Combined public and private expenditure on education as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) and index of change. This table is included in Section B: Financing education systems: Total expenditure on education of the Pan Canadian Education Indicators Program (PCEIP). PCEIP draws from a wide variety of data sources to provide information on the school-age population, elementary, secondary and postsecondary education, transitions, education finance and labour market outcomes. The program presents indicators for all of Canada, the provinces, the territories, as well as selected international comparisons and comparisons over time. PCEIP is an ongoing initiative of the Canadian Education Statistics Council, a partnership between Statistics Canada and the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada that provides a set of statistical measures on education systems in Canada.

United States US: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.650 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.654 % for 2021. United States US: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.786 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.245 % in 1985 and a record low of 0.650 % in 2022. United States US: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, from 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2019. Comprehensive reporting of R&D personnel statistics by the United States has resumed with records available since 2020, reflecting the addition of official figures for the number of researchers and total R&D personnel for the higher education sector and the Private non-profit sector; as well as the number of researchers for the government sector. The new data revise downwards previous OECD estimates as the OECD extrapolation methods drawing on historical US data, required to produce a consistent OECD aggregate, appear to have previously overestimated the growth in the number of researchers in the higher education sector.

Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

The per capita consumer spending on education in Morocco was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2029 by in total **** U.S. dollars (+***** percent). After the seventh consecutive increasing year, the education-related per capita spending is estimated to reach ***** U.S. dollars and therefore a new peak in 2029. Consumer spending, in this case education-related spending per capita, refers to the domestic demand of private households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Spending by corporations and the state is not included. The forecast has been adjusted for the expected impact of COVID-19.Consumer spending is the biggest component of the gross domestic product as computed on an expenditure basis in the context of national accounts. The other components in this approach are consumption expenditure of the state, gross domestic investment as well as the net exports of goods and services. Consumer spending is broken down according to the United Nations' Classification of Individual Consumption By Purpose (COICOP). The shown data adheres broadly to group tenth As not all countries and regions report data in a harmonized way, all data shown here has been processed by Statista to allow the greatest level of comparability possible. The underlying input data are usually household budget surveys conducted by government agencies that track spending of selected households over a given period.The data is shown in nominal terms which means that monetary data is valued at prices of the respective year and has not been adjusted for inflation. For future years the price level has been projected as well. The data has been converted from local currencies to US$ using the average exchange rate of the respective year. For forecast years, the exchange rate has been projected as well. The timelines therefore incorporate currency effects.Find more key insights for the per capita consumer spending on education in countries like Egypt and Tunisia.

This table gives an overview of government expenditure on regular education in the Netherlands since 1900. All figures presented have been calculated according to the standardised definitions of the OECD.

Government expenditure on education consists of expenditure by central and local government on education institutions and education. The government finances schools, colleges and universities. It pays for research and development conducted by universities. Furthermore it provides student grants and loans, allowances for school costs, provisions for students with a disability and child care allowances to households as well as subsidies to companies and non-profit organisations.

Total government expenditure is broken down into expenditure on education institutions and education on the one hand and government expenditure on student grants and loans and allowances for school costs to households on the other. If applicable these subjects are broken down into pre-primary and primary education, special needs primary education, secondary education, senior secondary vocational and adult education, higher professional education and university education. Data are available from 1900. Figures for the Second World War period are based on estimations due to a lack of source material.

The table also includes the indicator government expenditure on education as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). This indicator is used to compare government expenditure on education internationally. The indicator is compounded on the basis of definitions of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). The indicator is also presented in the StatLine table Education; Education expenditure and CBS /OECD indicators. Figures for the First World War and Second World War period are not available for this indicator due to a lack of reliable data on GDP for these periods.

The statistic on Education spending is compiled on a cash basis. This means that the education expenditure and revenues are allocated to the year in which they are paid out or received. However, the activity or transaction associated with the payment or receipt can take place in a different year.

Statistics Netherlands published the revised National Accounts in June 2024. Among other things, GDP has been adjusted upwards as a result of the revision. The revision has not been extended to the years before 1995. In the indicator 'Total government expenditure as % of GDP', a break occurs between 1994 and 1995 as a result of the revision.

Data available from: 1900

Status of the figures: The figures from 1995 to 2022 are final. The 2023 figures are provisional.

