The Stockholm data center market, exhibiting a robust CAGR of 6.29%, presents a compelling investment opportunity. Driven by increasing digitalization across sectors like cloud computing, BFSI, and media & entertainment, demand for colocation services is surging. The market is segmented by DC size (small to mega), tier type (Tier 1 & 2 through Tier 4), and absorption (utilized – encompassing retail, wholesale, and hyperscale colocation for various end-users – and non-utilized). Key players like Equinix, Interxion (Digital Realty Trust), and Bahnhof AB are vying for market share, reflecting the intense competition and high growth potential. The substantial presence of established hyperscale operators points to a mature market with significant ongoing investment in infrastructure. The Nordic region's strong digital infrastructure and favorable regulatory environment further contribute to Stockholm's attractiveness as a data center hub. Future growth will likely be fueled by the expansion of 5G networks, the increasing adoption of edge computing, and the continued migration to cloud-based services. While specific market size figures for 2025 are not provided, based on the 6.29% CAGR and assuming a reasonable starting point in 2019, we can project a substantial market value in 2025, exceeding several hundred million USD. This growth trajectory is expected to continue throughout the forecast period (2025-2033), leading to a significant expansion of the overall market. The regional distribution will likely see continued strength in the European market, with the Nordics acting as a key driver. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of global giants and local providers. The market's segmentation by utilization highlights the diverse range of services offered, from retail colocation to large-scale hyperscale deployments. Further analysis would require data on specific market sizes for each segment, but based on industry trends, we can anticipate higher growth in the hyperscale and wholesale segments due to the increasing demand for larger capacity solutions. The non-utilized capacity signifies future expansion possibilities and potential for further market growth as demand increases. The ongoing investment in renewable energy sources in the region may also drive growth, further solidifying Stockholm's position as a sustainable and attractive data center location. Factors like energy costs, government regulations, and skilled labor availability will all play a crucial role in shaping the market's future trajectory. Recent developments include: April 2023: Conapto, a Nordic data center operator, has secured over USD 40 million in debt funding to help it grow its footprint in Sweden. Conapto, a Swedish data center provider, is adding an extra 20 MW of electricity capacity after getting SEK 400 million in debt financing from Kommunalkredit Austria AG, according to investment firm Marguerite. According to Marguerite, the investment will finance the first phase of a new 8,000-square-meter data center in Stockholm, Sweden, which will be connected to the district heating network to recover excess heat from its operations., March 2023: Bahnhof, a Swedish data center operator, intends to construct a nuclear reactor to power a new data center. The company, best known for its Pionen facility, which is designed to look like a James Bond villain's lair, is putting together plans for a small modular reactor (SMR) on an industrial site in Stockholm's Hjorthagen neighborhood, which would provide electrical power for a new data center as well as 30,000 households, as well as heat for homes and offices.. Notable trends are: Tier 4 is Expected to Hold Significant Share of the Market.

Sweden Index: SSE: Financials: Real Estate: Investment and Services data was reported at 2,366.230 30Jun2011=1000 in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,358.500 30Jun2011=1000 for May 2018. Sweden Index: SSE: Financials: Real Estate: Investment and Services data is updated monthly, averaging 833.445 30Jun2011=1000 from Jan 2000 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 222 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,366.360 30Jun2011=1000 in May 2017 and a record low of 228.750 30Jun2011=1000 in Jan 2000. Sweden Index: SSE: Financials: Real Estate: Investment and Services data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Stockholm Stock Exchange. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.Z001: OMX Stockholm Stock Exchange: Index.

