In 2023, law enforcement officers committed 303 justifiable homicides in the United States. A justifiable homicide is defined as the killing of a felon during the commission of a felony. What is homicide? Homicide occurs when one person kills another; however it is not exactly the same as murder. It may or may not be considered criminal. Legal examples include a person killing an intruder in their home or capital punishment. There are different types of homicide, which includes murder and manslaughter. Homicide trends in the United States As of 2023, California had the highest number of homicides, followed by Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. That same year, murders with one victim and one offender were the most common in the United States. Overall, the United States has had a much higher rate of homicide in the past years when compared to their neighbor, Canada.

In 2019, there were six deaths by homicide per 100,000 of the population in the United States, compared to 5.9 deaths by homicide in the previous year. This is an increase from 1950, when there were 5.1 deaths by homicide per 100,000 resident population in the United States. However, within the provided time period, the death rate for homicide in the U.S. was highest in 1980, when there were 10.4 deaths by homicide per 100,000 of the population in the United States.

Homicides in the United States

The term homicide is used when a human being is killed by another human being. Criminal homicide takes several forms, for example murder; but homicide is not always a crime, it also includes affirmative defense, insanity, self-defense or the execution of convicted criminals. In the United States, youth homicide has especially been seen as a problem of urban areas, due to poverty, limited adult supervision, involvement in drug and gang activities, and school failure. Both homicide rates and suicide rates in the U.S. among people aged 20 to 24 and teenagers aged 15 to 19 have vastly increased since 2001.

This study was undertaken to obtain information on the characteristics of gun ownership, gun-carrying practices, and weapons-related incidents in the United States -- specifically, gun use and other weapons used in self-defense against humans and animals. Data were gathered using a national random-digit-dial telephone survey. The respondents were comprised of 1,905 randomly-selected adults aged 18 and older living in the 50 United States. All interviews were completed between May 28 and July 2, 1996. The sample was designed to be a representative sample of households, not of individuals, so researchers did not interview more than one adult from each household. To start the interview, six qualifying questions were asked, dealing with (1) gun ownership, (2) gun-carrying practices, (3) gun display against the respondent, (4) gun use in self-defense against animals, (5) gun use in self-defense against people, and (6) other weapons used in self-defense. A "yes" response to a qualifying question led to a series of additional questions on the same topic as the qualifying question. Part 1, Survey Data, contains the coded data obtained during the interviews, and Part 2, Open-Ended-Verbatim Responses, consists of the answers to open-ended questions provided by the respondents. Information collected for Part 1 covers how many firearms were owned by household members, types of firearms owned (handguns, revolvers, pistols, fully automatic weapons, and assault weapons), whether the respondent personally owned a gun, reasons for owning a gun, type of gun carried, whether the gun was ever kept loaded, kept concealed, used for personal protection, or used for work, and whether the respondent had a permit to carry the gun. Additional questions focused on incidents in which a gun was displayed in a hostile manner against the respondent, including the number of times such an incident took place, the location of the event in which the gun was displayed against the respondent, whether the police were contacted, whether the individual displaying the gun was known to the respondent, whether the incident was a burglary, robbery, or other planned assault, and the number of shots fired during the incident. Variables concerning gun use by the respondent in self-defense against an animal include the number of times the respondent used a gun in this manner and whether the respondent was hunting at the time of the incident. Other variables in Part 1 deal with gun use in self-defense against people, such as the location of the event, if the other individual knew the respondent had a gun, the type of gun used, any injuries to the respondent or to the individual that required medical attention or hospitalization, whether the incident was reported to the police, whether there were any arrests, whether other weapons were used in self-defense, the type of other weapon used, location of the incident in which the other weapon was used, and whether the respondent was working as a police officer or security guard or was in the military at the time of the event. Demographic variables in Part 1 include the gender, race, age, household income, and type of community (city, suburb, or rural) in which the respondent lived. Open-ended questions asked during the interview comprise the variables in Part 2. Responses include descriptions of where the respondent was when he or she displayed a gun (in self-defense or otherwise), specific reasons why the respondent displayed a gun, how the other individual reacted when the respondent displayed the gun, how the individual knew the respondent had a gun, whether the police were contacted for specific self-defense events, and if not, why not.

