** Rural Community Investment Areas are not included in the Regional Growth Framework, and are not part of Plan Bay Area **Rural Community Investment Areas (RCIAs) are rural planning areas that arose during the Sustainable Communities Strategy process. They represent areas designated by local jurisdictions where new growth is expected to occur. While RCIAs were not included in Plan Bay Area as priority locations for new development, they will be an important part of creating a long-term sustainable regional growth pattern.RCIAs are not anticipated to achieve the same housing densities or levels of job growth as Priority Development Areas (PDAs), but complement PDAs by focusing the limited future development of rural communities within the urban footprint.

Supporting Data of "Web of Common Prosperity: How Peer Effects Shaped Rural Households' Risk Assets Investment Behavior in China"

CN: FAI: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development: Fujian data was reported at 551,540.000 RMB mn in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 602,680.290 RMB mn for 2020. CN: FAI: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development: Fujian data is updated yearly, averaging 41,992.785 RMB mn from Dec 1986 (Median) to 2021, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 602,680.290 RMB mn in 2020 and a record low of 325.000 RMB mn in 1987. CN: FAI: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development: Fujian data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OD: Fixed Asset Investment: Annual: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development.

CN: FAI: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development: Hebei data was reported at 498,300.000 RMB mn in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 460,113.460 RMB mn for 2020. CN: FAI: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development: Hebei data is updated yearly, averaging 28,358.370 RMB mn from Dec 1986 (Median) to 2021, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 498,300.000 RMB mn in 2021 and a record low of 163.000 RMB mn in 1986. CN: FAI: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development: Hebei data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OD: Fixed Asset Investment: Annual: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development.

BackgroundSince the reform and opening up, China’s urban and rural economic development has exhibited characteristics of imbalance, with the urban-rural income gap being the largest and most noticeable issue facing China’s socio-economic landscape. Alleviating and effectively resolving the urban-rural income disparity is crucial for achieving overall common prosperity. Therefore, this study provides insights for strategically narrowing the urban-rural income gap from the perspective of higher education investment.MethodsWe employ a panel fixed effects model to examine the basic regression, heterogeneity, mediating effects, and threshold effects. Simultaneously, we address the endogeneity issues in basic regression and mediating effects using the instrumental variable method. Additionally, we adopt the substitution of variables to ensure the robustness of the results.ResultsThis paper selects panel data from China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones from 2003 to 2021 for analysis. The findings reveal that, overall, higher education investment in China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones can narrow the urban-rural income gap. Specifically, higher education investment in 50% of these comprehensive economic zones—namely, the Northern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Eastern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Northeast Comprehensive Economic Zone, and Middle Yangtze River Comprehensive Economic Zone—can reduce the urban-rural income disparity. Conversely, higher education investment in the Middle Yellow River Comprehensive Economic Zone, Southern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Greater Southwest Comprehensive Economic Zone, and Greater Northwest Comprehensive Economic Zone has widened the urban-rural income gap. Additionally, higher education investment can affect the urban-rural income disparity through technological innovation. Overall, the impact of higher education investment on the urban-rural income gap in China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones is also influenced by the level of economic development, exhibiting an “inverted U-shaped” characteristic. This nonlinear impact varies across regions.ConclusionsIn conclusion, to narrow the urban-rural income gap across China’s eight major integrated economic zones, it is necessary to improve the mechanism for higher education investment in these zones. Strategies should be based on regional differences, tailored to local conditions, and implemented with a differentiated and precise approach to higher education development across regions. Emphasis should also be placed on the research and application of innovative technologies to achieve deep integration between urban and rural areas within China’s eight major integrated economic zones.

