Colombia CO: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Middle East & North Africa data was reported at 1.317 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.852 % for 2022. Colombia CO: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Middle East & North Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 0.216 % from Dec 1964 (Median) to 2023, with 60 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.977 % in 1985 and a record low of 0.021 % in 1966. Colombia CO: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Middle East & North Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Middle East and North Africa are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Middle East and North Africa region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Colombia CO: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data was reported at 2.561 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.559 % for 2022. Colombia CO: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 0.417 % from Dec 1969 (Median) to 2023, with 54 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.671 % in 2018 and a record low of 0.006 % in 1969. Colombia CO: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in South Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the South Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies within region (% of total merchandise imports) in Colombia was reported at 17.68 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Colombia - Merchandise imports from developing economies within region (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on November of 2025.

CO: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: East Asia & Pacific data was reported at 5.857 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.622 % for 2022. CO: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: East Asia & Pacific data is updated yearly, averaging 0.276 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 59 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.014 % in 2019 and a record low of 0.005 % in 1971. CO: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: East Asia & Pacific data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in East Asia and Pacific are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the East Asia and Pacific region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Colombia CO: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Outside Region data was reported at 28.640 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 31.378 % for 2022. Colombia CO: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Outside Region data is updated yearly, averaging 0.806 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 32.174 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.058 % in 1961. Colombia CO: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Outside Region data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies outside region are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from other low- and middle-income economies in other World Bank regions according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Colombia CO: Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Bottom 40% of Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data was reported at -2.590 % in 2021. Colombia CO: Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Bottom 40% of Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging -2.590 % from Dec 2021 (Median) to 2021, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of -2.590 % in 2021 and a record low of -2.590 % in 2021. Colombia CO: Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Bottom 40% of Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The growth rate in the welfare aggregate of the bottom 40% is computed as the annualized average growth rate in per capita real consumption or income of the bottom 40% of the population in the income distribution in a country from household surveys over a roughly 5-year period. Mean per capita real consumption or income is measured at 2017 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (http://www.pip.worldbank.org). For some countries means are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The annualized growth rate is computed as (Mean in final year/Mean in initial year)^(1/(Final year - Initial year)) - 1. The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported. The initial year refers to the nearest survey collected 5 years before the most recent survey available, only surveys collected between 3 and 7 years before the most recent survey are considered. The coverage and quality of the 2017 PPP price data for Iraq and most other North African and Middle Eastern countries were hindered by the exceptional period of instability they faced at the time of the 2017 exercise of the International Comparison Program. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform for detailed explanations.;World Bank, Global Database of Shared Prosperity (GDSP) (http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity).;;The comparability of welfare aggregates (consumption or income) for the chosen years T0 and T1 is assessed for every country. If comparability across the two surveys is a major concern for a country, the selection criteria are re-applied to select the next best survey year(s). Annualized growth rates are calculated between the survey years, using a compound growth formula. The survey years defining the period for which growth rates are calculated and the type of welfare aggregate used to calculate the growth rates are noted in the footnotes.

Abstract

Dataset used in World Bank Policy Research Working Paper #2876, published in World Bank Economic Review, No. 1, 2005, pp. 21-44.

The effects of globalization on income distribution in rich and poor countries are a matter of controversy. While international trade theory in its most abstract formulation implies that increased trade and foreign investment should make income distribution more equal in poor countries and less equal in rich countries, finding these effects has proved elusive. The author presents another attempt to discern the effects of globalization by using data from household budget surveys and looking at the impact of openness and foreign direct investment on relative income shares of low and high deciles. The author finds some evidence that at very low average income levels, it is the rich who benefit from openness. As income levels rise to those of countries such as Chile, Colombia, or Czech Republic, for example, the situation changes, and it is the relative income of the poor and the middle class that rises compared with the rich. It seems that openness makes income distribution worse before making it better-or differently in that the effect of openness on a country's income distribution depends on the country's initial income level.