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Self Defense Products Market Size 2025-2029

The self defense products market size is forecast to increase by USD 937.2 million at a CAGR of 6.8% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is witnessing significant growth due to escalating personal safety concerns and increasing government initiatives aimed at ensuring the safety of citizens. Key components of this market include steel knives, electrical weapons, LED tactical flashlights, and self defense sprays made of substances like titanium and salt. Market trends indicate a rise in demand for high-quality, durable self defense tools, such as those made of stainless steel and other materials. However, the market also faces challenges, including the proliferation of fraudulent and counterfeit products. These substandard items pose a risk to consumers and undermine the credibility of legitimate product manufacturers.
As a result, there is a growing need for stricter regulations and quality control measures to ensure the authenticity and safety of self-defense products. Moreover, the advent of e-commerce platforms has transformed the way self-defense products are bought and sold. Consumers can now easily access a wide range of self-defense tools online, making it essential for manufacturers to establish a strong online presence and optimize their e-commerce strategies to stay competitive. The market is driven by increasing safety concerns and government initiatives, with key components including steel knives, electrical weapons, LED tactical flashlights, self-defense sprays, and plastic-based products. Plastic components are increasingly being used for various self-defense tools, such as lightweight, durable handles and holsters, contributing to product accessibility and affordability.

What will be the Size of the Self Defense Products Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market encompasses a range of non-lethal solutions designed to deter or incapacitate attackers during instances of violence or social unrest. Factors driving market growth include urbanization, changing lifestyles, and increasing awareness of personal safety. Technological advancements, such as AI and machine learning, have led to the development of innovative products like stun guns, tasers, and electroshock weapons. However, product liability concerns and social stigma surrounding these devices may limit market penetration. Political instability and social unrest in various regions contribute to the demand for self-defense products. Martial arts instruction and training courses remain popular offline channels for learning techniques, while online retail platforms offer convenience and accessibility.
Durability, non-fatal options, and ease of use are key considerations for consumers. Misuse and potential for misinterpretation of products can result in legal consequences. Self defense products cater to various needs, including temporary blindness from pepper spray, tactical gloves, folding knives, and projectile solutions. Strict laws and regulations governing the sale and use of these products vary by region.

How is this Self Defense Products Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Distribution Channel

  Offline
  Online


Product

  Folding knives
  Tactical gloves
  Pepper sprays
  Stun guns
  Others


Material

  Metal
  Polymer and plastic
  Chemical-based


End-user

  Law enforcement
  Civilians
  Security personnel
  Military and defense


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    France
    Italy


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America



  Middle East and Africa

By Distribution Channel Insights

The offline segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market encompasses a range of tools and techniques designed to enhance personal safety and security. Offline distribution channels remain significant in this market due to consumer preferences for tactile experiences and immediate access to products. Brick-and-mortar establishments, such as shops and sporting goods outlets, offer expert advice and product demonstrations, instilling confidence in customers. Additionally, offline companies adhere to local regulations and age restrictions, ensuring responsible sales of self-defense equipment. The products include pepper sprays, stun guns, personal alarms, and other safety gadgets. In 2024, market leaders continued to prioritize offline distribution channels, recognizing the importance of in-person interactions and local regulations.

This market caters to various demographics, including women, seniors, kids, and beginn

According to a survey on sexual harassment conducted in Singapore in June 2019, 28 percent of male respondents stated that they learned self-defense as a precaution against sexual harassment.

In Singapore, the term “sexual harassment” does not yet have a legal definition. However, the Protection from Harassment Act (“POHA”) 2014 provides various criminal sanctions, civil and self-help remedies to better protect people from harassment and related anti-social behavior. Unfortunately, applying for an order under POHA is complicated and costly. Applicants would need a lawyer to assist in the preparation and submission of documents and subsequent proceedings, which can be expensive.

Self Defense Products Market size was valued at USD 2.9 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 4.55 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% during the forecast period 2024-2030.

