The statistic shows the 30 largest countries in the world by area. Russia is the largest country by far, with a total area of about 17 million square kilometers.

Population of Russia

Despite its large area, Russia - nowadays the largest country in the world - has a relatively small total population. However, its population is still rather large in numbers in comparison to those of other countries. In mid-2014, it was ranked ninth on a list of countries with the largest population, a ranking led by China with a population of over 1.37 billion people. In 2015, the estimated total population of Russia amounted to around 146 million people. The aforementioned low population density in Russia is a result of its vast landmass; in 2014, there were only around 8.78 inhabitants per square kilometer living in the country. Most of the Russian population lives in the nation’s capital and largest city, Moscow: In 2015, over 12 million people lived in the metropolis.

Russia had the largest forest area in the world in 2021, amounting to around 815 million hectares, more than twice that of Canada, whose forest area amounted to 347 million hectares. The forestry industry in Canada With the third largest forest area in the world, Canada’s forestry industry is a significant contributor to the country’s gross domestic product. In 2021, the nominal GDP of Canada’s forest industry reached more than 34 billion Canadian dollars, with the wood product manufacturing sector alone contributing around 19.8 billion Canadian dollars in nominal GDP. A comparison of Canadian provinces shows that British Colombia has the largest forestry and logging industry in the country, followed by Quebec and Ontario. The Amazon rainforest in Brazil Brazil has the second largest forest area in the world after Russia, with total forest areas in the South American country amounting to approximately 494 million hectares in 2022. This is largely because around 62 percent of the Amazon rainforest is located in Brazil. The Amazon rainforest is the world’s largest rainforest, what some call “the lungs of the planet”. However, in recent years, deforestation has been a salient issue in the Amazon, with illegal logging and wildfires raging across the rainforest have contributed to very high deforestation rates. Indeed, around 8,000 square kilometers were destroyed in the Brazilian Amazon in 2023. Deforestation and its impact on climate change has spurred opposition to the logging industry, which was the sector responsible for the most killings of environmental activists in 2021.

The statistic shows the total population in Canada from 2020 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, the total population in Canada amounted to about 41.14 million inhabitants. Population of Canada Canada ranks second among the largest countries in the world in terms of area size, right behind Russia, despite having a relatively low total population. The reason for this is that most of Canada remains uninhabited due to inhospitable conditions. Approximately 90 percent of all Canadians live within about 160 km of the U.S. border because of better living conditions and larger cities. On a year to year basis, Canada’s total population has continued to increase, although not dramatically. Population growth as of 2012 has amounted to its highest values in the past decade, reaching a peak in 2009, but was unstable and constantly fluctuating. Simultaneously, Canada’s fertility rate dropped slightly between 2009 and 2011, after experiencing a decade high birth rate in 2008. Standard of living in Canada has remained stable and has kept the country as one of the top 20 countries with the highest Human Development Index rating. The Human Development Index (HDI) measures quality of life based on several indicators, such as life expectancy at birth, literacy rate, education levels and gross national income per capita. Canada has a relatively high life expectancy compared to many other international countries, earning a spot in the top 20 countries and beating out countries such as the United States and the UK. From an economic standpoint, Canada has been slowly recovering from the 2008 financial crisis. Unemployment has gradually decreased, after reaching a decade high in 2009. Additionally, GDP has dramatically increased since 2009 and is expected to continue to increase for the next several years.

In 2024, Russia had the largest population among European countries at ***** million people. The next largest countries in terms of their population size were Turkey at **** million, Germany at **** million, the United Kingdom at **** million, and France at **** million. Europe is also home to some of the world’s smallest countries, such as the microstates of Liechtenstein and San Marino, with populations of ****** and ****** respectively. Europe’s largest economies Germany was Europe’s largest economy in 2023, with a Gross Domestic Product of around *** trillion Euros, while the UK and France are the second and third largest economies, at *** trillion and *** trillion euros respectively. Prior to the mid-2000s, Europe’s fourth-largest economy, Italy, had an economy that was of a similar sized to France and the UK, before diverging growth patterns saw the UK and France become far larger economies than Italy. Moscow and Istanbul the megacities of Europe Two cities on the eastern borders of Europe were Europe’s largest in 2023. The Turkish city of Istanbul, with a population of 15.8 million, and the Russian capital, Moscow, with a population of 12.7 million. Istanbul is arguably the world’s most famous transcontinental city with territory in both Europe and Asia and has been an important center for commerce and culture for over 2,000 years. Paris was the third largest European city with a population of ** million, with London being the fourth largest at *** million.

