President Trump's ten percent tariffs on imports from China, which went into effect on February 4, 2025, are projected to have negative effects on both the GDP of China and the U.S. However, the effect on China's GDP is expected to be stronger and result in a contraction by 0.16 percent in 2026 and 2027 compared to the baseline scenario. In contrast, the U.S. GDP is only projected to be 0.07 percent lower than in the baseline scenario in 2027. If China retaliates, the negative effects on both countries might be stronger.

Graph and download economic data for Net Exports of Goods and Services (NETEXP) from Q1 1947 to Q1 2025 about exports, Net, goods, services, GDP, and USA.

During the 19th century, the United States generally had a negative trade balance, importing more than it exported, particularly from the British Empire. This changed at the turn of the 20th century, and the U.S. consistently had a positive trade balance between 1896 and 1970. The greatest periods of fluctuation came during the world wars, as well as an observable decline following the Wall Street Crash of 1929.

While inflation rates increased the total value of imports and exports over time, the rate of growth did increase significantly from 1900 onwards. The early 20th century saw the U.S. move away from its traditional isolationist policies (apart from a brief period during the great Depression) and emerge as a global superpower. Following the Second World War, the U.S. used its economic power to maintain its influence across the globe, as it sought to suppress the expansion of communism.

Graph and download economic data for Real Net Exports of Goods and Services (NETEXC) from Q1 1970 to Q1 2025 about exports, Net, goods, services, real, GDP, and USA.

In 2014, Romania's net exports accounted for 0.1 percent of the country's gross domestic product. Since 2014, net exports registered negative values, meaning that Romania's import value was higher than the export value.

The United States recorded a trade deficit of 61.62 USD Billion in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Balance of Trade - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Imports of environmental goods comprise all environmental goods entering the national territory. A relatively high share of environmental goods imports indicates that an economy purchases a significant share of environmental goods from other economies. Exports of environmental goods comprise all environmental goods leaving the national territory. A relatively high share of environmental goods exports indicates that an economy produces and sells a significant share of environmental goods to other economies. An economy’s environmental goods trade balance is the difference between its exports and imports of environmental goods.Comparative advantage is a measure of the relative advantage or disadvantage a particular economy has in a certain class of goods (in this case, environmental goods), and can be used to evaluate export potential in that class of goods. A value greater than one indicates a relative advantage in environmental goods, while a value of less than one indicates a relative disadvantage.Sources: Department of Economic and Social Affairs/United Nations. 2022. United Nations Comtrade database. https://comtrade.un.org. Accessed on 2023-06-28; International Monetary Fund (IMF) Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS). https://data.imf.org/dot. Accessed on 2023-06-28. World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April. Accessed on 2023-06-28; IMF staff calculations.Category: Cross-Border IndicatorsData series: Comparative advantage in environmental goodsEnvironmental goods exportsEnvironmental goods exports as percent of GDPEnvironmental goods exports as share of total exportsEnvironmental goods importsEnvironmental goods imports as percent of GDPEnvironmental goods imports as share of total importsEnvironmental goods trade balanceEnvironmental goods trade balance as percent of GDPTotal trade in environmental goodsTotal trade in environmental goods as percent of GDPMetadata:Sources: Trade data from UN Comtrade Database (https://comtrade.un.org/). Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) 2017. Trade aggregates from IMF Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) (data.imf.org/dot). GDP data from World Economic Outlook.Methodology:Environmental goods imports and exports are estimated by aggregating HS 6-digit commodities identified as environmental goods based on OECD and Eurostat, The Environmental Goods & Services Industry: Manual for Data Collection and Analysis, 1999, and IMF research. Total goods imports and exports are estimated by aggregating all commodities. Environmental goods trade balance is calculated as environmental goods exports less environmental goods imports. A positive trade balance means an economy has a surplus in environmental goods, while a negative trade balance means an economy has a deficit in environmental goods.Total goods are estimated by aggregating all commodities. Comparative advantage is calculated as the proportion of an economy’s exports that are environmental goods to the proportion of global exports that are environmental goods. Total trade in environmental goods is calculated as the sum of environmental goods exports and environmental goods imports. This measure provides an indication of an economy’s involvement (openness) to trade in environmental goods.National-accounts basis GDP at current prices from the World Economic Outlook is used to calculate the percent of GDP. This measure provides an indication of an economy’s involvement (openness) to trade in environmental goods.Methodology Attachment Environmental Goods Harmonized System Codes

Private consumption accounted for **** percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in Japan in 2024, according to the second preliminary announcement in March 2025. The share of net exports was negative at *** percent due to imports exceeding exports.