Global Self Defense Products Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Self Defense Products Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Growing Concerns for Personal Safety: The market for self-defense goods is being driven by growing worries about people’s personal security and safety, especially among women and other vulnerable groups.Growing Crime Rates: People are looking for ways to protect themselves, which leads to an increase in the demand for self-defense items. Higher crime rates include incidents of violence, robbery, and assault.
Technological Advancements: Consumers may now purchase self-defense goods like pepper spray, stun guns, and personal alarms with more effectiveness, convenience, and accessibility because to technological advancements in these areas.
Urbanization and Changing Lifestyles: As people navigate congested metropolitan surroundings where security concerns may be heightened, urbanization and changes in lifestyle patterns have led to a greater emphasis on personal safety.
Government Policies and rules: Modifications to laws pertaining to the possession and use of self-defense weapons, as well as rules pertaining to their regulation, may have an effect on consumer behavior and market dynamics.
Increasing Female job Participation: As more women pursue independent lives and enter the job, there is a growing need for self-defense goods that are suited to their tastes and demands.
Social and Political Unrest: People who are looking for security in unknown situations may find that there is a greater need for self-defense goods in the wake of social unrest, political instability, and public demonstrations.
E-commerce Growth: As e-commerce platforms proliferate, customers will have easier access to a larger selection of self-defense products, which will lead to market expansion through online sales channels.
Media Influence and Awareness initiatives: The public’s interest in and demand for self-defense items is heightened by media coverage of instances involving threats to personal safety as well as by awareness initiatives that support self-defense education.
Personal Empowerment Trends: As part of a larger societal trend towards personal safety and autonomy, empowerment movements, such as those centered on women’s empowerment and self-defense training, promote awareness and adoption of self-defense items.

Crime incident reports beginning January 1, 2021. Includes records for all crimes such as burglaries (vehicle, residential and non-residential), robberies (individual and business), auto theft, homicides and other crimes against people, property and society that occurred within the City of Baton Rouge and responded to by the Baton Rouge Police Department.

Please see the disclaimer attachment in the About section of the primer page.

For Crime Incidents prior to 1/1/2021 visit the Legacy Baton Rouge Police Crime Incident dataset at https://data.brla.gov/Public-Safety/Legacy-Baton-Rouge-Police-Crime-Incidents/fabb-cnnu.

