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Between 1820 and 1957, over 4.6 million people emigrated from the island of Ireland to the United States. The period with the highest levels of migration came between 1845 and 1855 , as the Great Famine devastated Ireland's population, causing the deaths of roughly one million people and leading to the migration of one million more, most of which was to the United States. The period with the lowest levels of migration came in the 1930s and 40s, as the Great Depression and Second World War created an environment where migration to the US was difficult or impractical.

Historical chart and dataset showing Ireland net migration by year from 1960 to 2024.

Ireland Number of Immigrants: Male: USA data was reported at 3.700 Person th in 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 3.700 Person th for 2017. Ireland Number of Immigrants: Male: USA data is updated yearly, averaging 2.600 Person th from Apr 1987 (Median) to 2018, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.900 Person th in 2013 and a record low of 0.800 Person th in 2010. Ireland Number of Immigrants: Male: USA data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Statistics Office of Ireland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.G004: Number of Immigrants and Emigrants.

Ireland IE: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data was reported at 15.917 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 15.822 % for 2010. Ireland IE: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 11.569 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2015, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.917 % in 2015 and a record low of 6.224 % in 1995. Ireland IE: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. International migrant stock is the number of people born in a country other than that in which they live. It also includes refugees. The data used to estimate the international migrant stock at a particular time are obtained mainly from population censuses. The estimates are derived from the data on foreign-born population--people who have residence in one country but were born in another country. When data on the foreign-born population are not available, data on foreign population--that is, people who are citizens of a country other than the country in which they reside--are used as estimates. After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 people living in one of the newly independent countries who were born in another were classified as international migrants. Estimates of migrant stock in the newly independent states from 1990 on are based on the 1989 census of the Soviet Union. For countries with information on the international migrant stock for at least two points in time, interpolation or extrapolation was used to estimate the international migrant stock on July 1 of the reference years. For countries with only one observation, estimates for the reference years were derived using rates of change in the migrant stock in the years preceding or following the single observation available. A model was used to estimate migrants for countries that had no data.; ; United Nations Population Division, Trends in Total Migrant Stock: 2008 Revision.; Weighted average;

Ireland Number of Immigrants: Male data was reported at 42.700 Person th in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 41.200 Person th for 2016. Ireland Number of Immigrants: Male data is updated yearly, averaging 26.300 Person th from Apr 1987 (Median) to 2017, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 80.000 Person th in 2007 and a record low of 8.100 Person th in 1987. Ireland Number of Immigrants: Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Statistics Office of Ireland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.G004: Number of Immigrants and Emigrants.

In April 2025, approximately 18 percent of people in the Republic of Ireland thought that immigration was one of the two most important issues facing the country. This was up from just two percent in early 2022.

A visa is an endorsement placed within a passport that permits the holder to present to an Immigration Officer for permission to enter, leave or stay in the state for a specified time period. This dataset relates to paper and online visa applications received and decisions by year and nationality. This dataset has been generated at a specific point in time and is subject to revision. Values in the range 1 to 3 are suppressed using * for statistical non-disclosure reasons. Displayed totals relate to unsuppressed values only.

Ireland IE: Net Migration data was reported at -139,996.000 Person in 2012. This records a decrease from the previous number of 198,144.000 Person for 2007. Ireland IE: Net Migration data is updated yearly, averaging -10,648.000 Person from Dec 1962 (Median) to 2012, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 199,949.000 Person in 2002 and a record low of -139,996.000 Person in 2012. Ireland IE: Net Migration data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Net migration is the net total of migrants during the period, that is, the total number of immigrants less the annual number of emigrants, including both citizens and noncitizens. Data are five-year estimates.; ; United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision.; Sum;