BackgroundSince the reform and opening up, China’s urban and rural economic development has exhibited characteristics of imbalance, with the urban-rural income gap being the largest and most noticeable issue facing China’s socio-economic landscape. Alleviating and effectively resolving the urban-rural income disparity is crucial for achieving overall common prosperity. Therefore, this study provides insights for strategically narrowing the urban-rural income gap from the perspective of higher education investment.MethodsWe employ a panel fixed effects model to examine the basic regression, heterogeneity, mediating effects, and threshold effects. Simultaneously, we address the endogeneity issues in basic regression and mediating effects using the instrumental variable method. Additionally, we adopt the substitution of variables to ensure the robustness of the results.ResultsThis paper selects panel data from China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones from 2003 to 2021 for analysis. The findings reveal that, overall, higher education investment in China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones can narrow the urban-rural income gap. Specifically, higher education investment in 50% of these comprehensive economic zones—namely, the Northern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Eastern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Northeast Comprehensive Economic Zone, and Middle Yangtze River Comprehensive Economic Zone—can reduce the urban-rural income disparity. Conversely, higher education investment in the Middle Yellow River Comprehensive Economic Zone, Southern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Greater Southwest Comprehensive Economic Zone, and Greater Northwest Comprehensive Economic Zone has widened the urban-rural income gap. Additionally, higher education investment can affect the urban-rural income disparity through technological innovation. Overall, the impact of higher education investment on the urban-rural income gap in China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones is also influenced by the level of economic development, exhibiting an “inverted U-shaped” characteristic. This nonlinear impact varies across regions.ConclusionsIn conclusion, to narrow the urban-rural income gap across China’s eight major integrated economic zones, it is necessary to improve the mechanism for higher education investment in these zones. Strategies should be based on regional differences, tailored to local conditions, and implemented with a differentiated and precise approach to higher education development across regions. Emphasis should also be placed on the research and application of innovative technologies to achieve deep integration between urban and rural areas within China’s eight major integrated economic zones.

BackgroundSince the reform and opening up, China’s urban and rural economic development has exhibited characteristics of imbalance, with the urban-rural income gap being the largest and most noticeable issue facing China’s socio-economic landscape. Alleviating and effectively resolving the urban-rural income disparity is crucial for achieving overall common prosperity. Therefore, this study provides insights for strategically narrowing the urban-rural income gap from the perspective of higher education investment.MethodsWe employ a panel fixed effects model to examine the basic regression, heterogeneity, mediating effects, and threshold effects. Simultaneously, we address the endogeneity issues in basic regression and mediating effects using the instrumental variable method. Additionally, we adopt the substitution of variables to ensure the robustness of the results.ResultsThis paper selects panel data from China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones from 2003 to 2021 for analysis. The findings reveal that, overall, higher education investment in China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones can narrow the urban-rural income gap. Specifically, higher education investment in 50% of these comprehensive economic zones—namely, the Northern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Eastern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Northeast Comprehensive Economic Zone, and Middle Yangtze River Comprehensive Economic Zone—can reduce the urban-rural income disparity. Conversely, higher education investment in the Middle Yellow River Comprehensive Economic Zone, Southern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Greater Southwest Comprehensive Economic Zone, and Greater Northwest Comprehensive Economic Zone has widened the urban-rural income gap. Additionally, higher education investment can affect the urban-rural income disparity through technological innovation. Overall, the impact of higher education investment on the urban-rural income gap in China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones is also influenced by the level of economic development, exhibiting an “inverted U-shaped” characteristic. This nonlinear impact varies across regions.ConclusionsIn conclusion, to narrow the urban-rural income gap across China’s eight major integrated economic zones, it is necessary to improve the mechanism for higher education investment in these zones. Strategies should be based on regional differences, tailored to local conditions, and implemented with a differentiated and precise approach to higher education development across regions. Emphasis should also be placed on the research and application of innovative technologies to achieve deep integration between urban and rural areas within China’s eight major integrated economic zones.

FAI: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development: Jilin data was reported at 101,480.000 RMB mn in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 146,077.610 RMB mn for 2020. FAI: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development: Jilin data is updated yearly, averaging 14,958.470 RMB mn from Dec 1986 (Median) to 2021, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 146,077.610 RMB mn in 2020 and a record low of 157.000 RMB mn in 1986. FAI: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development: Jilin data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OD: Fixed Asset Investment: Annual: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development.

Overview
Research, development and extension (RD&E) is central to the competitiveness of Australia's agriculture industry. Growth in investment pushed the value of RD&E funding in Australia to $3.3 billion in 2014-15. Funding for rural R&D increased from $2.6 billion ten years before, in real terms. This includes public and private investment related to primary production, sustainable resource use, agricultural inputs and the processing sector.