Russia was the largest country in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) region, with a total area of over 17 million square kilometers in 2024. Furthermore, Russia was the largest country in the world, followed by Canada, the United States, and China. Ranking second among the CIS countries was Kazakhstan, whose land area comprised about 2.7 million square kilometers.

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Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Market Size 2024-2028

The coronary artery bypass grafting market size is forecast to increase by USD 30.3 million, at a CAGR of 4.49% between 2023 and 2028.

The Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) market is experiencing significant growth due to the rising prevalence of coronary artery diseases (CVDs) worldwide. The increasing geriatric population, a demographic with a higher risk for CVDs, further fuels market expansion. However, the availability of alternative treatments, such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and drug-eluting stents, poses a challenge to the CABG market. These minimally invasive procedures offer shorter hospital stays and quicker recovery times, making them attractive alternatives for patients and healthcare providers.
As a result, CABG market participants must focus on innovation, cost-effectiveness, and patient outcomes to maintain their competitive edge. Effective collaboration between industry players, regulatory bodies, and healthcare providers can help address these challenges and ensure the continued growth of the CABG market.

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The coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) market continues to evolve, driven by advancements in surgical techniques, anesthesia management, and postoperative care. Off-pump CABG, which minimizes the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, has gained popularity due to its potential benefits in reducing complications and improving patient outcomes. Myocardial revascularization, a key application of CABG, enables the restoration of blood flow to the heart muscle, addressing coronary artery disease and enhancing long-term survival. Anticoagulation therapy plays a crucial role in preventing graft failure and thrombosis, while surgical instruments and aortocoronary bypass techniques facilitate precise and efficient procedures. Angiographic assessment is essential for evaluating graft patency and identifying potential complications such as graft stenosis or bypass conduit failure.

Surgical planning, perfusion techniques, and wound healing are critical components of the CABG process, with infection control and patient selection criteria playing a significant role in minimizing complications and optimizing outcomes. The ongoing research and development in this field continue to unfold, with minimally invasive CABG, radial artery grafts, and internal mammary artery usage emerging as potential game-changers. The evolving nature of CABG market dynamics encompasses various aspects, including ventricular function, reoperation rates, quality of life, and surgical mortality rates. As the market continues to progress, graft patency, bypass surgery complications, and graft failure remain key areas of focus for researchers and healthcare providers alike.

Hypothermic cardioplegia and saphenous vein graft disease are ongoing challenges that require continuous attention and innovation.

How is this Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Industry segmented?

The coronary artery bypass grafting industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Product Type

  On-pump
  Off-pump
  Minimally invasive surgery


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Russia


  APAC

    China
    India


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Product Type Insights

The on-pump segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The global Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) market is witnessing significant advancements, with a focus on enhancing patient outcomes and reducing complications. Anesthesia management plays a crucial role in ensuring a smooth surgical experience, particularly during off-pump CABG procedures, which minimize the risk of postoperative complications. Myocardial revascularization, a key component of CABG, is achieved through various techniques, including aortocoronary bypass and internal mammary artery grafting. Anticoagulation therapy is essential to prevent graft failure and thrombosis, while surgical instruments and perfusion techniques facilitate efficient grafting and wound healing. Angiographic assessment is critical for evaluating graft patency and identifying graft stenosis or bypass conduit failure.