Description of Data Notes: 1. Net Migration is the difference between inflows and outflows. Inflows = people coming to Northern Ireland to live Outflows = people leaving Northern Ireland to live elsewhere 2. In general the precision of the migration estimates could be considered to be no better than to the nearest 100. 3. The estimates are produced using a variety of data sources and statistical models. Therefore small estimates should not be taken to refer to particular individuals. 4. The migration element of the components of change have been largely derived from a data source which is known to be deficient in recording young adult males and outflows from Northern Ireland. Therefore the estimates are subject to adjustment to account for this and, while deemed acceptable for their use, will not provide definitive numbers of the population in the reported groups/areas. Further information is available in the Limitations section of the statistical bulletin: NISRA 2023 Mid-year Population Estimates webpage Time Period Estimates are provided for mid-2002 to mid-2023. Methodology The cohort-component method was used to create the population estimates for 2022. This method updates the Census estimates by 'ageing on' populations and applying information on births, deaths and migration. Further information is available at: NISRA 2023 Mid-year Population Estimates webpage Geographic Referencing Population Estimates are based on a large number of secondary datasets. Where the full address was available, the Pointer Address database was used to allocate a unique property reference number (UPRN) and geo-spatial co-ordinates to each home address. These can then be used to map the address to particular geographies. Where it was not possible to assign a unique property reference number to an address using the Pointer database, or where the secondary dataset contained only postcode information, the Central Postcode Directory was used to map home address postcodes to higher geographies. A small proportion of records with unknown geography were apportioned based on the spatial characteristics of known records. Further Information NISRA Mid-year Population Estimates webpage Contact: NISRA Customer Services 02890 255156 census@nisra.gov.uk Responsible Statistician: Jonathan Harvey

This graph shows the distribution of nationalities among documented immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1820 and 1870. As we can see, over seven million people arrived in the US in this 50 year period, with the majority coming from Ireland, Germany and Britain. The largest groups, by far, were Irish and German, who together made up roughly two thirds of all immigrants to the US during this time. The reasons for this were because of the Irish Potato famine from 1845 to 1849, which resulted in the death or emigration of twenty to twenty five percent of the total Irish population, and a number of internal factors in Germany such as economic migration for farmers affected by industrialization, political/religious asylum, and in order to avoid conscription. One noteworthy exclusion from the information is of those transported to US as slaves, whose information was not recorded in this statistic (although the slave trade was abolished in 1808, the practice continued in the decades that followed).

This scatter chart displays net migration (people) against female population (people) in Ireland. The data is about countries per year.

Ireland - Foreign-born population was 1211883.00 in December of 2024, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Ireland - Foreign-born population - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Ireland - Foreign-born population reached a record high of 1211883.00 in December of 2024 and a record low of 730542.00 in December of 2010.

Ireland Number of Emigrants: Male: Age 15 to 24 data was reported at 5.500 Person th in 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.900 Person th for 2017. Ireland Number of Emigrants: Male: Age 15 to 24 data is updated yearly, averaging 10.150 Person th from Apr 1987 (Median) to 2018, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.200 Person th in 1989 and a record low of 5.500 Person th in 2018. Ireland Number of Emigrants: Male: Age 15 to 24 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Statistics Office of Ireland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.G004: Number of Immigrants and Emigrants.

Luxembourg is the European Union member state with the greatest share of its population being citizens of other EU member states, with almost 38 percent of people in the country coming from elsewhere in the EU. The small western European state has become a hub for immigration due to its status as one of the administrative centres of the EU (including being the location of the European Court of Justice and European Investment Bank), a key location for financial services companies, and due to its close proximity population centres of other member states such as France, Germany, and Belgium. Other countries with a large share of their population coming from elsewhere in the EU include Austria, Belgium, and Ireland, three countries which have seen increased intra-EU migration in recent years due to strong work opportunities in international organisations (Belgium and Austria) and multinational companies (Ireland).

As part of its annual publication of Population Estimates, NISRA produces official migration estimates for Northern Ireland which reflect the estimated flows of people to and from Northern Ireland from 1 July to 30 June each year. These migration estimates are primarily based on changes observed in the Medical Card Register and detail the inflows and outflows by age and gender for those travelling to/from the rest of the UK and areas outside the UK.

F1009 - Annual Estimated Net Migration per 1000 of Average Population. Published by Central Statistics Office. Available under the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY-4.0).Annual Estimated Net Migration per 1000 of Average Population...

In 2021, Germany, Spain, and France were the countries which saw the highest immigration in the European Union. Germany alone say over 870,000 immigrants entering the country in that year, with a majority coming from non-EU countries. There is significant variation in the make-up of the inflows of migrants in different EU member states, with countries such as Spain and Italy seeing large majorities coming from outside the EU, while France and Germany saw roughly an equal number of migrants coming from other EU countries or being returning citizens of those countries. The Netherlands and Belgium stand out as countries which saw more intra-EU migrants than non-EU migrants, with approximately 90,000 and 63,000 moving to these countries respectively from within the EU. Several EU member states saw the greatest share of migrants being citizens of the country themselves, with Romania, Ireland, Greece, and Portugal being notable in this respect. These countries have all seen large flows of people working in other EU member states in recent years, who in many case return to their country of origin within a couple of years.