The Swedish data center market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing digitalization, the expansion of cloud services, and a burgeoning e-commerce sector. Stockholm, as a major Nordic hub, accounts for a significant portion of this market, benefiting from its advanced digital infrastructure, skilled workforce, and strong connectivity. The market is segmented by data center size (large, massive, medium, mega, small), tier type (Tier 1 & 2, Tier 3, Tier 4), and colocation type (hyperscale, retail, wholesale), reflecting the diverse needs of various businesses. Key players like Bahnhof, Equinix, and Interxion are actively shaping the market landscape, investing in new facilities and expanding their capacity to meet the growing demand. The market's growth is also fueled by government initiatives promoting digital transformation and the increasing adoption of edge computing to reduce latency and enhance application performance. Challenges include securing sustainable energy sources to power data centers and navigating strict data privacy regulations. Looking ahead, the forecast period (2025-2033) projects continued expansion, although the precise CAGR needs further specification. However, considering global trends and the strong drivers in Sweden, a conservative estimate would place the CAGR in the mid-single digits to low double digits. This growth will likely be concentrated in segments such as hyperscale colocation, driven by the increasing demand for cloud services and the establishment of new hyperscale data centers in strategically located areas like Stockholm. The market will continue to see consolidation as larger players acquire smaller providers to gain market share and expand their service offerings. Investment in advanced technologies, such as AI-powered cooling systems and renewable energy sources, will be crucial for long-term sustainability and competitiveness within this dynamic market. Recent developments include: October 2022: Conapto and the real estate firm Fastpartner have signed an agreement to construct a 10,000-square-meter data center building in southern Stockholm. This land can accommodate an 8000 square meter data center and 20 MW of power when fully built.February 2022: To complete the data center's power supply, EcoDataCenter invested about SEK 50 million(4.79 USD million) in a collaborative initiative with Ellevio and Falu Energi & Vatten. The facility's growth to its maximum capacity is made possible by secure access to 80 MW of renewable electricity.March 2021: EcoDataCenter plans to construct a second data center at its location in Falun, Sweden. The Swedish data center company revealed that it would spend SEK 1 billion (USD 102 million) on a new 15MW facility.. Notable trends are: OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.

Comprehensive Airbnb dataset for Stockholm, Sweden providing detailed vacation rental analytics including property listings, pricing trends, host information, review sentiment analysis, and occupancy rates for short-term rental market intelligence and investment research.

This statistic illustrates the investment volume in the commercial property market in Stockholm, Sweden, from 2013 to 2019. It can be seen that between 2013 and 2014 the investment volume increased by more than 2.7 billion euros, to a total of almost 7.1 billion euros in 2014. In 2019 the investment volume in the commercial property market in Stockholm amounted to nearly 6 billion euros.

The volume of fintech investment in Sweden increased steadily since between 2019 and 2021 but dropped sharply in 2022.In 2021, a total of **** billion euros were invested into fintech firms in Sweden. Stockholm-based companies accounted for most of the funding, with investments amounting to **** billion euros. In 2022, fintech investment value in Sweden dropped to **** billion euros, with **** euros invested in Stockholm-based companies.

Stock market return (%, year-on-year) in Sweden was reported at 29.59 % in 2021, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Sweden - Stock market return (%, year-on-year) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on August of 2025.

Exaggerated and conspicuous sexually selected traits are often costly to produce and maintain. Costly traits are expected to show resource-dependent expression, since limited resources prevent animals from investing maximally in multiple traits simultaneously. However, there may be critical periods during an individual’s life where the expression of traits is altered if resources are limited. Moreover, costly sexual traits may arise from sexual selection acting both before (pre-copulatory) and after mating (post-copulatory). Gaining a robust understanding of resource-dependent trait expression therefore requires an approach that examines both episodes of sexual selection following resource limitation during different times in an individual’s life. Yet few studies have taken such an approach. Here, we examine how resource restriction influences a set of pre- and post-copulatory traits in male pygmy halfbeaks (Dermogenys collettei), which invest in sexual ornaments and routinely engage in male-male contests and sperm competition. Critically, we examined responses in males when resources were restricted during development and after reaching sexual maturity. Both pre- and post-copulatory traits are resource-dependent in male halfbeaks. Body size, beak size, courtship behavior, and testes size were reduced by diet restriction, while, unexpectedly, the restricted-diet group had a larger area of red color on the beak and fins after diet treatment. These patterns were generally consistent when resources were restricted during development and after reaching sexual maturity. The study reinforces the role of resource acquisition in maintaining variation among sexual traits. Methods Study population and housing conditions Experimental fish were generated from F1 and F2 descendants of wild-caught halfbeaks collected from Sungai Tebrau, Malaysia, that were bred in an aquarium facility at Stockholm University, Sweden. The adult fish, which live for up to ~3 years in captivity (personal observation), used to produce the experimental subjects were kept in mixed-sex groups in 160 L aquaria containing ~2 cm of gravel, aeration, and live and artificial plants. Fish were maintained on a 12:12 light:dark cycle at ~26˚C. Offspring were collected either from mixed-sex groups or individually housed gravid females (females were separated from offspring shortly after birth to prevent infanticide) and then used in one of the two diet manipulation experiments described below. The two experiments were performed consecutively over the course of 6 months in 2019 and 8 months in 2020, respectively. Experiments were approved by Stockholm Animal Research Ethical Board (permit number 2393-2018 and 3967-2020).