Kind of data

Aggregate data [agg]

Colombia CO: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Latin America & The Caribbean data was reported at 19.466 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 17.550 % for 2022. Colombia CO: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Latin America & The Caribbean data is updated yearly, averaging 12.469 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 21.998 % in 2019 and a record low of 1.224 % in 1960. Colombia CO: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Latin America & The Caribbean data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Latin America and the Caribbean are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Latin America and the Caribbean region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Latin America & the Caribbean (% of total merchandise exports) in Colombia was reported at 19.47 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Colombia - Merchandise exports to developing economies in Latin America & the Caribbean (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on November of 2025.

Additional file 1: Pilot Dataset.

Actual value and historical data chart for Colombia Merchandise Exports To Developing Economies In Europe Central Asia Percent Of Total Merchandise Exports

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa (% of total merchandise exports) in Colombia was reported at 0.63957 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Colombia - Merchandise exports to developing economies in Sub-Saharan Africa (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on November of 2025.

Colombia CO: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data was reported at 0.407 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.133 % for 2022. Colombia CO: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 0.134 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.659 % in 1994 and a record low of 0.032 % in 1988. Colombia CO: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Sub-Saharan Africa region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Actual value and historical data chart for Colombia Merchandise Imports From Developing Economies Outside Region Percent Of Total Merchandise Imports

Colombia CO: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Sub-Saharan Africa data was reported at 0.640 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.103 % for 2022. Colombia CO: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Sub-Saharan Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 0.103 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.103 % in 2022 and a record low of 0.016 % in 1989. Colombia CO: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Sub-Saharan Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Sub-Saharan Africa region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Colombia CO: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: East Asia & Pacific data was reported at 24.787 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 27.693 % for 2022. Colombia CO: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: East Asia & Pacific data is updated yearly, averaging 0.537 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 61 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28.016 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.038 % in 1970. Colombia CO: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: East Asia & Pacific data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in East Asia and Pacific are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the East Asia and Pacific region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Colombia CO: Currency Composition of PPG Debt: Deutsche Mark data was reported at 0.001 % in 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.004 % for 2017. Colombia CO: Currency Composition of PPG Debt: Deutsche Mark data is updated yearly, averaging 1.976 % from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2018, with 49 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.907 % in 1990 and a record low of 0.001 % in 2018. Colombia CO: Currency Composition of PPG Debt: Deutsche Mark data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: External Debt: Commitments and Currency Composition. The percentage of external long-term public and publicly-guaranteed debt contracted in Deutsche marks for the low- and middle-income countries.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Weighted average;

Colombia CO: Currency Composition of PPG Debt: All Other Currencies data was reported at 1.621 % in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.415 % for 2017. Colombia CO: Currency Composition of PPG Debt: All Other Currencies data is updated yearly, averaging 1.552 % from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2018, with 49 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.370 % in 1971 and a record low of 0.153 % in 2011. Colombia CO: Currency Composition of PPG Debt: All Other Currencies data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: External Debt: Commitments and Currency Composition. The percentage of external long-term public and publicly-guaranteed debt contracted in all other currencies not specified for the low- and middle-income countries.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Weighted average;

Colombia CO: Currency Composition of PPG Debt: Multiple Currencies data was reported at 0.056 % in 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.094 % for 2017. Colombia CO: Currency Composition of PPG Debt: Multiple Currencies data is updated yearly, averaging 27.971 % from Dec 1970 to 2018, with 49 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 42.325 % in 1992 and a record low of 0.056 % in 2018. Colombia CO: Currency Composition of PPG Debt: Multiple Currencies data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: External Debt: Commitments and Currency Composition. The percentage of external long-term public and publicly-guaranteed debt contracted in multiple currencies for the low- and middle-income countries.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Weighted average;

Colombia CO: Exports: % of Total Goods Exports: Residual data was reported at 1.376 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.120 % for 2022. Colombia CO: Exports: % of Total Goods Exports: Residual data is updated yearly, averaging 3.901 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.088 % in 2007 and a record low of 0.208 % in 1963. Colombia CO: Exports: % of Total Goods Exports: Residual data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports by the reporting economy residuals are the total merchandise exports by the reporting economy to the rest of the world as reported in the IMF's Direction of trade database, less the sum of exports by the reporting economy to high-, low-, and middle-income economies according to the World Bank classification of economies. Includes trade with unspecified partners or with economies not covered by World Bank classification. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;