Key Issues Public sector delivering the R&D building blocks

• The public sector remains the largest overall source of rural R&D funding. Public funding for rural R&D increased from $1.4 billion to $1.54 billion (in real terms). This growth was driven by growth in funding from the Australian Government and universities, which offset a decline in funding from the state and territory governments. The public sector plays an important role in funding R&D particularly longer-term fundamental research.

Private sector funding boosting R&D investment

• The private sector funding grew strongly over the ten years examined and now plays a greater role in funding rural R&D. Total private R&D funding increased from $912 million in 2005-06 to $1.46 billion in 2014-15 in real terms. Greater private funding stemmed from private firms increasing investment in their own R&D, with slower growth in contributions to the rural Research and Development Corporations (RDCs).

Based on recent trends in Australia and internationally, the private sector has the potential to play a greater role in Australian R&D investment. The private sector concentres on marketable technologies like those related to seeds or chemicals that are more likely to generate additional profits. However, growth in private sector investment is not guaranteed and will depend on both the expected return on R&D investment and the international competitiveness of our R&D providers.

Extending the ideas

• Getting innovations out of the laboratory and in to the field and factory is also essential to lift producer efficiency. Total rural extension funding is estimated at $316 million in 2014-15. Just under half of this funding was provided by the private sector through farm advisors to boost farm profitability.

Overview Research, development and extension (RD&E) is central to the competitiveness of Australia's agriculture industry. Growth in investment pushed the value of RD&E funding in Australia to $3.3 …Show full descriptionOverview Research, development and extension (RD&E) is central to the competitiveness of Australia's agriculture industry. Growth in investment pushed the value of RD&E funding in Australia to $3.3 billion in 2014-15. Funding for rural R&D increased from $2.6 billion ten years before, in real terms. This includes public and private investment related to primary production, sustainable resource use, agricultural inputs and the processing sector. Key Issues Public sector delivering the R&D building blocks • The public sector remains the largest overall source of rural R&D funding. Public funding for rural R&D increased from $1.4 billion to $1.54 billion (in real terms). This growth was driven by growth in funding from the Australian Government and universities, which offset a decline in funding from the state and territory governments. The public sector plays an important role in funding R&D particularly longer-term fundamental research. Private sector funding boosting R&D investment • The private sector funding grew strongly over the ten years examined and now plays a greater role in funding rural R&D. Total private R&D funding increased from $912 million in 2005-06 to $1.46 billion in 2014-15 in real terms. Greater private funding stemmed from private firms increasing investment in their own R&D, with slower growth in contributions to the rural Research and Development Corporations (RDCs). Based on recent trends in Australia and internationally, the private sector has the potential to play a greater role in Australian R&D investment. The private sector concentres on marketable technologies like those related to seeds or chemicals that are more likely to generate additional profits. However, growth in private sector investment is not guaranteed and will depend on both the expected return on R&D investment and the international competitiveness of our R&D providers. Extending the ideas • Getting innovations out of the laboratory and in to the field and factory is also essential to lift producer efficiency. Total rural extension funding is estimated at $316 million in 2014-15. Just under half of this funding was provided by the private sector through farm advisors to boost farm profitability.

Information shall be provided on the investments made by the applicants in the measure “Support for small farms (additional financing)”.

Recognizing that many small, rural downtown areas have experienced varying levels of economic distress, DCA worked with the Georgia General Assembly to secure passage of a bill calling for the development of “Rural Zones.” The establishment of up to 10 zones per year will enable businesses and investors to obtain tax credits for qualified activities occurring within designated Rural Zones. DCA, in partnership with the Georgia Department of Economic Development, will receive applications and designate zones each year to provide an incentive for job creation and private investment in the designated locations.Rural Zones informationThis designation shall last for five consecutive years upon approval of the Commissioners.This layer is used in map(s): Federal Opportunity Zones and Job Tax Credit Incentives