Experiment 1: Adult diet experiment In this experiment, halfbeaks were reared on different experimental diets treatments after reaching sexual maturity (henceforth called the adult diet experiment). Offspring were reared until sexual maturity under standard laboratory conditions (see above). Following birth, up to five offspring (~3-5 mm in length) were housed together in 4 L tanks for up to two months, during which they are fed exclusively live Artemia salina nauplii (henceforth referred to as artemia) twice per day. 20-30 fry from different 4 L tanks that were born within the same calendar month were then moved to 72 L tanks until the onset of sexual maturity. During this period of development, juveniles were fed ad libitum with a mixture of ground flake food and freeze-dried artemia twice per day, 6 days per week. In addition, previously frozen and thawed Drosophila melanogaster and live artemia were fed to fish once and 3-4 times per week, respectively. At the onset of sexual maturity (~2 months of age), males were identified by the developing of the modified anal fin (the andropodium) used for copulation (Meisner and Burns, 1997). Following identification, males were removed from the 72 L tanks and reared in male-only tanks (55 or 160L, 15-30 males per tank) until ~3–4.5 months of age (ensuring sexual maturity) when they were allocated to an experimental diet treatment.

To experimentally manipulate adult diets, sexually mature males (n=70) were taken from male-only tanks at age ~3–4.5 months and placed in individual 4 L tanks (25 x 16 x 12 cm) containing ~2 cm of gravel, four floating plastic plants, 2-3 snails and constant aeration. A floating circular feeding arena (a hollow plastic tube) was placed in the center of the tank. The feeding arena was used to ensure that fish could easily find and access the food. Fish were allocated to one of two experimental diet treatments: a high or restricted quantity diet. There was no difference in body size between groups prior to diet treatment (linear model; F=0.11, df=1, p=0.74). Of the original sample size of 70 males, 4 died during diet treatment (2 from high diet and 2 from restricted diet treatment), reducing the final sample size to 66 males (33 in each treatment). In the adult high-diet treatment (n=33), each week males were fed six fruit flies (D. melanogaster) per day (3 in the morning, 3 in the afternoon) for five days and 3 flies per day for two days (total per week: 36 flies). In the adult restricted-diet treatment (n=33), each week males were fed one fruit fly per day for 5 days and 2 flies per day for two days (total per week: 9 flies). We used only fruit flies to manipulate adult diets because they present a simple way to control food quantity. Males were maintained on these diet treatments for 28-31 days. Note that assays were initiated around day 21 of the diet treatment and continued until termination at day 28-31. In all tanks, approximately 10% of the water was changed three times per week, using a flow through system to minimize disturbance. The adult diet experiment was performed in 4 blocks (n=16-18 males per block, equalized between treatment groups).

Assays (described below) were performed in the following order, each separated by 1-3 days: female mate choice assay, courtship assay, competition assay, morphological and post-copulatory measurements (lateral pictures for body length, beak length, and coloration traits, body mass measurement, sperm assays, and testes mass measurement).