In 2024, the trade surplus of goods in Russia amounted to about 122.63 billion U.S. dollars, having sharply decreased from the previous year. The indicator is calculated as exports minus imports of goods. A positive value means a trade surplus; a negative trade balance means a trade deficit. Russia's politics and the effect on the economy Russia has maintained a positive trade balance over the last 10 years, but in 2009, Russian exports slumped significantly due to the economic crisis. Since then, Russia has recovered and the country reports a greater surplus now than it did prior to the crisis. However, Russia’s economy has been weakened recently because of reductions in global oil and gas prices, upon which the Russian economy is largely dependent, and because of international tensions as a result of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. In the past couple of years, Russia has often reacted with hostility to any developments seen as threatening, and as Russia continues to provoke international conflict, this will affect its economy and likely hurt existing trade relations with both import and export partners. As a result, GDP growth was negative in 2015. This has also contributed to significant reductions in GDP per capita, which will directly affect Russian citizens, and more so as Russia’s inflation is peaking and the unemployment rate continues to rise. In 2015, the inflation rate was close to 16 percent. Economic diversification beyond oil and gas in addition to maintaining trade relations would help Russia’s economy.

Historical chart and dataset showing U.S. trade balance by year from 1970 to 2023.

Imports of low carbon technology products comprise all low carbon technology products entering the national territory. A relatively high share of low carbon technology products imports indicates that an economy purchases a significant share of low carbon technology products from other economies. Exports of low carbon technology products comprise all low carbon technology products leaving the national territory. A relatively high share of low carbon technology products exports indicates that an economy produces and sells a significant share of low carbon technology products to other economies. An economy’s trade balance in low carbon technology products is the difference between its exports and imports of low carbon technology products.Comparative advantage is a measure of the relative advantage or disadvantage a particular economy has in a certain class of goods (in this case, low carbon technology products), and can be used to evaluate export potential in that class of goods. A value greater than one indicates a relative advantage in low carbon technology products, while a value of less than one indicates a relative disadvantage.Sources: Department of Economic and Social Affairs/United Nations. 2022. United Nations Comtrade database. https://comtrade.un.org. International Monetary Fund (IMF) Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS). https://data.imf.org/dot. World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April. IMF staff calculations.Category: Mitigation,Transition to a Low-Carbon EconomyData series: Comparative advantage in low carbon technology productsExports of low carbon technology productsExports of low carbon technology products as percent of GDPExports of low carbon technology products as share of total exportsImports of low carbon technology productsImports of low carbon technology products as percent of GDPImports of low carbon technology products as share of total importsTotal trade in low carbon technology productsTotal trade in low carbon technology products as percent of GDPTrade balance in low carbon technology productsTrade balance in low carbon technology products as percent of GDPMetadata:Sources: Trade data from UN Comtrade Database (https://comtrade.un.org/). Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) 2017. Trade aggregates from IMF Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) (data.imf.org/dot). GDP data from World Economic Outlook.Methodology:Low carbon technology products are estimated by aggregating HS 6-digit commodities identified as low carbon technology products based on Pigato, Miria A., Simon J. Black, Damien Dussaux, Zhimin Mao, Miles McKenna, Ryan Rafaty, and Simon Touboul. 2020. Technology Transfer and Innovation for Low-Carbon Development. International Development in Focus. Washington, DC: World Bank, and IMF research. Trade balance in low carbon technology products is calculated as low carbon technology products exports less low carbon technology products imports. A positive trade balance means an economy has a surplus in low carbon technology products, while a negative trade balance means an economy has a deficit in low carbon technology products.Total goods are estimated by aggregating all commodities. Comparative advantage is calculated as the proportion of an economy’s exports that are low carbon technology products to the proportion of global exports that are low carbon technology products. Total trade in low carbon technology products is calculated as the sum of low carbon technology products exports and low carbon technology products imports. National-accounts basis GDP at current prices from the World Economic Outlook is used to calculate the percent of GDP. This measure provides an indication of an economy’s involvement (openness) to trade in low carbon technology products, which is important for understanding how these technologies can be transferred between economies.Methodology Attachment Low Carbon Technology Harmonized System Codes