Infection control measures are integral to minimizing surgical site infections and improving long-term survival rates. Patient selection criteria, surgical planning, and minimally invasive CABG techniques are driving innovation in the CABG market. Hypothermic cardioplegia, a technique u

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Oil And Gas Refinery Maintenance Services Market Size 2025-2029

The oil and gas refinery maintenance services market size is forecast to increase by USD 965.4 million at a CAGR of 4.5% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is driven by the surging demand for refined fuel, making it a significant market with immense potential. This demand is fueled by the increasing global population and urbanization, leading to a rise in transportation and industrial activities. Another key trend in the market is the adoption of modular mini refineries, which offer cost-effective and efficient solutions for refining oil and gas. However, the market also faces challenges, including the stringent presence of health, safety, and environment (HSE) regulations. Data security is a growing concern, as digitalization increases the need for robust cybersecurity measures.
Compliance with these regulations adds to the operational costs and complexity of refinery maintenance services. Companies operating in this market must navigate these challenges while also capitalizing on the opportunities presented by the growing demand for refined fuel and the adoption of modular mini refineries. Effective strategic planning and innovative solutions will be crucial for businesses seeking to thrive in this dynamic market. Technology adoption in this sector is on the rise, with digital twins and advanced safety systems, such as pressure relief valves, explosion protection, and flame arrestors, becoming increasingly common.

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The market encompasses a range of essential services to ensure the optimal performance and compliance of refineries. Key areas include inventory management and maintenance scheduling to prevent equipment downtime and reduce costs. Shutdown management, a critical aspect, requires adherence to industry standards and the integration of fluid handling, emissions control, and process equipment. Fugitive emissions and safety culture are paramount, necessitating the implementation of advanced security systems and regulatory compliance. Maintenance contracts often include field service, remote support, and electrical systems maintenance, as well as process automation and reliability engineering. Technological advancements have led to the adoption of innovation in areas like process control, catalyst regeneration, and separation technologies.

Fire protection systems and root cause analysis are crucial for minimizing risks and improving plant optimization. Spare parts management, wastewater treatment, and control panels are integral components of maintenance planning. Value engineering and best practices are essential for maintaining a competitive edge in the market. Regulatory compliance, pressure vessels, and sour water stripping are areas where technical expertise is indispensable. Power distribution and piping systems require ongoing maintenance to ensure efficient energy usage and prevent leaks. Performance-based contracting is a growing trend, as it incentivizes service providers to focus on maximizing plant uptime and minimizing costs. The integration of advanced technologies such as automation, IoT, and predictive analytics can enhance operational efficiency and improve the overall competitiveness of these companies in the market.

How is this Oil And Gas Refinery Maintenance Services Industry segmented?

The oil and gas refinery maintenance services industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

End-user

  Small scale refinery
  Medium scale refinery
  Large scale refinery


Type

  Turnaround
  Maintenance and repair


Application

  Downstream
  Midstream
  Upstream


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Russia
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  Rest of World (ROW)

By End-user Insights

The Small scale refinery segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. In the oil and gas industry, refinery maintenance services play a crucial role in ensuring the safe, efficient, and reliable operation of refineries, encompassing various activities from small-scale facilities to larger ones. These services include routine inspections, repairs, replacements, and upgrades for essential equipment and processes. Although small-scale refineries may have lower processing capacities and fewer resources than larger facilities, they share the common goal of operational excellence. Renewable energy and carbon footp

The international land border between the United States and Canada is the longest in the world at almost 8,900 kilometers. It includes the border between Canada and the continental U.S. as well as the border between Alaska and northern Canada.

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Gaming Software Market Size 2025-2029

The gaming software market size is forecast to increase by USD 56.3 million, at a CAGR of 6.4% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by revolutionary advancements in gaming engines that support experiences in tablet games. This technological evolution is attracting a larger player base and fueling the market's expansion. Another key trend is the increasing popularity of eSports, which has transformed gaming from a pastime into a professional sport, creating new revenue streams and opportunities for market participants. However, the high capital requirement for developing advanced gaming software and the need for strong online platforms and development tools pose challenges.
Companies must invest heavily in research and development, marketing, and infrastructure to compete effectively in this dynamic and competitive landscape. To capitalize on market opportunities and navigate challenges, gaming software companies must stay abreast of emerging technologies and consumer preferences, while also maintaining a strong financial position. Augmented reality and virtual reality technologies are revolutionizing the gaming industry, providing new dimensions to gaming experiences.