BackgroundSince the reform and opening up, China’s urban and rural economic development has exhibited characteristics of imbalance, with the urban-rural income gap being the largest and most noticeable issue facing China’s socio-economic landscape. Alleviating and effectively resolving the urban-rural income disparity is crucial for achieving overall common prosperity. Therefore, this study provides insights for strategically narrowing the urban-rural income gap from the perspective of higher education investment.MethodsWe employ a panel fixed effects model to examine the basic regression, heterogeneity, mediating effects, and threshold effects. Simultaneously, we address the endogeneity issues in basic regression and mediating effects using the instrumental variable method. Additionally, we adopt the substitution of variables to ensure the robustness of the results.ResultsThis paper selects panel data from China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones from 2003 to 2021 for analysis. The findings reveal that, overall, higher education investment in China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones can narrow the urban-rural income gap. Specifically, higher education investment in 50% of these comprehensive economic zones—namely, the Northern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Eastern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Northeast Comprehensive Economic Zone, and Middle Yangtze River Comprehensive Economic Zone—can reduce the urban-rural income disparity. Conversely, higher education investment in the Middle Yellow River Comprehensive Economic Zone, Southern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Greater Southwest Comprehensive Economic Zone, and Greater Northwest Comprehensive Economic Zone has widened the urban-rural income gap. Additionally, higher education investment can affect the urban-rural income disparity through technological innovation. Overall, the impact of higher education investment on the urban-rural income gap in China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones is also influenced by the level of economic development, exhibiting an “inverted U-shaped” characteristic. This nonlinear impact varies across regions.ConclusionsIn conclusion, to narrow the urban-rural income gap across China’s eight major integrated economic zones, it is necessary to improve the mechanism for higher education investment in these zones. Strategies should be based on regional differences, tailored to local conditions, and implemented with a differentiated and precise approach to higher education development across regions. Emphasis should also be placed on the research and application of innovative technologies to achieve deep integration between urban and rural areas within China’s eight major integrated economic zones.

The main areas covered in the current Poverty and GenderAssessment (PGA) are rural incomes, with a focus onagriculture; vulnerability to poverty; and gender disparities.The selection of these three topics is motivated by thefact that (1) agriculture is an important source of incomegeneration for most Togolese rural households, especiallythe poor and, as a result, it is important to understandfactors that constrain rural income growth; (2) a largeshare of the population is vulnerable to poverty, making itcrucial to understand the sources of such a vulnerability;and (3) persistent gender inequalities are likely to beexacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, so focusing ongender can unlock an important source of income gainswhile promoting gender equality.

Rural Activities Market Outlook

The global rural activities market size was valued at approximately USD 1.5 trillion in 2023 and is projected to reach nearly USD 2.1 trillion by 2032, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.8% during the forecast period. This market’s growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices and advancements in rural technology. The shift towards more efficient and effective rural activity techniques is increasingly supported by both governmental policies and private sector investments, which aim to enhance productivity and sustainability in rural areas worldwide.

One of the critical growth factors in the rural activities market is the rising global population, which directly increases the demand for agricultural products. As urban areas expand and food consumption patterns evolve, there is a pressing need for rural activities to become more productive and sustainable. Advancements in technology, including precision agriculture and smart farming, have been pivotal in transforming traditional methods into more modern approaches that improve yield and resource management. Additionally, government initiatives focused on rural development and financial support for farmers are significantly contributing to market growth by providing essential resources and knowledge needed to modernize agricultural practices.

Technological advancements play a central role in the growth of the rural activities market. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and data analytics into rural activities has resulted in more streamlined operations, reduced waste, and better resource management. These technologies facilitate real-time monitoring and data collection, enabling farmers and agribusinesses to make data-driven decisions that enhance productivity and efficiency. Furthermore, the development of advanced machinery and vehicles tailored for rural activities has accelerated operational efficiency, reducing manual labor and increasing output, thus fueling market expansion.

Another significant growth driver is the increasing awareness and implementation of sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. With growing concerns about climate change and environmental degradation, there is a notable shift towards practices that minimize ecological impact. Organic farming, agroforestry, and sustainable fishing and hunting practices are gaining traction, fueled by consumer demand for ethically sourced products and stricter environmental regulations. This trend not only supports biodiversity and ecosystem health but also opens new market opportunities for producers who adapt to these sustainable practices.

Regionally, Asia Pacific dominates the rural activities market, driven by its vast agricultural base and significant rural population, contributing over 40% to the global market share. The region's growth is bolstered by rapid economic development, increasing adoption of modern agricultural technologies, and substantial government investment in rural infrastructure and education. Moreover, North America and Europe are witnessing a steady increase in sustainable farming practices, driven by progressive environmental policies and a growing consumer preference for organic and locally sourced products. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also experiencing growth, albeit at a slower pace, as they gradually integrate modern technologies and practices into their traditional rural activities.