The statistic shows the average inflation rate in Turkey from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, the average inflation rate in Turkey was at around 58.51 percent compared to the previous year. Turkey’s economy With a continuously growing gross domestic product /GDP and thus a rising share in the global GDP adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity, Turkey’s economy is one of the largest worldwide. By 2030, Turkey is estimated to be one of the countries with the highest gross domestic product worldwide. Import of goods figures and export figures are rising as well, however, the trade balance of Turkey has been in the negative range for several years now with a downwards trend which indicates a serious trade deficit – or in other words: an imbalance between export and import costs; the value of goods Turkey imports is a lot higher than the value of exported goods. Main export partners of Turkey for textiles, automotive goods, iron and steel, among other goods, are mostly European countries, with Germany leading the ranking, followed by Iraq, Great Britain, Italy and France. The most important economic sector for Turkey is the services sector, especially the tourism sector, which has experienced a significant boost over the last decade. Thus, Turkey is now among the most popular destinations for visitors of all nations. A look at gross domestic product /GDP growth in Turkey shows that the country suffered a brief setback during the economic crisis of 2008, but swiftly recovered and was back in the black by 2010. Turkey’s employment figures hardly suffered at all, they too recovered quickly and are now back to pre-crisis levels.

The U.S. administration's decision to increase tariffs on imports of products to the U.S. is expected to have a positive 0.01-percent impact on Poland's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2025. The most negative situation is forecast for the clothing and leather sector.

The statistic shows the trade balance of goods (exports minus imports of goods) in the United Kingdom from 2013 to 2023. A positive value means a trade surplus, a negative trade balance means a trade deficit. In 2023, the trade deficit of goods in the United Kingdom amounted to about 270.48 billion U.S. dollars. On the effects of Brexit on the UK's economy The United Kingdom has maintained a trade deficit over the last ten years, but now that the country has chosen to leave the European Union, current trade agreements will need to be renegotiated and trade relationships and the trade balance will change. As of 2015, one of the UK’s most important import and export partners was Germany, but it also trades heavily with many other countries within the European Union; more than half of total value of the UK trade in goods is associated with European Union countries. Trade agreements which have been negotiated by the European Union extend beyond member countries, and the United Kingdom will now have to renegotiate its own trade deals with a far larger number of countries by itself. It remains to be seen as to how the UK will manage these negotiations. Another big question is how the UK banking sector will be able to access the European market. As of 2014, services contributed close to 80 percent of UK GDP, which includes banking services. While it is too soon predict how BREXIT will impact the United Kingdom entirely, estimates of the decision’s long term effects estimate negative GDP growth of around 2.72 percent in an optimistic scenario, with the pessimistic scenario estimating negative growth of around 7.7 percent.

This paper explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Korean government's fiscal measures on macroeconomic and microeconomic shifts. Utilizing the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) computable general equilibrium model and database version 11, with 2017 as the base year, we aggregated 160 regions and 65 sectors into 9 regions and 18 sectors. The model projected the global economy to 2020 using variables such as real GDP, population, capital stock, and labor supply for a baseline scenario. Two policy scenarios assessed the impacts of the pandemic and a fiscal stimulus package. Results indicated a global decline in real GDP and welfare, with disruptions in supply chains and increased trade costs negatively affecting import and export volumes. Sectors such as tourism were particularly impacted. Specifically, the Korean economy faced a significant negative impact from the pandemic. Despite government fiscal measures that positively influenced real GDP, Korea's real GDP contracted by 1.7% in 2020, deviating from the pre-pandemic growth changes of approximately 2% per year. Welfare losses amounted to US$103 billion, driven by decreased consumer spending and increased unemployment. Export and import volumes fell, leading to a narrower trade deficit of US$17 billion compared to the previous year. The study underscores the need for targeted fiscal measures to mitigate adverse effects, recommending policies to stimulate private household consumption, support affected sectors, and enhance Korea's international trade competitiveness.