This study had a variety of aims: (1) to assess the needs of violent crime victims, (2) to document the services that were available to violent crime victims in the San Diego region, (3) to assess the level of service utilization by different segments of the population, (4) to determine how individuals cope with victimization and how coping ability varies as a function of victim and crime characteristics, (5) to document the set of factors related to satisfaction with the criminal justice system, (6) to recommend improvements in the delivery of services to victims, and (7) to identify issues for future research. Data were collected using five different survey instruments. The first survey was sent to over 3,000 violent crime victims over the age of 16 and to approximately 60 homicide witnesses and survivors in the San Diego region (Part 1, Initial Victims' Survey Data). Of the 718 victims who returned the initial survey, 330 victims were recontacted six months later (Part 2, Follow-Up Victims' Survey Data). Respondents in Part 1 were asked what type of violent crime occurred, whether they sustained injury, whether they received medical treatment, what the nature of their relationship to the suspect was, and if the suspect had been arrested. Respondents for both Parts 1 and 2 were asked which service providers, if any, contacted them at the time of the incident or afterwards. Respondents were also asked what type of services they needed and received at the time of the incident or afterwards. Respondents in Part 2 rated the overall service and helpfulness of the information received at the time of the incident and after, and their level of satisfaction regarding contact with the police, prosecutor, and judge handling their case. Respondents in Part 2 were also asked what sort of financial loss resulted from the incident, and whether federal, state, local, or private agencies provided financial assistance to them. Finally, respondents in Part 1 and Part 2 were asked about the physical and psychological effects of their victimization. Demographic variables for Part 1 and Part 2 include the marital status, employment status, and type of job of each violent crime victim/witness/survivor. Part 1 also includes the race, sex, and highest level of education of each respondent. Police and court case files were reviewed six months after the incident occurred for each initial sample case. Data regarding victim and incident characteristics were collected from original arrest reports, jail booking screens, and court dockets (Part 3, Tracking Data). The variables for Part 3 include the total number of victims, survivors, and witnesses of violent crimes, place of attack, evidence collected, and which service providers were at the scene of the crime. Part 3 also includes a detailed list of the services provided to the victim/witness/survivor at the scene of the crime and after. These services included counseling, explanation of medical and police procedures, self-defense and crime prevention classes, food, clothing, psychological/psychiatric services, and help with court processes. Additional Part 3 variables cover circumstances of the incident, initial custody status of suspects, involvement of victims and witnesses at hearings, and case outcome, including disposition and sentencing. The race, sex, and age of each victim/witness/survivor are also recorded in Part 3 along with the same demographics for each suspect. Data for Part 4, Intervention Programs Survey Data, were gathered using a third survey, which was distributed to members of the three following intervention programs: (1) the San Diego Crisis Intervention Team, (2) the EYE Counseling and Crisis Services, Crisis and Advocacy Team, and (3) the District Attorney's Victim-Witness Assistance Program. A modified version of the survey with a subset of the original questions was administered one year later to members of the San Diego Crisis Intervention Team (Part 5, Crisis Intervention Team Survey Data) and to the EYE Counseling and Crisis Services, Crisis and Advocacy Team (Part 6, EYE Crisis and Advocacy Team Survey Data). The survey questions for Parts 4-6 asked each respondent to provide their reasons for becoming involved with the program, the goals of the program, responsibilities of the staff or volunteers, the types of referral services their agency provided, the number of hours of training required, and the topics covered in the training. Respondents for Parts 4-6 were further asked about the specific types of services they provided to victims/witnesses/survivors. Part 4 also contains a series of variables regarding coordination efforts, problems, and resolutions encountered when dealing with other intervention agencies and law enforcement agencies. Demographic variables for Parts 4-6 include the ethnicity, age, gender, and highest level of education of each respondent, and whether the respondent was a staff member of the agency or volunteer. The fourth survey was mailed to 53 referral agencies used by police and crisis interventionists (Part 7, Service Provider Survey Data). Part 7 contains the same series of variables as Part 4 on dealing with other intervention and law enforcement agencies. Respondents in Part 7 were further asked to describe the type of victims/witnesses/survivors to whom they provided service (e.g., domestic violence victims, homicide witnesses, or suicide survivors) and to rate their level of satisfaction with referral procedures provided by law enforcement officers, hospitals, paramedics, religious groups, the San Diego Crisis Intervention Team, the EYE Crisis Team, and the District Attorney's Victim/Witness Program. Part 7 also includes the hours of operation for each service provider organization, as well as which California counties they serviced. Finally, respondents in Part 7 were given a list of services and asked if they provided any of those services to victims/witnesses/survivors. Services unique to this list included job placement assistance, public awareness campaigns, accompaniment to court, support groups, and advocacy with outside agencies (e.g., employers or creditors). Demographic variables for Part 7 include the ethnicity, age, and gender of each respondent. The last survey was distributed to over 1,000 law enforcement officers from the Escondido, San Diego, and Vista sheriff's agencies (Part 8, Law Enforcement Survey Data). Respondents in Part 8 were surveyed to determine their familiarity with intervention programs, how they learned about the program, the extent to which they used or referred others to intervention services, appropriate circumstances for calling or not calling in interventionists, their opinions regarding various intervention programs, their interactions with interventionists at crime scenes, and suggestions for improving delivery of services to victims. Demographic variables for Part 8 include the rank and agency of each law enforcement respondent.

Police - Homicide Data Birmingham Contains: Case #, Victim Name, Sex, Race and Age. Location of Homicide and Zip code. Status of Case Terms: HOM - Homicide; CBA - Cleared by Arrest; Open - Case not Solved; Justified - Killing Justified (i.e., Self Defense)

The statistic shows the number of victims of the worst mass shootings in western democratic countries from 1966 to 2012. On December 14, 2012, a gunman killed 26 people - 20 of them children aged 5 to 10 - in a shooting at an elementary school in Newtown, Connecticut. He committed suicide afterwards. Gun policy in the USA Over the last few years, mass shootings and accidents with children at shooting ranges have shaped national debates about the gun laws in the United States.

According to the Gallup survey across the United States in January 2014, 40 percent of the U.S. population stated they are totally satisfied with the existing gun laws in the United States, while 31 percent of the respondents stated they are dissatisfied, they want stricter laws.

The survey among American adults, which was conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2012 shortly after the Aurora movie theater shooting, on what they consider more important – the right to bear arms or controlling gun ownership, shows that 47 percent of the participants said the control of gun ownership is more important than the protection of the right to own guns.

The attitude towards gun control varies from generation to generation, 55 percent of the Millennials stated that controlling gun ownership is more important than protecting the gun rights, while 44 percent of the Silent generation stated the same.

