The crime rate in Germany for 2022 was 6,762 crimes per 100,000 people, making it the first time in seven years in which the crime rate rose compared to the year before. Between 2000 and 2004 the crime rate in Germany increased from 7,625 to 8,037, before declining to 7,253 by 2010. The years between 2010 and 2015 saw an increase in the crime rate, but after 2015, the recent trend of declining crime started, leading to the generally low figures seen in the most recent years. While the uptick in the crime rate in 2022 marks a negative turn compared with these years, the overall crime rate is still much lower on average than in previous decades.

Crime rate highest in cities Germany’s sixteen states are made up of thirteen federal states, and three city states; Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen. These three city states had the highest regional crime rates in Germany, due to only covering urban areas which usually have higher crime rates than rural areas. The large federal state of Bavaria, in the southeast of Germany, had the lowest crime rate in the country at 4,698 crimes per 100,000 people in 2020. Baden-Württemberg, home to the black forest and the city of Stuttgart had the second-lowest crime rate per 100 thousand people in this year, at 4,944.

In 2023, German police registered around 214,100 cases of violent crime, which was a large increase compared with the year before. During the specified period, figures peaked in 2007. Violent crimes are characterized by the use of force or even weapons on a victim.

Since 2016, the number of crimes per 100,000 inhabitants has been on a downward trend and was at its lowest in 2021, although this was likely due to the lockdowns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Since then, crime rates have risen again. In 2023, the police recorded roughly ***** criminal offenses per 100,000 inhabitants. Youth criminal suspects Since the number of crimes is increasing, so is the number of suspects. Concerningly, the number of juvenile suspects has seen a rather significant increase and is currently at its ************ since 2016. Suspects who are considered in the juvenile category are aged 14 to 17 years old. In Germany, children under the age of 14 cannot be prosecuted and if they commit a crime, then social services usually step in to try and help. In general, punishments for those convicted are much more lenient as it is often considered that due to their age, they may not have been aware of the repercussions of their actions. For example, regardless of the crime committed, no child under the age of 18 can be tried as an adult. In contrast, in England and Wales, there were around ***** people aged between 15 and 20 in prison. Crimes solving rate With a higher crime rate, it is also important to consider how many crimes are solved. Once a crime is solved, the hope is that the victim can get some type of closure and answers, and also that the perpetrator faces justice for the crimes they committed. In 2023, the police solved around **** million crimes in Germany and for the past three years, there has been a substantial increase in the number of crimes solved. Some cases are, of course, easier to solve than others. Crimes of arson and other fire-hazard-related crimes had a comparably low clearance rate at around ** percent. In contrast, drug-related offenses were much more frequently solved. Even though 2023 saw the lowest clearance rate in 20 years, it was still at ** percent.

The number of rape and sexual assault cases reported to the police in Germany peaked at ****** in 2024 during the period shown here. Previously, the highest number of cases, ******, had been recorded the year before. Based on the definition in criminal law, sexual assault includes rape, as well as other sexually driven physical attacks. Rape is defined as forcing a person to have sex. Increased crime clearance rate The question remains how high the number of unreported cases is. Reasons for not reporting a sexual assault vary among victims. In recent years, the German police reported increasing clearance rates for sexual crimes. In 2022, **** percent of rape and sexual assault cases were solved, compared to **** percent in 2016. In 2023, however this figure dropped to **** percent, perhaps due to the increase in the number of cases. Among males suspected of committing such crimes, over ** percent were young adults aged 18 to 21 years. Types of German police forces German police forces are divided into several different types, which all have clearly established tasks regulated by law. The Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt, BKA) is often compared to the FBI in the U.S. and investigates federal crimes, such as kidnapping. The Federal Police (Bundespolizei), works in railway stations, at airports, and seaports. They also protect borders, government buildings, and deal with organized crime and terrorism. The criminal police (Kriminalpolizei, Kripo), the only policemen not wearing in uniform in Germany, handle assault, murder, and rape cases, as well as theft. The uniformed police (Schutzpolizei, SchuPo), or beat police, are regularly visible in streets, as they are responsible for traffic safety, among other tasks, and may be approached directly by people in need of assistance or help.

In recent years, anti-refugee hate crimes have soared across Europe. We know this violence has spread fear among refugees, but we know less about its effects on the non-refugee population. This is an oversight, as research suggests political violence often has effects on the broader population. Those effects can range from increased solidarity with the targets of the violence to reduced pro-social behavior and less support for the targets of the violence. In this research note, we examine the effects of exposure to anti-refugee hate crimes in Germany. Our results suggest no direct effect of exposure to anti-refugee hate crimes on support for refugees. These results have several implications for our understanding of political divides over refugees in Europe.

