As of December 2024, Japan held United States treasury securities totaling about 1.06 trillion U.S. dollars. Foreign holders of United States treasury debt According to the Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of the Treasury, foreign countries held a total of 8.5 trillion U.S. dollars in U.S. treasury securities as of December 2024. Of the total held by foreign countries, Japan and Mainland China held the greatest portions, with China holding 759 billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. The U.S. public debt In 2023, the United States had a total public national debt of 33.2 trillion U.S. dollars, an amount that has been rising steadily, particularly since 2008. In 2023, the total interest expense on debt held by the public of the United States reached 678 billion U.S. dollars, while 197 billion U.S. dollars in interest expense were intra governmental debt holdings. Total outlays of the U.S. government were 6.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. By 2029, spending is projected to reach 8.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

Holdings of US Treasury Securities data was reported at 784.300 USD bn in Feb 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 760.802 USD bn for Jan 2025. Holdings of US Treasury Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 937.400 USD bn from Mar 2000 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 300 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,316.700 USD bn in Nov 2013 and a record low of 58.900 USD bn in Nov 2000. Holdings of US Treasury Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Department of the Treasury. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table CN.FF: Holdings of US Treasury Securities.

The value of U.S. Treasury securities held by residents of Russia amounted to ** million U.S. dollars in March 2025, marking a stark contrast to ***** billion U.S. dollars held in January 2020. The lowest over the period under consideration was recorded in November 2023 at ** million U.S. dollars. Furthermore, in March 2020, the figure plummeted to **** billion U.S. dollars, down from **** billion U.S. dollars one month prior. Russia’s holdings of U.S. treasury securities have decreased since 2014 following the Western sanctions over the annexation of Crimea and have further dropped in 2022 after more restrictions were imposed over the war in Ukraine. What are U.S. treasury holdings? U.S. treasury holdings are government debt instruments that contribute to the funding of various government projects in the country. The U.S. Department of Treasury allows individuals and organizations to invest in treasury notes, bills, and bonds, which are the main three types of securities. Just under half of the outstanding ** trillion U.S. dollars as of May 2024 were in the form of treasury notes. The notes have varying maturities and coupon payment frequencies, which are different from the maturity periods of treasury bills and bonds. Main foreign holders of U.S. treasury securities Foreign holdings of U.S. treasury debt amounted to ***** trillion U.S. dollars as of January 2024. Japan and China held the largest portions, with China possessing ***** billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. Additionally, other significant foreign holders included oil exporting countries and Caribbean banking centers.

In 2023, China held **** percent of foreign held U.S. securities. Japan held a further **** percent of foreign held securities. The national debt of the United Stated can be found here.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by Foreign and International Investors (FDHBFIN) from Q1 1970 to Q1 2025 about foreign, debt, federal, and USA.

In March 2025, the average yield on ten-year government bonds in the United States was 4.27 percent. This was the highest of the selected developed economies considered in this statistic. Except Germany, Luxembourg, and Japan, all countries had a yield higher than three on their government bonds. Bonds and yields – additional information The bond yield indicates the level of return that the investor can expect from a given type of bond. The government of Italy, for instance, offered the investors 3.9 percent yield on ten-year government bonds for borrowing their money in March 2025. In the United States, government needs are also financed by selling various debt instruments such as Treasury bills, notes, bonds and savings bonds to investors. The largest holders of U.S. debt are the Federal Reserve and Government accounts in the United States. The major foreign holders of the United States treasury securities are Japan, Mainland China, and the United Kingdom.

The yield on China 10Y Bond Yield rose to 1.66% on July 11, 2025, marking a 0.01 percentage point increase from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0 points, though it remains 0.60 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. China 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

The graph shows national debt in China related to gross domestic product until 2024, with forecasts to 2030. In 2024, gross national debt ranged at around 88 percent of the national gross domestic product. The debt-to-GDP ratio In economics, the ratio between a country's government debt and its gross domestic product (GDP) is generally defined as the debt-to-GDP ratio. It is a useful indicator for investors to measure a country's ability to fulfill future payments on its debts. A low debt-to-GDP ratio also suggests that an economy produces and sells a sufficient amount of goods and services to pay back those debts. Among the important industrial and emerging countries, Japan displayed one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios. In 2024, the estimated national debt of Japan amounted to about 250 percent of its GDP, up from around 180 percent in 2004. One reason behind Japan's high debt load lies in its low annual GDP growth rate. Development in China China's national debt related to GDP grew slowly but steadily from around 23 percent in 2000 to 34 percent in 2012, only disrupted by the global financial crisis in 2008. In recent years, China increased credit financing to spur economic growth, resulting in higher levels of debt. China's real estate crisis and a difficult global economic environment require further stimulating measures by the government and will predictably lead to even higher debt growth in the years ahead.