Changes on 31 December 2024: The final figures of 2021 and 2022 and the provisional figures of 2023 have been added. As a result of the revision of the National Accounts, among other things, GDP has been adjusted upwards. The indicator ‘Total government expenditure as % of GDP’ in this table has been updated on the basis of the revised figures for the entire time series since 1995. A break occurs in the indicator between 1994 and 1995.

When will new figures be published? The final figures for 2023 and the provisional figures for 2024 will be published in December 2025. More information on the revision policy of National Accounts can be found under 'relevant articles' under paragraph 3.

This statistic shows a ranking of the estimated total consumer spending on education in 2020 in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), differentiated by country. Consumer spending here refers to the domestic demand of private households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) in the selected region. Spending by corporations or the state is not included. Consumer spending is the biggest component of the gross domestic product as computed on an expenditure basis in the context of national accounts. The other components in this approach are consumption expenditure of the state, gross domestic investment as well as the net exports of goods and services. Consumer spending is broken down according to the United Nations' Classification of Individual Consumption By Purpose (COICOP). The shown data adheres broadly to group **. As not all countries and regions report data in a harmonized way, all data shown here has been processed by Statista to allow the greatest level of comparability possible. The underlying input data are usually household budget surveys conducted by government agencies that track spending of selected households over a given period.The data is shown in nominal terms which means that monetary data is valued at prices of the respective year and has not been adjusted for inflation. For future years the price level has been projected as well. The data has been converted from local currencies to US$ using the average exchange rate of the respective year. For forecast years, the exchange rate has been projected as well. The timelines therefore incorporate currency effects.The shown forecast is adjusted for the expected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the local economy. The impact has been estimated by considering both direct (e.g. because of restrictions on personal movement) and indirect (e.g. because of weakened purchasing power) effects. The impact assessment is subject to periodic review as more data becomes available.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in more than *** countries and regions worldwide. All input data are sourced from international institutions, national statistical offices, and trade associations. All data has been are processed to generate comparable datasets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).

United States US: GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 3.586 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.483 % for 2021. United States US: GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 2.612 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.586 % in 2022 and a record low of 2.268 % in 1981. United States US: GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, from 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2019. Comprehensive reporting of R&D personnel statistics by the United States has resumed with records available since 2020, reflecting the addition of official figures for the number of researchers and total R&D personnel for the higher education sector and the Private non-profit sector; as well as the number of researchers for the government sector. The new data revise downwards previous OECD estimates as the OECD extrapolation methods drawing on historical US data, required to produce a consistent OECD aggregate, appear to have previously overestimated the growth in the number of researchers in the higher education sector.

Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

NL: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP data was reported at 0.554 % in 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.551 % for 2018. NL: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.485 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2019, with 18 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.564 % in 2014 and a record low of 0.175 % in 1995. NL: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In the Netherlands, beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.

In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.

In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.

In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.

United States US: HERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.355 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.364 % for 2021. United States US: HERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.323 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.386 % in 2010 and a record low of 0.221 % in 1981. United States US: HERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, from 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2019. Comprehensive reporting of R&D personnel statistics by the United States has resumed with records available since 2020, reflecting the addition of official figures for the number of researchers and total R&D personnel for the higher education sector and the Private non-profit sector; as well as the number of researchers for the government sector. The new data revise downwards previous OECD estimates as the OECD extrapolation methods drawing on historical US data, required to produce a consistent OECD aggregate, appear to have previously overestimated the growth in the number of researchers in the higher education sector.

Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

US: GDP: Value Added: Current PPP data was reported at 16,340.388 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 14,962.179 USD bn for 2021. US: GDP: Value Added: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 6,968.773 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16,340.388 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 2,097.284 USD bn in 1981. US: GDP: Value Added: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Product, GDP PPP and GDP Deflator: OECD Member: Annual.

United States US: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 2.512 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.401 % for 2021. United States US: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 1.600 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.512 % in 2022 and a record low of 1.121 % in 1981. United States US: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, from 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2019. Comprehensive reporting of R&D personnel statistics by the United States has resumed with records available since 2020, reflecting the addition of official figures for the number of researchers and total R&D personnel for the higher education sector and the Private non-profit sector; as well as the number of researchers for the government sector. The new data revise downwards previous OECD estimates as the OECD extrapolation methods drawing on historical US data, required to produce a consistent OECD aggregate, appear to have previously overestimated the growth in the number of researchers in the higher education sector.

Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

Netherlands NL: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 1.282 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.321 % for 2020. Netherlands NL: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.894 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.321 % in 2020 and a record low of 0.751 % in 1981. Netherlands NL: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In the Netherlands, beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.

In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.

In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.

In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.

Netherlands NL: GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 2.296 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.269 % for 2021. Netherlands NL: GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 1.823 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.322 % in 2020 and a record low of 1.622 % in 1981. Netherlands NL: GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In the Netherlands, beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.

In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.

In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.

In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.

This table gives an overview of expenditure on regular education within the Netherlands.

The government finances schools, colleges and universities. It pays for research which is done by universities on its behalf. Furthermore it provides student grants and loans, allowances for school costs, provisions for students with a disability and child care allowances as well as subsidies to companies and non-profit organisations. The government reclaims unjustified payments for student grants and loans and allowances for school costs. It also receives interest and repayments on student loans as well as EU subsidies for education.

Parents and/or students have to pay tuition fees for schools, colleges and universities, parent contributions and contributions for school activities. They also have to purchase books and materials, pay for transport from home to school and back for students who are not eligible for subsidised transport, pay for private tutoring, pay interest and repayments on student loans, and repay wrongfully received student grants, loans and allowances for school costs. Parents and/or students receive child care allowances, provisions for students with a disability and an allowance for school costs as well as student grants and loans and scholarships of companies.

Companies and non-profit organisations incur costs for supervising trainees and apprentices who combine learning with work experience. They also contribute to the cost of work related education of their employees and spend money on research that is outsourced to colleges for higher professional education and universities. Furthermore they contribute to the childcare allowances given to households and provide scholarships to students. Companies receive subsidies and tax benefits for the creation of apprenticeship places and trainee placements and for providing transport for pupils.

Organisations abroad contract universities in the Netherlands to undertake research for them. The European Union provides funds and subsidies for education to schools, colleges and universities as well as to the Dutch government. Foreign governments contribute to international schools in the Netherlands that operate under their nationality.

The table also contains various indicators used nationally and internationally to compare expenditure on education and place it in a broader context. The indicators are compounded on the basis of definitions of Statistics Netherlands and/or the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). All figures presented have been calculated according to the standardised definitions of the OECD.

In this table tertiary education includes research and development, except for the indicator Expenditure on education institutions per student, excluding R&D.

The statistic on Education spending is compiled on a cash basis. This means that the education expenditure and revenues are allocated to the year in which they are paid out or received. However, the activity or transaction associated with the payment or receipt can take place in a different year.

Statistics Netherlands published the revised National Accounts in June 2018. Among other things, GDP and total government expenditures have been adjusted upwards as a result of the revision.

Data available from: 1995

Status of the figures: Data recorded in the last available year are provisional figures.

Changes as of 5 March 2021: The provisional figures for 2019 have been added. The figures for 2018 have been adjusted from provisional to definite.

When will new figures be published? Provisional figures for a year are published in November/December of the following year. These figures are provisional because some sources of data are not yet available or complete. The provisional figures are updated when more reliable sources are available. Definite figures are published exactly one year after the provisional ones.

This map is adapted from the outstanding work of Dr. Joseph Kerski at ESRI. A map of political, social, and economic indicators for 2010. Created at the Data Analysis and Social Inquiry Lab at Grinnell College by Megan Schlabaugh, April Chen, and Adam Lauretig.Data from Freedom House, the Center for Systemic Peace, and the World Bank.Shapefile:Weidmann, Nils B., Doreen Kuse, and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. 2010. The Geography of the International System: The CShapes Dataset. International Interactions 36 (1).Field Descriptions:

Variable Name Variable Description Years Available Further Description Source

TotPop Total Population 2011 Population of the country/region World Bank

GDPpcap GDP per capita (current USD) 2011 A measure of the total output of a country that takes the gross domestic product (GDP) and divides it by the number of people in the country. The per capita GDP is especially useful when comparing one country to another because it shows the relative performance of the countries. World Bank

GDPpcapPPP GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) 2011

World Bank

HDI Human Development Index (HDI) 2011 A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development based on four criteria: Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels over time and to compare development levels in different countries. World Bank

LifeExpct Life expectancy at birth 2011 The probable number of years a person will live after a given age, as determined by mortality in a specific geographic area. World Bank

MyrSchool Mean years of schooling 2011 Years that a 25-year-old person or older has spent in schools World Bank