Activity Type Analysis

The rural activities market is broadly categorized into agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting, each with its unique characteristics and growth dynamics. Agriculture, being the cornerstone of rural activities, constitutes the largest segment. The adoption of smart farming practices, such as precision agriculture and automated machinery, has revolutionized the agriculture landscape. These innovative techniques enhance crop yield, optimize resource use, and reduce environmental impact, which are crucial for meeting the growing food demand. Furthermore, government subsidies and financial assistance for farmers adopting modern agricultural technologies further stimulate growth in this segment.

Forestry activities, another vital component of the rural activities market, focus on timber production, conservation, and sustainable forest management. With increasing environmental awareness, there is a significant shift towards sustainable forestry practices that aim to balance ecological conservation with economic benefits. Certification schemes

Provides an overview of the Community Economic Development Corporation (CEDC) tax credit program, which offers a 30 per cent tax credit to eligible investors investing in CEDCs. Eligible investors purchase shares in registered CEDCs and in turn CEDCs provide equity capital to small Alberta businesses and co-operatives engaged in rural economic development or the improvement of a social challenge.

FAI: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development: Ningxia data was reported at 41,990.000 RMB mn in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 43,327.330 RMB mn for 2020. FAI: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development: Ningxia data is updated yearly, averaging 6,719.000 RMB mn from Dec 1987 (Median) to 2021, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 72,816.470 RMB mn in 2016 and a record low of 11.000 RMB mn in 1987. FAI: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development: Ningxia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OD: Fixed Asset Investment: Annual: excl Rural Household: Real Estate Development.

Explore the progression of average salaries for graduates in Rural Development from 2020 to 2023 through this detailed chart. It compares these figures against the national average for all graduates, offering a comprehensive look at the earning potential of Rural Development relative to other fields. This data is essential for students assessing the return on investment of their education in Rural Development, providing a clear picture of financial prospects post-graduation.

The data and programs replicate tables and figures from "Long-Range Growth: Economic Development in the Global Network of Air Links", by Campante and Yanagizawa-Drott. Please see the Readme file for additional details.

BackgroundSince the reform and opening up, China’s urban and rural economic development has exhibited characteristics of imbalance, with the urban-rural income gap being the largest and most noticeable issue facing China’s socio-economic landscape. Alleviating and effectively resolving the urban-rural income disparity is crucial for achieving overall common prosperity. Therefore, this study provides insights for strategically narrowing the urban-rural income gap from the perspective of higher education investment.MethodsWe employ a panel fixed effects model to examine the basic regression, heterogeneity, mediating effects, and threshold effects. Simultaneously, we address the endogeneity issues in basic regression and mediating effects using the instrumental variable method. Additionally, we adopt the substitution of variables to ensure the robustness of the results.ResultsThis paper selects panel data from China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones from 2003 to 2021 for analysis. The findings reveal that, overall, higher education investment in China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones can narrow the urban-rural income gap. Specifically, higher education investment in 50% of these comprehensive economic zones—namely, the Northern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Eastern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Northeast Comprehensive Economic Zone, and Middle Yangtze River Comprehensive Economic Zone—can reduce the urban-rural income disparity. Conversely, higher education investment in the Middle Yellow River Comprehensive Economic Zone, Southern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, Greater Southwest Comprehensive Economic Zone, and Greater Northwest Comprehensive Economic Zone has widened the urban-rural income gap. Additionally, higher education investment can affect the urban-rural income disparity through technological innovation. Overall, the impact of higher education investment on the urban-rural income gap in China’s eight major comprehensive economic zones is also influenced by the level of economic development, exhibiting an “inverted U-shaped” characteristic. This nonlinear impact varies across regions.ConclusionsIn conclusion, to narrow the urban-rural income gap across China’s eight major integrated economic zones, it is necessary to improve the mechanism for higher education investment in these zones. Strategies should be based on regional differences, tailored to local conditions, and implemented with a differentiated and precise approach to higher education development across regions. Emphasis should also be placed on the research and application of innovative technologies to achieve deep integration between urban and rural areas within China’s eight major integrated economic zones.