The number of homicides by firearms has decreased over the last few years, 11,040 homicides by firearm were counted in 2003, while 9,960 homicides by firearm were counted in 2010. Homicide takes several forms, for example murder but homicide is not always a crime, it also includes affirmative defense, insanity, self-defense or the execution of convicted criminals.

America’s gun policy makes it possible for the American population to have a gun in their home on their own property, all U.S. states have imposed their own firearm restrictions. The percentage of Americans who have a gun in their home shifted from 40 percent in 1996 to 47 percent in 2011.

This study was designed to collect college student victimization data to satisfy four primary objectives: (1) to determine the prevalence and nature of campus crime, (2) to help the campus community more fully assess crime, perceived risk, fear of victimization, and security problems, (3) to aid in the development and evaluation of location-specific and campus-wide security policies and crime prevention measures, and (4) to make a contribution to the theoretical study of campus crime and security. Data for Part 1, Student-Level Data, and Part 2, Incident-Level Data, were collected from a random sample of college students in the United States using a structured telephone interview modeled after the redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey administered by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Using stratified random sampling, over 3,000 college students from 12 schools were interviewed. Researchers collected detailed information about the incident and the victimization, and demographic characteristics of victims and nonvictims, as well as data on self-protection, fear of crime, perceptions of crime on campus, and campus security measures. For Part 3, School Data, the researchers surveyed campus officials at the sampled schools and gathered official data to supplement institution-level crime prevention information obtained from the students. Mail-back surveys were sent to directors of campus security or campus police at the 12 sampled schools, addressing various aspects of campus security, crime prevention programs, and crime prevention services available on the campuses. Additionally, mail-back surveys were sent to directors of campus planning, facilities management, or related offices at the same 12 schools to obtain information on the extent and type of planning and design actions taken by the campus for crime prevention. Part 3 also contains data on the characteristics of the 12 schools obtained from PETERSON'S GUIDE TO FOUR-YEAR COLLEGES (1994). Part 4, Census Data, is comprised of 1990 Census data describing the census tracts in which the 12 schools were located and all tracts adjacent to the schools. Demographic variables in Part 1 include year of birth, sex, race, marital status, current enrollment status, employment status, residency status, and parents' education. Victimization variables include whether the student had ever been a victim of theft, burglary, robbery, motor vehicle theft, assault, sexual assault, vandalism, or harassment. Students who had been victimized were also asked the number of times victimization incidents occurred, how often the police were called, and if they knew the perpetrator. All students were asked about measures of self-protection, fear of crime, perceptions of crime on campus, and campus security measures. For Part 2, questions were asked about the location of each incident, whether the offender had a weapon, a description of the offense and the victim's response, injuries incurred, characteristics of the offender, and whether the incident was reported to the police. For Part 3, respondents were asked about how general campus security needs were met, the nature and extent of crime prevention programs and services available at the school (including when the program or service was first implemented), and recent crime prevention activities. Campus planners were asked if specific types of campus security features (e.g., emergency telephone, territorial markers, perimeter barriers, key-card access, surveillance cameras, crime safety audits, design review for safety features, trimming shrubs and underbrush to reduce hiding places, etc.) were present during the 1993-1994 academic year and if yes, how many or how often. Additionally, data were collected on total full-time enrollment, type of institution, percent of undergraduate female students enrolled, percent of African-American students enrolled, acreage, total fraternities, total sororities, crime rate of city/county where the school was located, and the school's Carnegie classification. For Part 4, Census data were compiled on percent unemployed, percent having a high school degree or higher, percent of all persons below the poverty level, and percent of the population that was Black.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Pepper Spray market size will be USD 32.6 billion in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.2% from 2024 to 2031. North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 13.04 billion in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.4% from 2024 to 2031. Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 9.78 billion. Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 7.5 billion in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.2% from 2024 to 2031. Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1.63 billion in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.6% from 2024 to 2031. Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 0.65 billion in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.9% from 2024 to 2031. The Fogger segment held the highest Pepper Spray market revenue share in 2024. Market Dynamics of Pepper Spray Market Key Drivers for Pepper Spray Market Rising Global Crime Rates and Increased Incidents of Assaults Driving Demand for Personal Safety Products Rising global crime rates, particularly assaults and street crimes, have significantly heightened public concern over personal safety. This growing anxiety has led to an increased demand for self-defense products such as pepper spray. Urban areas are particularly affected, as they often experience higher crime rates, making the perceived risk of personal attacks greater. Consequently, individuals are more inclined to seek effective, non-lethal means of protection. Pepper spray offers a convenient and accessible option, empowering people to defend themselves in potentially dangerous situations. This demand is further driven by the media coverage of violent incidents and the increasing availability of self-defense products through both physical and online retail channels. As awareness about personal safety continues to rise, especially among women and vulnerable populations, the market for pepper spray and similar products is expected to grow, addressing the urgent need for personal security in contemporary society Awareness and Advocacy for Women’s Safety Fueling Market Expansion Growing awareness and advocacy for women's safety have become pivotal drivers for the expansion of the pepper spray market. Governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) across the globe are intensifying efforts to empower women with effective self-defense tools amid rising concerns over personal security. Campaigns and educational programs aimed at promoting self-defense have significantly increased the visibility and perceived importance of carrying non-lethal defense mechanisms, such as pepper spray. These initiatives often highlight real-life scenarios and statistical data to underscore the necessity of self-protection, thereby resonating with a broad audience of potential users. Moreover, governments are implementing policies and programs to support the distribution and legal use of these products, ensuring women have access to affordable and reliable self-defense options. NGOs also play a critical role by organizing workshops and training sessions that educate women on the proper use of pepper spray, enhancing both their confidence and competence in personal safety measures. This collaborative approach has led to growing adoption of pepper spray, contributing significantly to market growth. Restraint Factor for the Pepper Spray Market Lack of Awareness and Misconceptions About Pepper Spray Usage Among Potential Users Despite increasing concerns about personal safety, there is a notable lack of awareness regarding the use and benefits of pepper spray as a self-defense tool. Many individuals are either unfamiliar with pepper spray or hold misconceptions about its effectiveness and safety. These misunderstandings can include beliefs that pepper spray is illegal, ineffective, or overly dangerous to use. Consequently, potential users might hesitate to purchase or carry pepper spray, opting instead for other means of self-defense or forgoing any protective measures altogether. This gap in knowledge significantly hampers market penetration, especially in regions wh...