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The market is witnessing significant advancements, with artificial intelligence (AI) playing a pivotal role in enhancing game accessibility and player experience. The market also caters to video gamers on mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets, through mobile gaming software. Cultural sensitivity is a growing concern, leading to the adoption of inclusive design and localization tools. Game preservation is another trend, with data mining and procedural generation techniques used to revive legacy games. Live operations, game events, and player behavior analysis are essential for monetization strategies, which include content updates, player support, and game balance adjustments. 
Game Engines are being optimized with AI to improve performance and enable cross-platform development. Machine learning algorithms are employed for game economy modeling and player segmentation. Cloud infrastructure, edge computing, and game physics are crucial for delivering seamless gaming experiences. Security is paramount, with game updates addressing vulnerabilities and advertising networks ensuring player privacy. Game modding and graphical fidelity continue to be key areas of focus for developers.

How is this Gaming Software Industry segmented?

The gaming software industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Mobile games
  Console games
  PC games


Revenue Stream

  Box and CD game
  Shareware
  Freeware
  In-app purchases


Platform

  Game engine
  Gaming tools
  Audio engine
  Physics engine


End-user

  Individual
  Enterprise


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Russia
    UK


  APAC

    Australia
    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The mobile games segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. Mobile Gaming software, a segment of the dynamic gaming industry, has witnessed significant growth due to the widespread use of mobile phones and tablets. The availability of affordable, high-resolution mobile devices and increasing access to high-speed Internet through 5G technology in major markets like China, the US, Germany, and the UK, has boosted mobile gaming as a preferred platform. In 2024, approximately 2 billion mobile gamers were active worldwide. Mobile games dominate online application stores such as Apple App Store and Google Play, accounting for 25%-30% of the applications downloaded on Android and iOS platforms in 2023.

One significant segment of this market includes games used for competitive play, such as those in the E-sports scene. These include popular titles like Dota 2 and League of Legends, which are supported by platforms like Faceit and ESL. Game analytics, an essential component of the gaming industry, is used to monitor and analyze player behavior, game performance, and user experience. AI scripting and physics engines power game mechanics, ensuring realistic gameplay user experiences. App stores serve as crucial distribution channels for game developers, enabling them to reach a global audience. Game streaming and cloud gaming have emerged as new trends, offering players the convenience of playing games on various devices without the need for high-end hardware. Game design software, including level design, level editor, user

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Oil Refining Market Size 2025-2029

The oil refining market size is forecast to increase by USD 111.2 billion at a CAGR of 1.3% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is driven by the surging demand for refined fuel, with increasing global mobility and industrialization fueling this trend. The adoption of modular mini refineries is another key driver, as these facilities offer cost-effective and efficient solutions to meet local fuel demands in regions with limited infrastructure. However, the market faces significant challenges, including the costly and time-consuming nature of oil refinery maintenance operations. The oil refining market is essential for producing various transportation fuels, including fuel oils, gasoil, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
These complex processes require substantial resources and planning, making it essential for companies to optimize their maintenance strategies to minimize downtime and maximize productivity. Effective implementation of predictive maintenance technologies and strategic partnerships can help refineries navigate these challenges and capitalize on the market's growth opportunities. Process control instrumentation and energy conservation measures are essential components in maintaining profitability and sustainability in the oil refining industry. The demand is driven by sectors such as transportation and power generation, with developing countries in Asia, including India and China, being key contributors.

What will be the Size of the Oil Refining Market during the forecast period?

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In the market, process optimization techniques and stream analysis play a pivotal role in enhancing efficiency and reducing costs. Heavy oil upgrading, a significant segment, employs advanced methods like reactor temperature control and catalyst selection to maximize output. Petroleum coke production, a byproduct of refining, is subject to stringent safety management systems and environmental impact assessments. Distillation tower design and heat exchanger efficiency are crucial in optimizing energy consumption. The market is a critical component of oil and gas downstream, focusing on the processing and refining of crude oil into valuable products. Hydrogen production methods, integral to various refining processes, are undergoing innovation to minimize costs and improve yields. Fractionator control systems ensure consistent product quality, while pipeline integrity management and pressure control systems maintain safety and reliability.