The research project is a subproject of the research association “Strengthening of integration potentials within a modern society” (Scientific head: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Heitmeyer, Bielefeld) which contains 17 subprojects and is supported by the ministry of education and research. In almost all the economically highly developed countries violent crime increased significantly in the second part of the last century - in contrast to the long term trend of decline of individual (non-governmental) violence since the beginning of modern times. The authors develop an explanatory approach for these facts which is inspired mainly by Norbert Elias´s civilization theory and Emil Durkheim´s theory on society. Detailed time series on the development of different forms of violent crime are presented and set in relation with certain aspects of economic and social structural changes in three countries and also refer to the changes in integration of modern societies. The analysis deals especially with effectivity and legitimacy of the governmental monopoly of violence, the public beneficial security and power system, forms of building social capital, economic and social inequality, precarity of employment, different aspects of increasing economization of society, changes in family structures and usage of mass media and modern communication technologies. Register of tables in HISTAT: A: Crime statistics A.01 Frequency of types of crimes in different countries (1953-2000) A.02 Suspects by crimes of 100.000 inhabitants of Germany, England and Sweden (1955-1998) A.03 Murders, manslaughter and intentional injuries by other persons by sex of 100.000 persons after the statistics of causes of death (1953-2000) A.04 Clearance rate by types of crimes in Germany, England and Sweden (1953-1997) A.05 Prisoners of 100.000 inhabitants of Germany, Great Britain and Sweden (1950-2000) B: Key indicators for economic development in Germany, Great Britain, Sweden and the USA B1: Data on the overall economic framework B1.01 Percent changes in the real GDP per capita in purchasing power parities (1956-1987) B1.02 Percent changes in GDP per capita in prices from 2000 (1955-1998) B1.03 GDP of Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom in purchasing power parities in percent og the US GDP (1950-1992) B1.04 Labor productivity index for different countries, base: USA 1996 = 100 (1950-1999) B1.05 GDP per hour of labor in different countries in EKS-$ from 1999 (1950-2003) B1.06 Foreign trade - exports and imports in percent of the GDP of different countries (1949-2003) B1.07 GDP, wages and Unit-Labor-Cost in different countries (1960-2003) B2: Unemployment B2.01 Standardized unemployment rate in different countries with regard to the entire working population (1960-2003) B2.02 Share of long-term unemployed of the total number of unemployed in different countries in percent (1992-2004) B2.03 Youth unemployment in different countries in percent (1970-2004) B2.04 Unemployment rate in percent by sex in different countries (1963-2000) B3: Employment B3.01 Employment rate in percent in different countries (1960-2000) B3.02 Share of fixed-term employees and persons in dependent employment in percent in different countries (1983-2004) B3.03 Share of part-time employees by sex compared to the entire working population in different countries (1973-2000) B3.04 Share of un-voluntarily part-time employees by sex in different countries (1983-2003) B3.05 Share of contract workers in different countries in percent of the entire working population (1975-2002) B3.06 Share of self-employed persons in different countries in percent of the entire working population (1970-2004) B3.07 Shift worker rate in different countries in percent (1992-2005) B3.08 Yearly working hours per employee in different countries (1950-2004) B3.09 Employment by sectors in different countries (1950-2003) B3.10 Share of employees in public civil services in percent of the population between 15 and 64 years in different countries (1960-1999) B3.11 Female population, female employees and female workers in percent of the population between 16 and 64 years in different countries (1960-2000) B3.12 Employees, self-employed persons in percent of the entire working population in different countries (1960-2000) B4: Taxes and duties B4.01 Taxes and social security contributions in percent of the GDP (1965-2002) B4.02 Social expenditure in percent of the GDP (1965-2002) B4.03 Social expenditure in percent of the GDP (1960-2000) B4.04 Public expenditure in percent of the GDP in different countries (1960-2003) B4.05 Education expenditure in percent of GDP (1950-2001) B5: Debt B5.01 Insolvencies in Germany and England (1960-2004) B5.02 Insolvencies with regard to total population in different countries (1950-2002) B5.03 Consumer credits in different countries (1960-2002) C: Income distribution in Germany, Great Britain and Sweden C.01 Income inequality in different countries Einkommensungleicheit in verschiedenen Ländern (1949-2000) C.02 Income inequality after different indices and calculations in different countries (1969-2000) C.03 Redistribution: Decline in Gini-Index through transfers and taxes in percent in different countries (1969-2000) C.04 Redistribution: Decline in Gini-Index through transfers and taxes in percent with a population structure as in the United Kingdom in 1969 in different countries (1969-2000) C.05 Redistribution efficiency: Decline in Gini-/ Atkinson-Index through transfers and the share of social expenditure of the GDP in different countries (1969-2000) C.06 Index for concentration of transfers in different countries (1981-2000) C.07 Distribution of wealth in West-Germany (1953-1998) C.08 Distribution of wealth in the United Kingdom (1950-2000) C.09 Distribution of wealth in Sweden (1951-1999) C.10 Relative income poverty in different countries (1969-2000) C.11 Reduction of poverty in different countries (1969-2000) C.12 Neocorporalism index in different countries (1960-1994) D: Perception of safety D.01 Satisfaction with democracy in different countries (1976-2004) D.02 Revenues and employees in the private security sector in different countries (1950-2001) D.03 Decommodification-Score in different countries (1971-2002) E: Demographics E.01 Birth rates: Birth per 1000 women between 15 and 49 years in different countries (1951-2001) E.02 Fertility rate in different countries (1950-2004) E.03 Marriages per 100.000 persons in different countries (1950-2003) E.04 Share of foreigners of the entire population in different countries (1951-2002) E.05 Internal migration in different countries (1952-2001)

Selection of time series of different scientific publications and of publication of the official statistics:

EUROSTAT, European Statistical Office OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; ONS: Office for National Statistics, England; SCB: Statistiska Centralbyran, Sweden; Federal Statistical Office, Wiesbaden. Deutschland; WHO: World Health Organization.

