from the corneal front apex to the front apex of the crystalline lens, LT to the central thickness of the crystalline lens, R1 and R2 to the corneal radii of curvature for the flat and steep meridians, Rmean to the average of R1 and R2, PIOL to the refractive power of the intraocular lens implant, and SEQ to the spherical equivalent power achieved 5 to 12 weeks after cataract surgery.

Tracks the daily sea ice extent for the Arctic Circle and Antarctica using the NSIDC's Sea Ice Index dataset, as well as pre-calculating several useful measures: historical inter-quartile range across the year, the previous lowest year and the previous year.

Abbreviations: GFR, glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range.Performance of bias, precision and accuracy between measured GFR and estimated GFR in the validation data set.

WHO age-standardized and age-specific multimorbidity and dual long-term conditions combinations prevalence estimates: Malawi, The Gambia and Uganda.

SD refers to the standard deviation, 2.5% quantile and 97.5% quantile to the lower and upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval, and IQR to the interquartile range as the difference between the 75% and the 25% quantile. Formula constant optimisation was performed to minimise the sum of squared prediction errors PE. Situation A) refers to the ‘classical’ formulae with standard nK/nC values, with situation B) the formula constants and nK/nC in the main part of the formula were varied for optimisation, with situation C) the formula constants and nK/nC in the main part of the formula were varied to minimise for PE and the PE trend error over corneal radius, and with situation D) a standard optimisation was performed using the nK/nC value from situation B) derived from the other dataset in terms of a cross-validation.

Baseline lifestyle factor prevalence estimates: Malawi and Uganda.

WHO age-standardized prevalence estimates for single long-term conditions: Malawi, The Gambia and Uganda.

Predicted energy needs are calculated as 110% of Harris-Benedict formula.* Nutritional Risk Screening-2002 score is calculated in 1091 patients.† ‘IQR’ is the interquartile range of the median.‡Energy intake is available in 1024 patients.Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS)-2002 score and measured energy intake, according to the presence or absence of healthcare-associated infections (HCAI).

Estimates of the association between sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and multimorbidity: Malawi, The Gambia and Uganda.

Results of current and previous ultrasound studies describing the cross-sectional area of the vagus nerve in healthy individuals.

Baseline socio-demographic factor prevalence estimates: Malawi, The Gambia and Uganda.

Count of individuals estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) category by eGFR formula.

ObjectivesAlthough the vagus nerve (VN) is easily observed by ultrasonography, few studies have evaluated the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the VN in healthy older individuals from East Asia. In this study, we aimed to report reference values for the CSA of the VN in community-dwelling elderly Japanese individuals and to identify any associated medical history and/or lifestyle factors.MethodsThe present study included 336 participants aged ≥ 70 years from a prospective cohort study conducted in Yahaba, Japan from October 2021 to February 2022. The CSA of the VN was measured bilaterally at the level of the thyroid gland by ultrasonography. Simple linear regression analysis and generalized estimating equation were conducted to identify the associations between clinical and background factors and the CSA of the VN.ResultsIn our cohort, the median CSA of the VN was 1.3 mm2 (interquartile range [IQR] 1.1–1.6) on the right side and 1.2 mm2 (IQR 1.0–1.4) on the left side. Generalized estimating equation showed that history of head injury (β = 0.19, p < .01), current smoking habit (β = -0.09, p = .03), and BMI (β = 0.02, p < .01) were independently associated with the CSA of the VN.ConclusionWe have reported reference VN CSA values for community-dwelling elderly Japanese individuals. In addition, we showed that the CSA of the VN was positively associated with a history of head injury and BMI and inversely associated with current smoking habit.

Multivariable linear regression analysis of variables associated with vagus nerve cross-sectional area.

Demographic and clinical data: Proportion/median and percentage/interquartile range [IQIR].

SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; PIGD: postural-instability-gait-difficulty; FOSS: freezing-speech-swallowing1 Score A is the sum of UPDRS-Part III items concerning facial expression, tremor, rigidity, and Bradykinesia which are considered relatively L-dopa responsive2 Score B is the sum of UPDRS-Part III items concerning speech and axial impairment (arising from chair, posture, postural stability, gait) which are considered relatively L-dopa non-responsive.Baseline and clinical characteristics of the Parkinson’s disease patients (n = 157).