Japan recorded a trade deficit of 637.61 JPY Billion in May of 2025. This dataset provides - Japan Balance of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The statistic depicts Mexico's real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate from 2020 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. GDP refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. It is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. Real GDP is adjusted for price changes and is therefore regarded as a key indicator for economic growth. In 2024, Mexico's real GDP grew by about 1.45 percent compared to the previous year. Mexico's economy Mexico, having not been dramatically affected by the 2002 South American crisis, has one of the strongest economies in the Americas behind the United States and Canada. By improving its macroeconomic rules and regulations, Mexico improved on many aspects of its economy, most notably inflation. Several goals that the government wanted accomplish were the improvement of infrastructure around the country as well as newer tax laws that would allow for higher income equality. Mexico is generally an export-oriented country, with the majority of export goods consisting of electronics, automobiles and agricultural goods. Exports over the past decade have seen continuous growth, with the exception of 2009. This increase in exports is largely due to an increasing number of free trade agreements with international countries, which essentially eliminate tariffs between member countries. However, Mexico imports more than they export, having recorded an annual trade deficit over the past decade. While most economics label this as a negative aspect, other economics believe that trade deficits are associated with positive economic developments.

The symmetric input-output tables, including the margin tables necessary to convert each transaction from purchaser to basic prices as well as the domestic and import use tables are available in Excel spreadsheet (.xlsx) files. These files are available upon request. The final demand Summary classification used in this product is slightly modified from the Summary classification used in the supply and use tables. International imports, exports, and re-exports have been expanded to include detail by geographic region. The geographic regions are the United States, Mexico, China and rest of world. Output and gross domestic product (GDP) by industry differ slightly from those published in the supply and use tables. To avoid negative inter-industry transactions, negative secondary outputs of wholesaling margins were re-allocated to the wholesaling industry and equivalently offset through an adjustment to the value of 'gross operating surplus'. Beginning with reference year 2014 only, the classifications of the symmetric input-output tables have been modified to include cannabis related industries and final demand categories. Additional changes have also been made to the industry classification codes for oil and gas extraction and to the final demand classification to disaggregate disposal of used assets by sector. Beginning with reference year 2014 only, the estimates are based on the 2019 comprehensive revision of the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts which incorporated revisions to both international travel expenditures and cannabis-related activities. More information about the 2019 comprehensive revision is available in: A preview of the 2019 revision of the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts (opens new window)." With the June 18, 2021 release, estimates for the latest two reference years are based on advanced estimates of the Canadian supply and use tables that were modelled based on industry indicators of output and gross value added and benchmarked to published income and expenditure account figures.

Armenia’s economy is fueled by imported natural gas. The country’s power, heating, and transport sectors rely heavily on natural gas, and the energy intensity of Armenia’s gross domestic product (GDP) is higher than the global average. Natural gas represents up to 63 percent of Armenia’s total energy supply, one of the world’s largest shares, and all of it is imported, mostly from the Russian Federation, creating a high vulnerability to external shocks. The high share of natural gas puts Armenia below the global average in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, at 3.8 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) per capita in 2019, driven by the energy sector (two third of emissions) followed by the agriculture sector. Decarbonization provides energy security at zero or even negative costs, when considering the full economic costs of fossil fuels, and acts as an insurance against the uncertainty around future gas prices. Energy security risks provide a clear incentive for Armenia to develop domestic renewable resources. As gas has historically been imported at relatively low costs (the current price of $180 per 1,000 standard cubic meters is substantially below international gas price benchmarks), an increase in natural gas prices to meet international benchmarks would immediately make the low-carbon transition a no-regret decision. A scenario in which Armenia diversifies its gas imports and pays international gas prices would lead to a higher energy system cost than a decarbonization scenario in which Armenia transitions from a gas-powered to a solar-powered economy and reduces emissions to its target of 2.07 tCO2e per capita by 2050.

In 2020, economic factors originating from the population trends affected the growth of the gross domestic product in Russia most negatively, at 4.4 percent. Import components, on the other hand, contributed to an 2.9 percent increase in the GDP. In the previous year, that indicator had a negative effect on Russia's GDP.