The Crisis Monitor has been conducted regularly by the opinion research institute forsa on behalf of the Press and Information Office of the German Federal Government since calendar week 1/2023. The Crisis Monitor is a continuation of the representative population surveys Trendquestions Ukraine on the topic of Germany and the Ukraine war conducted regularly by forsa in the period from calendar week 13/2022 to 50/2022. The individual question areas were adjusted depending on the survey period. In the survey period from 18.04.2024 to 22.04.2024, the German-speaking resident population aged 14 and older was surveyed in telephone interviews (CATI). Respondents were selected using a multistage random sample. Level of personal stress caused by the current situation surrounding the current crises in Germany; developments in Germany that cause the most personal concern; personal sense of security in Germany; reason for having less sense of security in Germany (increasing crime, armed crime, juvenile crime, foreigners and immigration, fear of the dark, economic situation, lack of awareness among citizens, politics, wars, media coverage of crime and criminal behaviour, brutalisation of society, lack of security authorities, general insecurity; level of personal stress caused by the war in Ukraine and the media content perceived about it; greatest responsibility for the conflict between Ukraine and Russia (Russia, Ukraine, USA, NATO, all equally); assessment of Putin´s interest in settling the war through negotiations; assessment of the German reaction to the Russian invasion of Ukraine; impact of Western sanctions on Russia´s economy. Demography: sex; age (grouped); employment; education; party preference in the next federal election; voting behavior in the last federal election; income level low, medium, high (net equivalent income). Additionally coded were: West/East region; federal state; weighting factor. Der Krisenmonitor wird vom Meinungsforschungsinstitut forsa im Auftrag des Presse- und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung seit Kalenderwoche 1/2023 regelmäßig durchgeführt. Der Krisenmonitor ist die Fortsetzung der im Zeitraum von Kalenderwoche 13/2022 bis 50/2022 regelmäßig von forsa durchgeführten repräsentativen Bevölkerungsbefragungen Trendfragen Ukraine zum Thema Deutschland und der Ukraine-Krieg. Die einzelnen Fragengebiete wurden je nach Befragungszeitraum angepasst. Im Erhebungszeitraum 18.04.2024 bis 22.04.2024 wurde die deutschsprachige Wohnbevölkerung ab 14 Jahren in telefonischen Interviews (CATI) befragt. Die Auswahl der Befragten erfolgte durch eine mehrstufige Zufallsstichprobe. Stärke der persönlichen Belastung durch die aktuelle Situation rund um die derzeitigen Krisen in Deutschland; Entwicklungen in Deutschland, die persönlich am meisten Sorgen bereiten; persönliches Sicherheitsgefühl in Deutschland; Grund für das geringere Sicherheitsgefühl in Deutschland (zunehmende Kriminalität, bewaffnete Kriminalität, Jugendkriminalität, Ausländer und Zuwanderung, Angst in der Dunkelheit, wirtschaftliche Lage, fehlende Wahrnehmung der Bürger, politisches Geschehen, Kriege, Medienberichterstattung über Kriminalität und Verbrechen, Verrohung der Gesellschaft, fehlende Sicherheitsorgane, allgemeine Unsicherheit); Stärke der persönlichen Belastung durch den Krieg in der Ukraine und die darüber wahrgenommenen Medieninhalte; größte Verantwortung für den Konflikt zwischen der Ukraine und Russland (Russland, Ukraine, USA, NATO, alle gleichermaßen); Einschätzung von Putins Interesse an Beilegung des Krieges durch Verhandlungen; Bewertung der deutschen Reaktion auf russischen Einmarsch in die Ukraine; Auswirkung westlicher Sanktionen auf Russlands Wirtschaft. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter (gruppiert); Erwerbstätigkeit; Schulabschluss; Parteipräferenz bei der nächsten Bundestagswahl; Wahlverhalten bei der letzten Bundestagswahl; allgemeine Einschätzung des Einkommens (niedrig, mittel, hoch). Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Region; Bundesland; Gewichtungsfaktor. Probability: MultistageProbability.Multistage Wahrscheinlichkeitsauswahl: Mehrstufige ZufallsauswahlProbability.Multistage Telephone interview: Computer-assisted (CATI)Interview.Telephone.CATI

The share of non-German crime suspects in Germany was **** percent in 2023. This was an increase compared to the previous year. Figures fluctuated during the specified time period, peaking in 2023.

Context

Berlin is a special city, multicultural city. And the crime image is special there.

Content

For example there are no bloody drug wars, ghetto or neighborhoods where police afraid to get. Crimes like "deprivation of liberty" and "treat" are in one column. But "larceny" - separated to 4 categories: theft of bikes, of auto, from auto (sic!) and rest kind of theft. Particular column for "Damage to property due graffiti" (Sach-beschädigung durch Graffiti (sic!). Numbers of crimes are connected with every single neighborhood of Berlin's part. Statistics covering period of 2012 - 2019 years.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks for assistance in translation to Alexei Klaus and Benjamin Proksch, Germany.

Inspiration

Questions to community: 1) what part of Berlin is most dangerous? 2) what crimes are growing? 3) what crimes are going low? 4) would be great to build Folium based heatmap.