Environmental considerations are driving the adoption of waste minimization strategies and desalting process control. Thermal cracking methods, a key refining technology, continue to evolve, with process simulation software aiding in optimizing operations. Reactor temperature control, reactor catalyst selection, and paraffin wax production are areas of ongoing research for improved performance and reduced emissions. Asphalt production methods and bitumen processing are also undergoing technological advancements to meet evolving market demands. Additionally, the growing aviation industry significantly contributes to market expansion, as it requires a substantial supply of jet fuel to support increasing air travel and cargo transportation.

How is this Oil Refining Industry segmented?

The oil refining industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Product

  Light distillates
  Middle distillates
  Fuel oil
  Others


Fuel Type

  Gasoline
  Kerosene
  LPG
  Others


End-user

  Transportation
  Petrochemicals
  Residential and commercial heating
  Power generation
  Others


Capacity

  Large-scale refineries
  Medium-scale refineries
  Small-scale refineries


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Italy
    Russia
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Product Insights

The Light distillates segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market is driven by the demand for light distillates, particularly gasoline, from the transportation sector. Light distillates, which include petrol or gasoline, accounted for the largest market share in 2024. Light crude oil, the primary feedstock for producing light distillates, contains a higher proportion of hydrocarbons and is easier to refine compared to heavier variants. This results in a greater yield of gasoline and diesel from light crude oil. The transportation industry's reliance on gasoline as a fuel source further increases its demand. Crude oil distillation

As of 2023, the countries with the highest life expectancy included Switzerland, Japan, and Spain. As of that time, a new-born child in Switzerland could expect to live an average of **** years. Around the world, females consistently have a higher average life expectancy than males, with females in Europe expected to live an average of *** years longer than males on this continent. Increases in life expectancy The overall average life expectancy in OECD countries increased by **** years from 1970 to 2019. The countries that saw the largest increases included Turkey, India, and South Korea. The life expectancy at birth in Turkey increased an astonishing 24.4 years over this period. The countries with the lowest life expectancy worldwide as of 2022 were Chad, Lesotho, and Nigeria, where a newborn could be expected to live an average of ** years. Life expectancy in the U.S. The life expectancy in the United States was ***** years as of 2023. Shockingly, the life expectancy in the United States has decreased in recent years, while it continues to increase in other similarly developed countries. The COVID-19 pandemic and increasing rates of suicide and drug overdose deaths from the opioid epidemic have been cited as reasons for this decrease.

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Oil and Gas Pipeline Market Size 2024-2028

The oil and gas pipeline market size is forecast to increase by USD 55.64 billion at a CAGR of 4.6% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to increasing energy consumption worldwide. Technological advances in pipeline inspection and maintenance have led to improved efficiency and safety, driving market expansion. However, the volatile crude oil prices pose a challenge to the industry's supply chain, as fluctuations can impact investment decisions and project timelines. With the growing emphasis on cleaner energy sources and the increasing standard of living in developing economies, the demand for renewable energy is on the rise. Additionally, stringent regulations and environmental concerns are key considerations for market participants, requiring continuous innovation and adaptation to meet evolving industry standards. Overall, the market is expected to continue its growth trajectory, driven by these factors and the ongoing demand for reliable and efficient energy infrastructure.

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The market plays a crucial role in the global energy landscape, facilitating the transportation of fossil fuels, including oil and gas, from production sites to distribution centers. However, the economic activities that rely heavily on fossil fuels, such as jet fuel consumption for aviation and refined products like gasoline for transportation, continue to drive the demand for oil and gas pipeline networks. Despite the environmental concerns associated with oil and gas pipelines, their structural integrity and safety remain paramount.