ExpctSch Expected years of schooling 2011 Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child’s life. World Bank

GNIpcap Gross National Income (GNI) per capita 2011 Gross national income (GNI) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. GNI per capita is gross national income divided by mid-year population. World Bank

GNIpcapHDI GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank 2011

World Bank

NaIncHDI Nonincome HDI
2011

World Bank

15+LitRate Adult (15+) literacy rate (%). Total 2010

UNESCO

EmplyAgr Employment in Agriculture 2009

World Bank

GDPenergy GDP per unit of energy use 2010 The PPP GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. World Bank

GDPgrowth GDP growth (annual %) 2011

World Bank

GDP GDP (current USD) 2011

World Bank

ExptGDP Exports of Goods and Service (% GDP) 2011 The value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world World Bank

ImprtGDP Imports of Goods and Service (% GDP) 2011 The value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. World Bank

AgrGDP Agriculture, Value added (% GDP) 2011 Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. World Bank

FDI Foreign Direct Investment, net (current USD) 2011 Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. World Bank

GNIpcap GNI per capita PP 2011 GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. World Bank

Inflatn Inflation, Consumer Prices (annual %) 2011 Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. World Bank

InfltnGDP Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) 2011 Inflation as measured by the annual growth rate of the GDP implicit deflator shows the rate of price change in the economy as a whole. The GDP implicit deflator is the ratio of GDP in current local currency to GDP in constant local currency. World Bank

PctWomParl % women in national parliament 2010

United Nations

IntnetUser Internet Users, per 100 peple 2011 Internet users are people with access to the worldwide network. World Bank

HIVPrevlnc Estimated HIV Prevalence% - (Ages 15-49) 2009 Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV. UNAIDS estimates. UNAIDS

AgrLand Agricultural land (% of land area) 2009 Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. World Bank

AidRecPP Aid received per person (current US$) 2010 Net official development assistance (ODA) per capita consists of disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by multilateral institutions, and by non-DAC countries to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients; and is calculated by dividing net ODA received by the midyear population estimate. It includes loans with a grant element of at least 25 percent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent). World Bank

AlcohAdul Alcohol consumption per adult (15+) in litres 2008 Liters of pure alcohol, computed as the sum of alcohol production and imports, less alcohol exports, divided by the adult population (aged 15 years and older). World Health Organization

ArmyPct Military expenditure (% of central government expenditure) 2008 Military expenditures data from SIPRI are derived from the NATO definition, which includes all current and capital expenditures on the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces; defense ministries and other government agencies engaged in defense projects; paramilitary forces, if these are judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and military space activities. Such expenditures include military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions of military personnel and social services for personnel; operation and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid (in the military expenditures of the donor country). World Development Indicators (World Bank)

TFR Total Fertility Rate 2011 The average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. This indicator shows the potential for population change in a country. World Bank

CO2perUSD CO2 kg per USD 2008 Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. World Bank

ExpdtrPrim Expenditure per student, primary (% of GDP per capita) 2008 Public expenditure per pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Primary is the total public expenditure per student in primary education as a percentage of GDP per capita. Public expenditure (current and capital) includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities). World Bank

ExpdtrSecd Expenditure per student, secondary (% of GDP per capita) 2008 Public expenditure per pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Secondary is the total public expenditure per student in secondary education as a percentage of GDP per capita. World Bank

ExpdtrTert Expenditure per student, tertiary (% of GDP per capita) 2008 Public expenditure per pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Tertiary is the total public expenditure per student in tertiary education as a percentage of GDP per capita. World Bank

FDIoutf Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP) 2010 Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net outflows of investment from the

Netherlands NL: HERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.626 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.646 % for 2021. Netherlands NL: HERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.577 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.688 % in 2010 and a record low of 0.376 % in 1981. Netherlands NL: HERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In the Netherlands, beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.

In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.

In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.

In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.

Netherlands NL: Gross Domestic Product data was reported at 1,034,086.000 EUR mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 958,549.000 EUR mn for 2022. Netherlands NL: Gross Domestic Product data is updated yearly, averaging 501,137.000 EUR mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,034,086.000 EUR mn in 2023 and a record low of 185,849.174 EUR mn in 1981. Netherlands NL: Gross Domestic Product data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Product, GDP PPP and GDP Deflator: OECD Member: Annual.

In the Netherlands, beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.