Attitudes towards the topics of internal security, asylum, immigration and counter-terrorism. 1. Internal security: subjective feeling of security or concern about criminal attacks; assessment of relevant sources of fear of crime (e.g. through portrayals of violence on television, through the daily news about crime and criminality, own experiences of victimisation, etc.); concern about concrete crimes (attacks by Islamist terrorists, organised criminal gangs from abroad, young people´s propensity to violence, theft and assaults on the open street, break-ins and break-ins of cars, violence in the family, police assaults); assessment of policy efforts to ensure security; assessment of appropriate security measures (more visible presence of police and law enforcement officers, faster deportation of foreign criminals, law enforcement officers in public transport, video surveillance of public places and in public transport vehicles, tougher penalties, more intensive police checks on motorways, stronger internet surveillance, more social prevention projects for young people); assessment of stronger cooperation between different German and international security bodies (police authorities of the Federation and the federal states, police and intelligence services of the EU states, resp. police and intelligence services of Germany and the USA); attitude towards video surveillance in public places (feeling of security or rather of unease or both at the same time); attitude towards data retention. 2. Attitudes towards asylum and immigration: Dealing with refugees with rejected asylum applications (deportation or toleration under certain conditions); concern about the increase in the number of refugees; concrete concerns regarding the topic of asylum and refugees in Germany (alienation, increasing criminality, rise in right-wing radicalism, loss of German identity, increase in illegal immigrants in the country, excessive demands on social security systems); necessity of selected measures to improve and tighten asylum law (immediate deportation in the case of rejected asylum applications, work permits for asylum seekers, toleration despite rejection of the asylum application, stricter examination of the grounds for asylum); assessment of selected criteria for immigration to Germany (occupation in demand, family members in Germany, young or old, political persecution in home country, university degree, good knowledge of German, no criminal offences in home country, desire for education); opinion on the immigration of highly qualified skilled workers from abroad; assessment of the domestic significance of German immigration policy; assessment of the importance of a welcoming culture for immigrants; immigrants feel welcome vs. not welcome in Germany. 3. Counter-terrorism: assessment of the danger of terrorist attacks in Germany; assessment of the federal government´s efforts with regard to protection against a terrorist attack; opinions on punishment of financial supporters and of sympathisers of terrorist organisations. Demography: sex; age; highest level of education; employment; occupational status; marital status (household structure); religious denomination; net household income. Additionally coded were: Respondent ID; weighting factor; city size; federal state. Einstellungen zu den Themen Innere Sicherheit, Asyl, Einwanderung und Terrorbekämpfung. 1. Innere Sicherheit: Subjektives Sicherheitsgefühl bzw. Sorge vor kriminellen Übergriffen; Einschätzung von maßgeblichen Quellen für Kriminalitätsfurcht (z. B. durch Gewaltdarstellungen im Fernsehen, durch die täglichen Nachrichten über Verbrechen und Kriminalität, eigene Viktimisierungserfahrungen, etc.); Sorge vor konkreten Verbrechen (Anschläge islamistischer Terroristen, organisierte kriminelle Banden aus dem Ausland, Gewaltbereitschaft Jugendlicher, Diebstahl und Überfälle auf offener Straße, Einbrüche und Aufbrechen von Autos, Gewalt in der Familie, Polizeiübergriffe); Beurteilung der Bemühungen der Politik, Sicherheit zu gewährleisten; Beurteilung von geeigneten Sicherheitsmaßnahmen (mehr sichtbare Präsenz von Polizei und Ordnungskräften, schnellere Abschiebung von ausländischen Straftätern, Ordnungskräfte im öffentlichen Nahverkehr, Videoüberwachung öffentlicher Plätze und in Nahverkehrsmitteln, härtere Strafen, intensivere Polizeikontrollen auf Autobahnen, stärkere Internetüberwachung, mehr soziale Präventionsprojekte für Jugendliche); Beurteilung der stärkeren Zusammenarbeit von verschiedenen deutschen und internationalen Sicherheitsorganen (Polizeibehörden von Bund und Ländern, Polizei und Nachrichtendienste der EU-Staaten bzw. Polizei und Nachrichtendienste von Deutschland und den USA); Einstellung zur Videoüberwachung auf öffentlichen Plätzen (Gefühl von Sicherheit oder eher von Unbehagen oder beides gleichzeitig); Einstellung zur Vorratsdatenspeicherung. 2. Einstellungen zu Asyl und Einwanderung: Umgang mit Flüchtlingen mit abgelehntem Asylantrag (Abschiebung oder Duldung unter bestimmten Bedingungen); Sorge um Anstieg der Flüchtlingszahlen; konkrete Sorgen in Bezug das Thema Asyl und Flüchtlinge in Deutschland (Überfremdung, steigende Kriminalität, Anstieg des Rechtsradikalismus, Verlust der deutschen Identität, Zuwachs an Illegalen im Land, Überforderung der sozialen Sicherungssysteme); Notwendigkeit ausgewählter Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung und Verschärfung des Asylrechts (sofortige Abschiebung bei abgelehnten Asylanträgen, Arbeitserlaubnis für Asylbewerber, Duldung trotz Ablehnung des Asylantrags, strengere Prüfung der Asylgründe); Beurteilung ausgewählter Kriterien für die Einwanderung nach Deutschland (nachgefragter Beruf, Familienangehörige in Deutschland, jung oder alt, politische Verfolgung im Heimatland, Universitätsabschluss, gute Deutschkenntnisse, keine Straftaten im Heimatland, Ausbildungswunsch); Meinung zur Zuwanderung hochqualifizierter Fachkräfte aus dem Ausland; Beurteilung der innenpolitischen Bedeutsamkeit der deutschen Einwanderungspolitik; Beurteilung der Wichtigkeit einer Willkommenskultur für Einwanderer; Einwanderer fühlen sich in Deutschland willkommen vs. nicht willkommen. 3. Terrorbekämpfung: Einschätzung der Gefahr terroristischer Anschläge in Deutschland; Einschätzung der Bemühungen der Bundesregierung im Hinblick auf den Schutz vor einem terroristischen Anschlag; Meinungen zu Bestrafung von finanziellen Unterstützern und von Sympathiewerbern von Terrororganisationen. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; höchster Bildungsabschluss; Erwerbstätigkeit; berufliche Stellung; Familienstand (Haushaltsstruktur); Konfession; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen. Zusätzlich verkodet wurden: Befragten-ID; Gewichtungsfaktor; Ortsgröße; Bundesland.