Leaks, although rare, can have a significant environmental impact and regulatory obligations are stringent to mitigate such incidents. The pipeline technology continues to evolve, with a focus on efficiency and infrastructure development to meet the global energy demand. Urbanization and population growth have led to an increase in urban populations, leading to a higher concentration of energy consumption. The shift towards natural gas as a cleaner alternative to crude oil is gaining momentum, with policies encouraging the transition. The integration of hydrogen generation plants into pipeline networks is also a potential solution to reduce the carbon footprint of the oil and gas industry.

The market is subject to various market dynamics, including global oil demand, population growth, and infrastructure development. The market is expected to face challenges in maintaining the efficiency of existing pipelines while also addressing the need for new infrastructure to meet the increasing demand for energy. The integration of renewable energy sources into the pipeline network is a potential solution to mitigate the environmental impact of fossil fuels and ensure a sustainable energy future.

How is this market segmented and which is the largest segment?

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Application

  Onshore
  Offshore


Type

  Gas
  Oil


Geography

  APAC

    China
    India


  Europe



  North America

    Canada
    US


  South America



  Middle East and Africa

By Application Insights

The onshore segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Onshore oil and gas pipelines serve as essential infrastructure for transporting hydrocarbons and related products to various destinations, contributing significantly to the energy sector. The lower operating costs in onshore drilling compared to offshore drilling, due to less advanced technology requirements, make onshore E&P operations more economically viable. Similarly, the construction costs for onshore pipelines are less than those for offshore pipelines. The market encompasses various aspects, including asset management, safety, rehabilitation, and innovation. With the energy sector's transformation towards cleaner energy sources and the growing interest in hydrogen storage and transportation, pipelines will continue to play a crucial role in the energy mix.

Artificial intelligence and advanced technologies are increasingly being adopted to optimize pipeline operations, ensuring safety, security, and efficiency. The integration of hydrogen into the pipeline network is a promising development, offering the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing energy security.

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The Onshore segment was valued at USD 118.07 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

APAC is estimated to contribute 3

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Ammonia (NH3) Market Size 2025-2029

The ammonia (NH3) market size is forecast to increase by USD 13.33 billion at a CAGR of 3.1% between 2024 and 2029.

Ammonia's potential as a hydrogen carrier in energy storage systems and its application in ammonia-based hydrogen production continue to gain traction. This demand is fueled by the growing global population and the need to increase agricultural productivity to meet food security requirements. Another key trend in the market is the development of renewable ammonia, which offers a more sustainable alternative to traditional ammonia production methods. However, the market faces significant challenges, including safety and handling risks associated with ammonia's toxic and corrosive properties.
These risks necessitate stringent regulations and safety protocols, adding to production costs and potentially limiting market growth. Companies seeking to capitalize on market opportunities must prioritize innovation in safe and efficient ammonia production methods, while also addressing the growing demand for sustainable alternatives. Effective navigation of these challenges will be crucial for market success. Ammonia-based power generation through fuel cells and ammonia in bioenergy are emerging trends, with ammonia being used as a carbon-neutral fuel source.

What will be the Size of the Ammonia (NH3) Market during the forecast period?

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Ammonia-based chemicals play a pivotal role in various industries, including textiles, bioplastics, and hydrogen production. Ammonia's versatility extends to textiles as a crucial component in the production of dyes and textile finishes. In the realm of bioplastics, ammonia is employed as a building block for producing biodegradable polymers. Ammonia cracking is a significant process in the production of ammonia-based fuels, which are increasingly being explored as cleaner alternatives to traditional fossil fuels. Ammonia blending is a common practice in the transportation sector, where ammonia is used as a fuel additive to reduce emissions. The Ammonia market is driven by the increasing demand from the agriculture sector, particularly for use as fertilizer.
Ammonia decomposition is a critical process in the production of nitrogen-based fertilizers, while ammonia in construction is used as a component in various building materials. Ammonia's role in desulfurization processes is essential in the refining industry, and its application in biochemicals and mining industries further broadens its reach. Ammonia electrolysis is a key process in the production of ammonia, and advancements in this technology are driving down production costs and increasing efficiency. Ammonia's role in plastics production is significant, with ammonia being used as a monomer and solvent in various polymerization processes.