Experiment 2: Developmental diet experiment In this experiment, halfbeaks were reared on different experimental diets treatments until reaching sexual maturity (henceforth called the developmental diet experiment). New-born fish (n=111 fry < 3 days old, unsexed, i.e., a mix of males and females) were collected from stock tanks and placed in 4 L experimental tanks. For the first 28 days of the experiment, juveniles were kept in groups of 2-4 individuals and fed an ad libitum diet of live artemia twice per day. This initial ad libitum diet stage was done to minimize juvenile mortality, which is greatest during the first month after birth. After these initial 28 days, juveniles were placed in individual 4L tanks containing 2 cm of gravel, plastic plants, 2-3 snails and constant aeration. Juveniles do not eat D. melanogaster and were therefore maintained on a diet of live artemia. Juveniles were allocated to either a high or restricted-diet treatment. In the developmental high-diet treatment, fish were fed 3 ml of the solution obtained from 6 ml artemia cysts hatched in 1200 ml water solution twice per day for 6 days each week (12 x 3 ml feedings per week). Fish in the restricted-diet treatment were fed increasing amounts of food as they grew following the initial 28 days of ad libitum feeding to account for increases in fish size throughout the experiment. The same concentration of artemia was used throughout the experiment. During the first, second, and third month of the diet treatment, juveniles in the restricted-diet treatment were fed 3 ml of the artemia solution i) once per day, 3 days per week (3 x 3 ml feedings per week), ii) once per day, 5 days per week (5 x 3 ml feedings per week), and iii) twice per day for 1 day per week and once per day for 5 days per week (7 x 3 ml feedings per week), respectively. Fish were maintained on these diet treatments for a total of 3-3.5 months, which included the last 1.5 week during which assays were performed.

Halfbeaks live in shoals and interactions with conspecifics are likely a normal part of their development (e.g., Devigili et al. 2021). Therefore, following isolation in individual rearing tanks (i.e., after the initial 28 days of group rearing), all juveniles were exposed to a conspecific once every three weeks (i.e., at week 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 of diet treatment). During these exposures, one juvenile fish (the “visitor”) was placed into a transparent plastic cylinder (12 cm in diameter), which was subsequently placed inside the tank of another juvenile fish (the “host”) for 4-6 hours (approximately 10AM-3PM). The cylinder was perforated, with ~2 mm holes placed around the cylinder, to allow visual and olfactory cues to be assessed between the visitor and host fish, while preventing direct physical interactions. All fish were fed at least 1.5 hours before the exposures to minimize the risk of live artemia being left in the home tanks when the visitor was added. Each juvenile acted as the visitor or host an equal number of times over the course of the experiment. During each social exposure, juveniles were paired with a novel individual from the same experimental block (see below).

Of the initial 111 juveniles that entered the experiment, 10 died over the course of the experiment (8 pre-treatment, 1 from high-diet treatment, 1 from low-diet treatment), reducing the sample size to 101 fish (mix of males and females). The experiment was performed in three blocks, where fry born within two weeks were pooled into a single block and assayed together. Each of the blocks contained between 32-36 juveniles, with diet treatments equalized within each block. When focusing only on males, this translated into 18-25 males