Attitudes towards immigration in general, integration and immigration of skilled workers. Attitude towards immigration in general: attitude towards immigration in Germany (scale); significance of immigration policy; satisfaction with the immigration policy of the Federal Government with regard to: concerns of the population, clarification of objectives and measures of immigration policy, integration efforts into German society and the labour market, European solution for immigration to Europe as well as immigration policy in general; important criterion for immigration (e.g. occupation in demand in Germany, family members in Germany, political persecution in the home country, university degree, no delinquency in the home country, good knowledge of German, etc.); policy options for managing and controlling immigration; dealing with rejected asylum seekers or with asylum seekers who have committed crimes (deportation vs. toleration under certain conditions, split-half). Attitude towards integration: assessment of the coexistence of Germans and immigrants; frequency of various reasons for immigration to Germany (civil war in the home country, lack of prospects, good social security systems in Germany, hope for more money, unemployment, persecution in the home country for political or religious reasons, famine or natural disaster in the home country, part of the family lives in Germany, favours on the country and people in Germany). Immigration of skilled workers: opinion on the immigration of highly qualified skilled workers from abroad (allow immigration of skilled workers if no one can be found in Germany vs. qualification of the unemployed); assessment of the shortage of skilled workers in Germany; shortage of skilled workers as a task for companies or politicians; areas with a shortage of skilled workers in Germany (nursing, medicine, the computer sector/ digital sector, crafts, industry, gastronomy, tourism, retail trade , others - open); importance of various measures to combat the shortage of skilled workers in Germany (qualification of people already living in Germany, recruitment of skilled workers from other European countries or from non-European countries); evaluation of various measures to regulate immigration for work and training purposes; work permits for qualified immigrants in all occupations vs. only in occupations with a bottleneck; evaluation of the current regulation on the entry of foreigners with a university degree seeking employment; advocacy of the application of this regulation also for the entry of foreigners with recognised vocational training; expected consequences of the planned Immigration Act for skilled workers (significant reduction in the shortage of skilled workers, better management and control of immigration, Germany´s economic development will benefit, stabilisation of social security systems, securing prosperity, enrichment of life in Germany, wages will fall significantly, increasing competition on the labour market, loss of German culture and idiosyncrasy, further parallel societies, increasing crime, increasing danger of terrorism, cultural conflicts); personal contact with people not born in Germany at work, in the circle of friends, in the neighbourhood and in the family; feeling in society rather preferred, rather disadvantaged or appropriately treated; party preference. Demography: sex; age; education; occupation; occupational status; marital status; household size; number of persons in the household aged 18 and over; migration background; net household income. Additionally coded was: respondent ID; federal state; local size; weighting factor. Einstellungen zu Einwanderung im Allgemeinen, zur Integration und zur Fachkräfteeinwanderung. Einstellungen zu Einwanderung im Allgemeinen: Einstellung zum Thema Einwanderung in Deutschland (Skala); Bedeutung der Einwanderungspolitik; Zufriedenheit mit der Einwanderungspolitik der Bundesregierung im Hinblick auf: Sorgen der Bevölkerung, Verdeutlichung von Zielen und Maßnahmen der Einwanderungspolitik, Integrationsbemühungen in die deutsche Gesellschaft und den Arbeitsmarkt, europäische Lösung für die Einwanderung nach Europa sowie die Einwanderungspolitik im Allgemeinen; wichtiges Kriterium für Einwanderung (z.B. in Deutschland nachgefragter Beruf, Familienangehörige in Deutschland, politische Verfolgung im Heimatland, Universitätsabschluss, keine Straffälligkeit im Heimatland, gute Deutschkenntnisse, etc. ); Möglichkeiten der Politik, Einwanderung zu steuern und zu kontrollieren; Umgang mit abgelehnten Asylbewerbern bzw. mit straffällig geworden Asylbewerbern (Abschiebung vs. Duldung unter bestimmten Bedingungen, Split-Half). Einstellung zur Integration: Beurteilung des Zusammenlebens von Deutschen und Einwanderern; Häufigkeit verschiedener Gründe für Einwanderung nach Deutschland (Bürgerkrieg im Heimatland, Perspektivlosigkeit, gute soziale Sicherungssysteme in Deutschland, Hoffnung auf mehr Geld, Arbeitslosigkeit, Verfolgung im Heimatland aus politischen bzw. religiösen Gründen, Hunger- oder Naturkatastrophe im Heimatland, Teil der Familie lebt in Deutschland, Gefallen an Land und Leuten in Deutschland). Fachkräfteeinwanderung: Meinung zur Zuwanderung hochqualifizierter Fachkräfte aus dem Ausland (Zuwanderung von Fachkräften erlauben wenn sich hierzulande niemand findet vs. Qualifizierung von Arbeitslosen); Einschätzung des Fachkräftemangels in Deutschland; Fachkräftemangel als Aufgabe für Unternehmen oder für die Politik; Bereiche mit Fachkräftemangel in Deutschland (Pflege, Medizin, Computerbranche/ Digitalbereich, Handwerk, Industrie, Gastronomie, Tourismus, Einzelhandel , weitere - offen); Wichtigkeit verschiedener Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung des Fachkräftemangels in Deutschland (Qualifizierung bereits in Deutschland lebender Menschen, Anwerbung von Fachkräften aus dem europäischen Ausland bzw. aus dem nicht-europäischen Ausland); Bewertung verschiedener Maßnahmen zur Regelung der Zuwanderung zu Arbeits- und Ausbildungszwecken; Arbeitserlaubnis für qualifizierte Einwanderer in allen Berufen vs. nur in Berufen mit Engpass; Bewertung der geltenden Regelung zur Einreise von Arbeit suchenden Ausländern mit Hochschulabschluss; Befürwortung der Anwendung dieser Regelung auch für die Einreise von Ausländern mit einer anerkannten Berufsausbildung; erwartete Folgen des geplanten Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetzes (deutliche Abnahme des Fachkräftemangels, bessere Steuerung und Kontrolle der Einwanderung, wirtschaftliche Entwicklung Deutschlands wird profitieren, Stabilisierung der sozialen Sicherungssysteme, Wohlstandssicherung, Bereicherung des Lebens in Deutschland, Löhne werden deutlich sinken, zunehmende Konkurrenz auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, Verlust deutscher Kultur und Eigenart, weitere Parallelgesellschaften, zunehmende Kriminalität, steigende Terrorgefahr, kulturelle Konflikte); persönlicher Kontakt zu nicht in Deutschland geborenen Personen am Arbeitsplatz, im Freundeskreis, in der Nachbarschaft und in der Familie; Gefühl in der Gesellschaft eher bevorzugt, eher benachteiligt oder angemessen behandelt zu werden; Parteipräferenz. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Bildung ; Berufstätigkeit; berufliche Stellung; Familienstand; Haushaltsgröße; Anzahl der Personen im Haushalt ab 18 Jahren; Migrationshintergrund; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten ID; Bundesland; Ortsgröße; Gewichtungsfaktor.

The research project is a subproject of the research association “Strengthening of integration potentials within a modern society” (Scientific head: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Heitmeyer, Bielefeld) which contains 17 subprojects and is supported by the ministry of education and research.
In almost all the economically highly developed countries violent crime increased significantly in the second part of the last century - in contrast to the long term trend of decline of individual (non-governmental) violence since the beginning of modern times. The authors develop an explanatory approach for these facts which is inspired mainly by Norbert Elias´s civilization theory and Emil Durkheim´s theory on society. Detailed time series on the development of different forms of violent crime are presented and set in relation with certain aspects of economic and social structural changes in three countries and also refer to the changes in integration of modern societies. The analysis deals especially with effectivity and legitimacy of the governmental monopoly of violence, the public beneficial security and power system, forms of building social capital, economic and social inequality, precarity of employment, different aspects of increasing economization of society, changes in family structures and usage of mass media and modern communication technologies.