How is this Ammonia (NH3) Industry segmented?

The ammonia (nh3) industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Form Factor

  Liquid
  Gas


Application

  Fertilizer
  Industrial


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Russia


  Middle East and Africa

    Egypt


  APAC

    China
    India
    Indonesia


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Form Factor Insights

The liquid segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. Ammonia, a vital industrial and agricultural commodity, is primarily available in its liquid form due to its higher energy density and easier handling characteristics. Produced through natural gas reforming or nitrogen fixation via the Haber-Bosch process, liquid ammonia is stored under moderate pressure or low temperatures to maintain its state. Its versatility is evident in its extensive applications, including ammonia power plants, cooling systems, and ammonia refrigeration. Safety protocols are stringently adhered to in the production, transportation, and utilization of ammonia due to its toxic nature. Regulations and certifications ensure compliance with environmental standards, minimizing air and water pollution.

Ammonia's role in industrial chemicals, sustainable agriculture, and renewable energy is significant. Ammonia carriers and distribution networks enable efficient transportation and supply, while new technologies and innovations continue to optimize production costs and energy efficiency. Ammonia's utilization in fertilizers, crop yield optimization, and carbon capture further expands its market reach. Market dynamics are influenced by factors such as ammonia pricing, demand,

In 2025, Moscow was the largest city in Europe with an estimated urban agglomeration of 12.74 million people. The French capital, Paris, was the second largest city in 2025 at 11.35 million, followed by the capitals of the United Kingdom and Spain, with London at 9.84 million and Madrid at 6.81 million people. Istanbul, which would otherwise be the largest city in Europe in 2025, is excluded as it is only partially in Europe, with a sizeable part of its population living in Asia. Europe’s population is almost 750 million Since 1950, the population of Europe has increased by approximately 200 million people, increasing from 550 million to 750 million in these seventy years. Before the turn of the millennium, Europe was the second-most populated continent, before it was overtaken by Africa, which saw its population increase from 228 million in 1950 to 817 million by 2000. Asia has consistently had the largest population of the world’s continents and was estimated to have a population of 4.6 billion. Europe’s largest countries Including its territory in Asia, Russia is by far the largest country in the world, with a territory of around 17 million square kilometers, almost double that of the next largest country, Canada. Within Europe, Russia also has the continent's largest population at 145 million, followed by Germany at 83 million and the United Kingdom at almost 68 million. By contrast, Europe is also home to various micro-states such as San Marino, which has a population of just 30 thousand.

In May 2025, the average monthly price of the Urals crude oil, Russia's major export oil brand, was approximately ***** U.S. dollars per barrel, having decreased from the previous month. In 2020, the price of the Urals experienced a considerable decrease at the beginning of the year due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, dropping to as low as **** U.S. dollars per barrel in April. What is the purpose of the Russian oil price cap? In early December 2022, the G7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom (UK), and the United States), the European Union (EU), and Australia formed the Price Cap Coalition and imposed a price cap of 60 U.S. dollars per barrel on oil originating in Russia. The aim of the price ceiling is to decrease Russia’s earnings from oil exports and thereby limit the Russian government’s budget to finance the war in Ukraine. At the same time, the cap is meant to ensure that Russia continues to supply oil to emerging economies, though at a discounted price. With the cap in place, Russia cannot sell oil at a higher price even to third countries if the oil tankers are financed or insured by members of the Price Cap Coalition. In early February 2023, a price cap of 100 U.S. dollars per barrel was imposed on Russian refined oil products. Global dependence on Russian oil China was Russia’s leading crude oil export destination, with the value of exports measured at nearly **** billion U.S. dollars in 2021. In physical terms, Russia supplied around *** million metric tons of crude oil to China in 2024, being the leading crude oil import origin in the country ahead of Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, European countries were major consumers of Russian oil prior to the war in Ukraine. For instance, Russia accounted for over ** percent of oil and petroleum products imported into Slovakia in 2020. To compare, the dependence rate stood at nearly ** percent in Lithuania, ** percent in Germany, and ** percent in the UK.