In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.

In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.

In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.

Netherlands NL: GOVERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.108 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.124 % for 2021. Netherlands NL: GOVERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.237 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.350 % in 1987 and a record low of 0.108 % in 2022. Netherlands NL: GOVERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In the Netherlands, beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.

In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.

In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.

In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.

In 2024, public spending on education in China reached *** trillion yuan. Education expenditure increased continuously over recent years, but growth rates are considerably lower than ten years ago. Development of public spending on education Since the beginning of the reform era, the Chinese government attached great importance to the development of the educational sector. Besides structural reforms, public spending on education was increased considerably. However, the whole educational sector lagged far behind international standards in terms of quality as well as quantity. Public expenditure on education as a share of the national GDP, which is a common measure to compare educational systems, ranged at only around 2.5 percent in the mid-1990s. In 1993, the government announced the plan to increase educational spending to four percent of the GDP until 2000, but it took 12 more years to reach that target. However, considering that at the same time the GDP grew by double digits most of the years, the financial situation of the education sector improved greatly. This manifests itself in the substantially increased number of graduates and quality of degrees. Since achieving the four percent target in 2012, the growth of educational spending, which had reached more than ** percent per year in the years before, was reduced to levels equaling the GDP growth. Compared to the public spending on education of developed countries, China is still at the lower range and did not reach the OECD average of around *** percent of the GDP in 2018. Spending per student Even though educational spending in China improved a lot in the last decades, when calculated per student, expenditure is still far behind developed countries. While spending per student on a tertiary level of education in OECD countries averaged around ****** U.S. dollars in 2020, it reached only ****** yuan per student in China in 2023, which is less than one third. This fact sheds some light on the average quality level of the educational system in China on a general basis and reminds us that China is a huge and populous country. Of which, some elite schools in the big cities coexist with vast numbers of schools in the countryside operating on a completely different level of quality.

Japan JP: GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 3.405 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.277 % for 2021. Japan JP: GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 2.944 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.405 % in 2022 and a record low of 2.004 % in 1981. Japan JP: GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For Japan, in 2008, 2013 and 2018, the FTE coefficients for researchers in the higher education sector were revised, producing an increase in 2013 and 2018, and a decrease in 2008, in both R&D expenditure and personnel for this sector and the national total.

Beginning with the 2002/2003 survey (OECD data 2002), the coefficients supplied by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology were applied to doctoral level students as well as teachers when calculating FTE for the HE sector, resulting in a break in series in that year.

Before 1996, Higher Education expenditure and personnel data in FTE are OECD estimates derived from official headcount-based data.

GBARD data represent the budget for S&T. Local government budgets are included in total GBARD figures from 2017 and broken down by socio-economic objective from 2022. Since 2016, the aggregation method of S&T budgets has changed. From 2011 onwards, GBARD for the “Education and Society” socio-economic objective include a more accurate measure of the budget of the National Institute for Cultural Heritage. Military procurement contracts are excluded from defence GBARD. Before 2010, GUF excludes SSH.

The per capita consumer spending on education in Ghana was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2029 by in total ** U.S. dollars (+**** percent). After the fifth consecutive increasing year, the education-related per capita spending is estimated to reach ****** U.S. dollars and therefore a new peak in 2029. Consumer spending, in this case education-related spending per capita, refers to the domestic demand of private households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Spending by corporations and the state is not included. The forecast has been adjusted for the expected impact of COVID-19.Consumer spending is the biggest component of the gross domestic product as computed on an expenditure basis in the context of national accounts. The other components in this approach are consumption expenditure of the state, gross domestic investment as well as the net exports of goods and services. Consumer spending is broken down according to the United Nations' Classification of Individual Consumption By Purpose (COICOP). The shown data adheres broadly to group tenth As not all countries and regions report data in a harmonized way, all data shown here has been processed by Statista to allow the greatest level of comparability possible. The underlying input data are usually household budget surveys conducted by government agencies that track spending of selected households over a given period.The data is shown in nominal terms which means that monetary data is valued at prices of the respective year and has not been adjusted for inflation. For future years the price level has been projected as well. The data has been converted from local currencies to US$ using the average exchange rate of the respective year. For forecast years, the exchange rate has been projected as well. The timelines therefore incorporate currency effects.Find more key insights for the per capita consumer spending on education in countries like Ivory Coast and Senegal.