Register of tables in HISTAT:

A: Crime statistics

A.01 Frequency of types of crimes in different countries (1953-2000) A.02 Suspects by crimes of 100.000 inhabitants of Germany, England and Sweden (1955-1998) A.03 Murders, manslaughter and intentional injuries by other persons by sex of 100.000 persons after the statistics of causes of death (1953-2000) A.04 Clearance rate by types of crimes in Germany, England and Sweden (1953-1997) A.05 Prisoners of 100.000 inhabitants of Germany, Great Britain and Sweden (1950-2000)

B: Key indicators for economic development in Germany, Great Britain, Sweden and the USA

B1: Data on the overall economic framework

B1.01 Percent changes in the real GDP per capita in purchasing power parities (1956-1987) B1.02 Percent changes in GDP per capita in prices from 2000 (1955-1998) B1.03 GDP of Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom in purchasing power parities in percent og the US GDP (1950-1992) B1.04 Labor productivity index for different countries, base: USA 1996 = 100 (1950-1999) B1.05 GDP per hour of labor in different countries in EKS-$ from 1999 (1950-2003) B1.06 Foreign trade - exports and imports in percent of the GDP of different countries (1949-2003) B1.07 GDP, wages and Unit-Labor-Cost in different countries (1960-2003)

B2: Unemployment

B2.01 Standardized unemployment rate in different countries with regard to the entire working population (1960-2003) B2.02 Share of long-term unemployed of the total number of unemployed in different countries in percent (1992-2004) B2.03 Youth unemployment in different countries in percent (1970-2004) B2.04 Unemployment rate in percent by sex in different countries (1963-2000)

B3: Employment

B3.01 Employment rate in percent in different countries (1960-2000) B3.02 Share of fixed-term employees and persons in dependent employment in percent in different countries (1983-2004) B3.03 Share of part-time employees by sex compared to the entire working population in different countries (1973-2000) B3.04 Share of un-voluntarily part-time employees by sex in different countries (1983-2003) B3.05 Share of contract workers in different countries in percent of the entire working population (1975-2002) B3.06 Share of self-employed persons in different countries in percent of the entire working population (1970-2004) B3.07 Shift worker rate in different countries in percent (1992-2005) B3.08 Yearly working hours per employee in different countries (1950-2004) B3.09 Employment by sectors in different countries (1950-2003) B3.10 Share of employees in public civil services in percent of the population between 15 and 64 years in different countries (1960-1999) B3.11 Female population, female employees and female workers in percent of the population between 16 and 64 years in different countries (1960-2000) B3.12 Employees, self-employed persons in percent of the entire working population in different countries (1960-2000)

B4: Taxes and duties

B4.01 Taxes and social security contributions in percent of the GDP (1965-2002) B4.02 Social expenditure in percent of the GDP (1965-2002) B4.03 Social expenditure in perc...

Description: Subject of the study:The age structure is of primary importance for the evaluation of the potential of a population in the areas of labor, economic development, consumption and also indicates needs concerning special facilities in the areas of education and the healthcare sector. Further the total population can be seen as a benchmark for the calculation of indices. The present data from the Federal Office of Statistics sorted by age and sex for the territory of Germany is summarized in age groups of criminal responsibility. The population of Germany is measured regarding the respective frontiers – until 1989 the territory of the former Federal Republic and from 1990 on the German territory after the reunification from the third of October in 1990. The status of the indicated numbers of population is as of December 31 of each the year.The data comes from the censuses and from current population estimations. The entries on population therefore contain German and Foreign population together. With the help of the entries on non-German population altogether from the censuses and the entries on the age structure of the foreign population, taken from the data of the Central Register for Foreign Nationals, the portion of the criminal responsible non-German population will be calculated, so it can be compared to the German criminal responsible population. Criminal responsibility means reaching an age at which the legislators think a person is capable of overviewing the consequences of his or her actions and therefore takes over the responsibility for these actions. In the German Empire, the beginning of the criminal responsibility was with 12 years in 1871. 1923 a juvenile court law was enacted in which the age for criminal responsibility was increased to 14 years. With the “first act for the protection of adolescent dangerous criminals” in 1939 adolescents were treated as adults in front of the law only from the age of 16 on. Then after the “Reichsjugendgesetz” (Reich´s juvenile act) in 1943 the complete legal culpability and criminal responsibility started again with 12 years.The new version of the Juvenile Courts Act from October 1953 rose the age of criminal responsibility again to 14 years and this is nowadays still valid. In the jurisdiction of the Federal Republic of Germany criminal responsibility develops with increasing age in three steps.The German panel code establishes criminal responsibility at the age of 14 years. Until the age of 14 years there is no criminal responsibility at all. The term for this used in the law is lack of culpability of the child (Schuldunfähigkeit des Kindes) (vgl. Wikipedia: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafmündigkeit).Adolescents (Persons who are between 14 and 17 years old) are individually criminal responsible, if committing the crime they are mature enough to realize the injustice of the crime and to act according to that realization. For those cases a special juvenile criminal law is used. At the age of 18 the full criminal responsibility starts, but for adolescents and young adults (in the age of 18 – 21 years) the juvenile criminal law can still be applied, if at the time the crime is committed the young adult is still in a moral and mental state of development that compares to an adolescent or when the crime can be seen as a youth misconduct. From the age of 21 years on the adults criminal law is applied. Subject-matter series 10, series 3 of the statistics on criminal prosecution of the Federal Statistical Office report from the year 1978 the composition of the criminal responsible German population for the first of January of the corresponding year, structured by sex and age group. For Germany in the frontiers after the third October of 1990 data on the criminal responsible population in the subject-matter series 10, series 3, is available only from 2007. The data of the present study refers to the population level in the end of the year (as at 31.12 and is gathered by the population census and calculated by the current population estimations. Tables 01 to 20 contain data on the German and the foreign population altogether. Table 21 reports on the foreign population after the results of the censuses and the current population estimation. In table 22 the foreign population at the age from 0 to 15 years was estimated, using the aged grouped data of the Central Register of Foreign Nationals and the results from table 21. These are the categories used: Not criminal responsible population:- Children under the age of 8 years- Children from 8 to less than 14 years Criminal responsible population:Adolescents:- Adolescents, from14 to less than 16 years- Adolescents, from16 to less than 18 years- Adolescents, from14 to less than 18 years Criminal responsible population:Young adults:- Young adults: (from 18 to fewer than 21 years) Criminal responsible population:-Young adults and adults (from 18 years on) Criminal responsible population:Adults:- Adul...