The United States led the ranking of the countries with the highest military spending in 2023, with 916 billion U.S. dollars dedicated to the military. That constituted over 40 percent of the total military spending worldwide that year, which amounted to 2.4 trillion U.S. dollars. This amounted to 3.5 percent of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), placing the U.S. lower in the ranking of military expenditure as a percentage of GDP than for instance Saudi Arabia, Israel, Algeria, and Russia. China was the second largest military spender with an estimated 296 billion U.S. dollars spent, with Russia following in third. Defense budgetAccording to the U.S. Congressional Budget Office, the outlays for defense will rise to 1.1 trillion U.S. dollars by 2033. The largest parts of the budget are dedicated to the Departments of the Navy and the Air Force. The budget for the U.S. Air Force for 2024 was nearly 260 billion U.S. dollars.Global military spendingThe value of military spending globally has grown steadily in the past years and reached 2.44 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. Reasons for this are the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war in 2022, the war in Gaza, as well as increasing tensions in the South China Sea. North America is by far the leading region worldwide in terms of expenditure on the military.

Slightly over a year after the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, **** percent of people surveyed in Canada reported having sponsored or assisted a refugee or refugee family from Ukraine. This figure was **** times higher among Canadians who voted for the Green Party in the 2021 federal election, while only *** percent of People's Party sympathizers said they had done the same. More information on the Russia-Ukraine war can be found here.

In 2024, Iceland was the worldwide leader in terms of internet freedom. The country ranked first with 94 index points in the Freedom House Index, where each country received a numerical score from 100 (the freest) to 0 (the least free). Estonia ranked second with a 92 index points, followed by Canada, with a score of 86 index points. Internet restrictions worldwide The decline of internet freedom in 2022 is mainly linked to political conflicts in different parts of the world. With the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian government intensified its attempts to control the online content in the country. The government placed restrictions on three different U.S.-based social media platforms at the same time, Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. These restrictions made it to the top of the longest-lasting limitations on the web in 2022. Social protests rose in Iran following the death of Mahsa Amini in September 2022. The Iranian government decided to shut down the internet and various social media platforms in an attempt to minimize the communication between the protesters. In 2022, 11 new internet restrictions were recorded in Iran. However, residents in the Indian region of Jammu and Kashmir saw the highest number of new internet restrictions, which amounted to more than double than the ones in Iran. The impact of internet shutdowns In 2022, the economic impact of internet restrictions worldwide reached an estimated 23.79 billion U.S. dollars. Meanwhile, the highest financial losses due to internet shutdowns were caused by limitations in Russia, and more than seven thousand hours of restricted various online services had an economic impact of 21.59 billion U.S. dollars. The restrictions impacted around 113 million people in the country. Myanmar placed the most extended restriction on internet services, lasting 17,520 hours in total. Similar restrictions in India affected over 120 million people. 

The largest global consumers of hydropower include China, Brazil, and Canada. Hydropower consumption in these countries totaled *** exajoules, ****exajoules, and ****exajoules, respectively. Several provinces in Canada produce over ** percent of their energy through hydropower. Due to plentiful and vast water bodies, Canada’s hydroelectricity potential is still much higher than its current consumption of hydro energy. Many of Canada’s hydropower facilities were constructed prior to 1990 and thus major rehabilitation and modernization of its power plants are necessary. Global hydropower Hydropower consumption has generally increased over the last decades, reaching a peak of ** exajoules in 2020 before declining moderately to ***** exajoules in 2023. It is one of the leading renewable sources worldwide due to its flexibility and consistency. Hydropower has long been capable of meeting base load electricity requirements and can meet peak and unexpected demand. There are three main types of hydropower stations. Run of river stations generate electricity through energy derived from river flow, reservoirs generate power by releasing stored water, and pumped storage facilities pump stored water back up to a higher reservoir to be re-released.

In May 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In early 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 20 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at -0.1 percent in May 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 9.9 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.