Tässä kandidaatintutkielmassa tutkitaan pitoajan pituuden vaikutusta arvo-osakkeiden tuottoihin Tukholman osakemarkkinoilla (OMXS) vuosina 2007-2018. Kun useissa aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa pisimpänä pitoaikana on käytetty korkeintaan viittä vuotta, tässä tutkielmassa pitoaikaa venytetään aina kymmeneen vuoteen asti. Tutkielman tavoitteet ovat optimaalisen pitoajan tunnistaminen arvo-osakkeille Tukholman osakemarkkinoilla sekä lisätiedon tuottaminen pitkien pitoaikojen toimivuudesta arvosijoittamisessa. Käytetty aineisto koostuu enimmäkseen Thomosn Reutersin Datastream-tietokannasta ladatuista osakekohtaisista tuottoaikasarjoista ja tunnuslukuinformaatiosta. Tutkimuksessa on käytetty riskittömänä korkokantana kuukauden STIBOR-korkoa, ja tämän tuottoaikasarjat on ladattu Ruotsin keskuspankin sivuilta. Tutkimuksessa osakkeet on jaettu arvo- ja kasvuportfolioihin E/P-, B/P- ja EBITDA/EV-lukujen sekä osinkotuoton perusteella. Markkinaportfolioon on puolestaan sisällytetty muutamia rajauksia lukuun ottamatta kaikki Tukholman pörssissä vuonna 2008 olleet yhtiöt. Aineistoa on käsitelty ja analysoitu Excel-taulukkolaskentaohjelmalla, ja tuloksia on tulkittu keskimääräisten kuukausituottojen sekä Sharpen mittarin avulla. Tutkimuksessa löytyi selviä viitteitä arvoanomalian olemassaolosta, kun E/P- ja EBITDA/EV-lukujen sekä osinkotuoton perusteella muodostetut arvoportfoliot voittivat markkinaportfolion ja kasvuportfoliot kaikilla pitoajoilla niin keskimääräisten tuottojen kuin Sharpen mittarin perusteella. Tutkimuksen perusteella viiden ja kymmenen vuoden pitoajat näyttivät toimivan kahden vuoden pitoaikaa paremmin ylituottojen saavuttamisessa. Nämä tulokset ovat osittain ristiriidassa ja osittain yhteneväisiä aikaisempien tutkimuksien tutkimustulosten kanssa. The Bachelor’s thesis examines the effect of holding period length on value stocks’ returns in the Stockholm stock markets (OMXS) in 2007-2018. As many recent studies have used five years as the maximum holding period, this study extends the holding period to ten years. The aims of the thesis are the identification of the optimal holding period for value stocks in the Stockholm stock markets and to bring new insights on functionality of long holding periods in value investing. Most of the data has been downloaded from the Thomson Reuters Datastream database, such as per share figures and total return indices. STIBOR (1 month) has been used as the risk-free interest rate and the data has been downloaded from the web pages of Central Bank of Sweden. The shares have been divided to value and glamour portfolios based on E/P, B/P, EBITDA/EV and dividend yield figures. Aside from a few croppings, the market portfolio includes all the shares that have been listed on the Stockholm stock exchange in 2008. The data has been processed and analyzed by using the Excel spreadsheet program and the analysis has been done by studying monthly average returns and Sharpe ratios. The study found clear implications of the existence of a value anomaly as E/P, EBITDA/EV and dividend yield based value portfolios outperformed both glamour and market portfolios with all the studied holding periods, reviewed by average returns and Sharpe ratios. The study found that holding periods of five and ten years functioned better for finding excess returns than a holding period of two years. These results are partly in line and partly at variance with the results of previous research papers.

U.S.-based KKR was the leading private equity (PE) firm worldwide, with a recorded fundraising sum of *** billion U.S. dollars between 2020 and 2025. Second in the list came investment firm EQT, located in Stockholm, Sweden. Private equity is provision of capital from private or institutional investors, with the participation of companies (private equity firms) for a limited time in order to generate a financial return. Fundraising refers to the raising of funds from private equity investors in an institutional, industrial or private capacity.

********* counted just below *** startup investments in 2022, making it one Europe's most attractive startup destinations. Only ************************* saw more investment rounds that year. A startup is usually defined as a starting (group of) entrepreneur(s), but there are many different definitions of what makes a startup a startup. In most of these, the similarities include the age of the entrepreneur or company, the number of employees, the growth potential and level of innovation. In 2021 and 2022, the total number of investments in European startups reached its highest level, amounting to over *****.

The Stockholm-based private equity (PE) company EQT recorded a combined fund raising sum of nearly *** billion U.S. dollars between 2020 and 2025, making it the largest PE company in Europe in terms of fund raising capacity. Second in the ranking was Luxembourg-based CVC Capital Partners, with total funds raised amounting to ** billion U.S. dollars during the same period.