ALLBUScompact is offered as an alternative to the structurally more complex full version of ALLBUS. It addresses the needs of newcomers to data analysis by providing a simplified demography module containing an easily manageable group of the most important demographic indicators. All topical question modules not containing sensitive data are retained as in the ALLBUS full version (scientific use file).

Topics:

1.) Use of media: Frequency and average total time of watching tv, frequency of watching news programs on public and commercial tv, frequency of reading a daily newspaper per week, frequency of reading books / e-books; internet use: frequency and type of device, frequency of using social media for political information, trustworthiness of different news sources with regard to crime and public safety.

2.) Social Inequality: Self-assessment of social class, fair share in standard of living, assessment of access to education, attitudes towards social inequality and the welfare state.

3.) Ethnocentrism and minorities: Attitude towards the influx of various groups of immigrants, attitudes towards the foreigners living in Germany, contacts with foreigners, antisemitic stereotypes and prejudices, attitudes towards Islam (Islamophobia), perceived risks and chances with respect to refugees.

4.) Family and gender roles: Attitudes towards working fathers and mothers, division of labor regarding house and family work., importance of educational goals.

5.) Values: Work orientations, attitudes towards legalizing abortion, materialism / postmaterialism (importance of law and order, fighting rising prices, free expression of opinions and influence on governmental decisions).

6.) Political attitudes: Pride in being a German, confidence in public institutions and organizations (public health service, federal constitutional court, federal parliament (Bundestag), city or municipal administration, churches, judiciary, television, newspapers, universities, federal government, the police, political parties, European Commission, European Parliament); identification with own community, the Federal Republic of Germany and the EU, preference for lower taxes or more social spending, stance on extension or reduction in social services, perceived strength of conflicts between social groups, political interest, self-placement on left-right continuum, satisfaction with democracy in Germany, voting intention (Sonntagsfrage).

7.) Deviant behavior and sanctions: Assessment of adequacy of court decisions, development of crime rate, moral assessment of deviant acts, crime-specific desire for sanctions (punitivity), desire to prohibit specific behaviors, attitude towards the death penalty, self-reported deviant behavior (past and future), perceived risk of being caught committing various crimes, victimisation (theft, any crime), respect of the law (norm), deterring crime through punishment, purpose of punishment, self-control (Grasmick), fear of crime, feeling of safety in living environment.

8.) Health: Self-assessment of overall health, physical and mental health during the last four weeks, acceptance of state powers to control epidemics.

9.) Religion: Self-assessment of religiousness, denomination, frequency of church attendance / attending a house of God.

10.) Other topics: Assessment of the present and future economic situation in Germany, assessment of present and future personal economic situation, social pessimism and orientation towards the future (anomia), interpersonal trust, reciprocity, authoritarianism, overall life satisfaction.

11.) ALLBUS-Demography: Details about the respondent: age, gender, marital status, citizenship (nationality), school education, vocational training, employment status, affiliation to public service, working hours per week (primary and secondary job), supervisory functions, fear of unemployment, length of unemployment, status of non-employment, date of termination of full-time employment, current or former membership in a trade union, membership in a political party, respondent´s income. Place of residence (size of municipality), duration of residence (in Germany and at current place of residence), mobility.

Details about respondent´s current spouse: age, school education, vocational training, employment status, affiliation to public service, status of non-employment.

Details about respondent´s steady partner: age, school education, vocational training, employment status, affiliati...

Concern that immigration worsens crime problems is prevalent across Western publics. How does it shape electoral politics? Prior research asserted a growing left-right divide in immigration attitudes and voting behavior due to educational realignment. In contrast, I argue that leftist voters are more conservative on immigrant crime than leftist parties, which can drive highly-educated progressives (so-called `cosmopolitans') to right-wing parties. I demonstrate this voter-party mismatch using survey data from 14 Western European countries linked with expert ratings of party positions. A panel survey from Germany further shows that concern about immigrant crime increases vote intention for the center right among voters of the Greens – the party of leftist cosmopolitans. A conjoint experiment among German voters replicates this defection effect and shows that it persists even if the center right stigmatizes immigrants or adopts conservative socio-cultural issue positions. Repercussions of immigration can in fact drive leftist cosmopolitans to the right.

Attitudes towards immigration in general, integration and immigration of skilled workers.

Attitude towards immigration in general: attitude towards immigration in Germany (scale); significance of immigration policy; satisfaction with the immigration policy of the Federal Government with regard to: concerns of the population, clarification of objectives and measures of immigration policy, integration efforts into German society and the labour market, European solution for immigration to Europe as well as immigration policy in general; important criterion for immigration (e.g. occupation in demand in Germany, family members in Germany, political persecution in the home country, university degree, no delinquency in the home country, good knowledge of German, etc.); policy options for managing and controlling immigration; dealing with rejected asylum seekers or with asylum seekers who have committed crimes (deportation vs. toleration under certain conditions, split-half).

Attitude towards integration: assessment of the coexistence of Germans and immigrants; frequency of various reasons for immigration to Germany (civil war in the home country, lack of prospects, good social security systems in Germany, hope for more money, unemployment, persecution in the home country for political or religious reasons, famine or natural disaster in the home country, part of the family lives in Germany, favours on the country and people in Germany).