China Bond Settlement: OTC: Spot: Sell: GB data was reported at 75.000 RMB mn in Mar 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 65.000 RMB mn for Feb 2013. China Bond Settlement: OTC: Spot: Sell: GB data is updated monthly, averaging 139.000 RMB mn from Jun 2002 (Median) to Mar 2013, with 130 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 825.000 RMB mn in Jul 2009 and a record low of 16.000 RMB mn in Jul 2003. China Bond Settlement: OTC: Spot: Sell: GB data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: OTC Spot.

Chinese government bond yields decreased between April 2024 and April 2025. For instance, the 1-year bond yield went from 1.72 percent to 1.42 percent, and the 30-year yield dropped from 2.33 percent to 1.87 percent. The decrease in yields was consistent across both short- and long-term maturities during this period.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Securities Company data was reported at 2,104,365.260 RMB mn in Feb 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3,615,230.744 RMB mn for Jan 2021. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Securities Company data is updated monthly, averaging 282,069.400 RMB mn from Jun 1997 (Median) to Feb 2021, with 285 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,152,126.026 RMB mn in Nov 2019 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Mar 2002. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Securities Company data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for United States (IRLTLT01USM156N) from Apr 1953 to May 2025 about long-term, 10-year, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Individual Investor data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Nov 2018. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Individual Investor data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Jun 1997 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2018 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2018. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Individual Investor data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

In 2023, the country that issued the highest value of sustainable bonds - either from the government or organizations domiciled in that country - was the United States, with almost 100 billion U.S. dollars of fixed income debt issued. China was second, with nearly ** billion U.S. dollars, then Germany with ** billion U.S. dollars. However, it should be noted that the balance between debt for environmental and social purposes was very different between these countries, with the majority of debt issued by France being for social purposes. If just considering the value of green bonds issued (i.e. bonds issued for environmental projects), the highest issuer in 2023 was China. The European sustainable bond market Overall, Europe is the clear leader in the sustainable bond market, having issued more sustainable bonds than any other region since 2014 (including supranational organizations). Given the sustainable bonds issued over this period were for environmental causes, the European green bond market is highly advanced. Types of sustainable bonds While green bonds are the most common type of sustainable bond, there are also social bonds which raise money for social (rather than environmental) causes. In addition, there is the broader category of sustainable bonds, which are for a combination of both social and environmental causes. The category of what is a social cause is somewhat broad, however, generating some controversy. For example while China does issue a high number of green bonds, they issued a far higher value of social bonds in 2020. Much of this debt was labelled as for dealing with the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which meant it could be classified as social bonds. This is controversial, as in many other countries debt raised for this purpose may not have been not categorized as sustainable. Some have also raised questions about whether such bonds can even be considered sustainable in the first place, given some certifications only required ** percent of the money raised to be used for causes directly related to the fight against COVID-19 (such as manufacturing medical devices, building hospitals, or scientific research).

China Bond Settlement: OTC: Spot: Sell: GB: Saving Bond (Electronic) data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Mar 2013. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Feb 2013. China Bond Settlement: OTC: Spot: Sell: GB: Saving Bond (Electronic) data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Jan 2005 (Median) to Mar 2013, with 99 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 RMB mn in Mar 2013 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Mar 2013. China Bond Settlement: OTC: Spot: Sell: GB: Saving Bond (Electronic) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: OTC Spot.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: City Commercial Bank data was reported at 1,499,655.010 RMB mn in Feb 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2,020,376.620 RMB mn for Jan 2021. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: City Commercial Bank data is updated monthly, averaging 591,724.000 RMB mn from Jun 1997 (Median) to Feb 2021, with 285 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,359,813.780 RMB mn in Jul 2020 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Feb 1999. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: City Commercial Bank data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: Foreign Bank data was reported at 376,714.980 RMB mn in Feb 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 732,576.560 RMB mn for Jan 2021. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: Foreign Bank data is updated monthly, averaging 200,905.780 RMB mn from Jun 1997 (Median) to Feb 2021, with 285 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 842,348.000 RMB mn in Aug 2012 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2003. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: Foreign Bank data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

As of October 2024, the United States government has a monthly interest rate of *** percent on its debt, continuing an upward trend in interest rates that began at the beginning of 2022. In April 2024, U.S. debt reached ***** trillion U.S. dollars.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Special Member data was reported at 115,991.500 RMB mn in Dec 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 113,113.500 RMB mn for Nov 2018. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Special Member data is updated monthly, averaging 5,730.000 RMB mn from Jun 1997 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,186,549.000 RMB mn in Jun 2011 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2005. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Special Member data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

Between 2014 and 2023, the United States was the leading country in terms of issuance of green bonds, with *** billion U.S. dollars. China was second in the ranking, followed by Germany. While France ranked fourth number and supranational green bonds value was the fifth highest.