Immigration of skilled workers: opinion on the immigration of highly qualified skilled workers from abroad (allow immigration of skilled workers if no one can be found in Germany vs. qualification of the unemployed); assessment of the shortage of skilled workers in Germany; shortage of skilled workers as a task for companies or politicians; areas with a shortage of skilled workers in Germany (nursing, medicine, the computer sector/ digital sector, crafts, industry, gastronomy, tourism, retail trade , others - open); importance of various measures to combat the shortage of skilled workers in Germany (qualification of people already living in Germany, recruitment of skilled workers from other European countries or from non-European countries); evaluation of various measures to regulate immigration for work and training purposes; work permits for qualified immigrants in all occupations vs. only in occupations with a bottleneck; evaluation of the current regulation on the entry of foreigners with a university degree seeking employment; advocacy of the application of this regulation also for the entry of foreigners with recognised vocational training; expected consequences of the planned Immigration Act for skilled workers (significant reduction in the shortage of skilled workers, better management and control of immigration, Germany´s economic development will benefit, stabilisation of social security systems, securing prosperity, enrichment of life in Germany, wages will fall significantly, increasing competition on the labour market, loss of German culture and idiosyncrasy, further parallel societies, increasing crime, increasing danger of terrorism, cultural conflicts); personal contact with people not born in Germany at work, in the circle of friends, in the neighbourhood and in the family; feeling in society rather preferred, rather disadvantaged or appropriately treated; party preference.

Demography: sex; age; education; occupation; occupational status; marital status; household size; number of persons in the household aged 18 and over; migration background; net household income.

Additionally coded was: respondent ID; federal state; local size; weighting factor.

Germany Video Surveillance Market size was valued at USD 4.28 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 7.35 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 7% from 2026 to 2032.The Germany video surveillance market is driven by increasing security concerns across public and private sectors, including transportation, banking, and urban infrastructure. Rising crime rates and growing demand for real-time monitoring are prompting widespread adoption of advanced surveillance systems.Additionally, technological advancements like AI-based analytics, facial recognition, and cloud storage are boosting market growth. Government initiatives for smart city development and stringent regulations for public safety further propel the demand for modern video surveillance solutions.

As the number of refugees rises across the world, anti-refugee violence has become a pressing concern. What explains the incidence and support of such hate crime? We argue that fears among native men that refugees pose a threat in the competition for female partners are a critical but understudied factor driving hate crime. Employing a comprehensive dataset on the incidence of hate crime across Germany, we first demonstrate that hate crime rises where men face disadvantages in local mating mar-kets. Next, we complement this ecological evidence with original survey measures and confirm that individual-level support for hate crime increases when men fear that the inflow of refugees makes it more difficult to find female partners. Mate competition concerns remain a robust predictor even when controlling for anti-refugee views, perceived job competition, general frustration, and aggressiveness. We conclude that a more complete understanding of hate crime and immigrant conflict must incorporate marriage markets and mate competition.

The German Victimization Survey is a dark field survey conducted on behalf of the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) with the aim of collecting comprehensive information on the topics of fear of crime, victim experiences and reporting behaviour in the Federal Republic of Germany. Other focal points of the survey were fraud offences with EC and credit cards or on the Internet as well as crime-related attitudes. The study, designed as a cross-sectional survey, was first conducted in 2012 and repeated in 2017 with a slightly modified survey instrument. A representative sample of the German population aged 16 and over was interviewed in computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI). In both surveys, the interviews were conducted in German, Turkish and Russian.

The cumulative dataset presented here contains the complete data of both surveys and thus enables the measurement of changes between 2012 and 2017.

Topics: 1. Number of household members aged 16 and over (fixed-network sample/total sample); household size; household type; age; age group; life satisfaction, trust; self-assessment of health status; general personal trust; institutional trust (federal government, courts, police, political parties, Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA), public prosecutor´s office).

1. Crime-related attitudes: Contact with police in the last 12 months; reason for police contact (reporting a crime, stopped on the street, questioned as a witness, accident, as a suspect, professional contact, given information or advice to get help or advice, other reason); satisfaction with treatment by police at last contact; reasons for dissatisfaction with last police contact (e.g. did not come quickly enough, not helpful enough or not at all, prejudice, etc.). ); reputation of the police among people in the personal environment (image); negative experiences with the police in the last 12 months in the personal environment; assessment of the work of the local police in fighting crime; equal treatment of rich and poor people by the local police when reporting a crime; frequency of disproportionate violence by the local police; assessment of one´s own economic situation; concerns about the deterioration of one´s own standard of living; agreement with the statement: enough people in the personal environment who take me as I am.

Additional questions on justice: frequency of fair and impartial decisions by the courts; equal treatment of rich and poor people in court; frequency of wrong decisions by courts (guilty people not convicted, innocent people convicted); contact with a court in the last five years about a criminal case; time of last contact with a court about a criminal case; own role in last participation in a criminal case; satisfaction with the outcome of the case.

1. Attitudes towards punishment: Importance of different purposes in imposing punishment (deterring offenders from committing further crimes, helping offenders to lead a crime-free life, making offenders pay for their crime, making offenders pay for the harm they have done, increasing the public´s awareness of the law, protecting society from offenders);

Vignette experiment: attitudes towards punishment based on different case studies for different offences (bodily harm, theft, damage to property, fraud, robbery) with regard to appropriate response options of the state, custodial sentence with or without probation, duration of custodial sentence in years/months and most appropriate conditions.

1. Attitudes towards immigration: immigration good or bad for the German economy, cultural life in Germany undermined or enriched by immigrants; Germany made a better or worse place to live by immigrants.

2. Media use: average weekly use of (internet) TV, (internet) radio, internet edition of a newspaper, printed newspaper, internet (excluding TV, radio, newspaper use); interest in different types of TV programmes (news, political magazines, other magazines, reports, documentaries, TV shows, quiz programmes, sports programmes, crime films, feature films, entertainment series, comedy programmes); reasons for TV consumption.

3. Social psychological perspectives and attitudes: Attitudes towards life and the future based on various statements (how my life turns out depends on myself, what one achieves in life is primarily a matter of fate or luck, success has to be worked hard for, when I encounter difficulties in life I often doubt my abilities, more important than all the efforts are the ...