For this study, convenience store robbery victims and offenders in five states (Georgia, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, and South Carolina) were interviewed. Robbery victims were identified by canvassing convenience stores in high-crime areas, while a sample of unrelated offenders was obtained from state prison rolls. The aims of the survey were to address questions of injury, to examine store characteristics that might influence the rate of robbery and injury, to compare how both victims and offenders perceived the robbery event (including their assessment of what could be done to prevent convenience store robberies in the future), and to identify ways in which the number of convenience store robberies might be reduced. Variables unique to Part 1, the Victim Data file, provide information on how the victim was injured, whether hospitalization was required for the injury, if the victim used any type of self-protection, and whether the victim had been trained to handle a robbery. Part 2, the Offender Data file, presents variables describing offenders' history of prior convenience store robberies, whether there had been an accomplice, motive for robbing the store, and whether various factors mattered in choosing the store to rob (e.g., cashier location, exit locations, lighting conditions, parking lot size, the number of clerks working, weather conditions, the time of day, and the number of customers in the store). Found in both files are variables detailing whether a victim injury occurred, use of a weapon, how each participant behaved, perceptions of why the store was targeted, what could have been done to prevent the robbery, and ratings by the researchers on the completeness, honesty, and cooperativeness of each participant during the interview. Demographic variables found in both the victim and offender files include age, gender, race, and ethnicity.

This statistic shows the results of a survey on the recent shooting of 18-year-old Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, by a police officer. The survey was conducted in August 2014, roughly a week after the shooting, throughout the United States. During the survey, 26 percent of respondents were convinced that the police officer acted in self-defense when he shot Brown, while 23 percent of respondents believe he should be found guilty of murder.

This study examined the effects of police arrest policies and incarceration policies on communities in 30 neighborhoods in Baltimore. Specifically, the study addressed the question of whether aggressive arrest and incarceration policies negatively impacted social organization and thereby reduced the willingness of area residents to engage in informal social control, or collective efficacy. CRIME CHANGES IN BALTIMORE, 1970-1994 (ICPSR 2352) provided aggregate community-level data on demographics, socioeconomic attributes, and crime rates as well as data from interviews with residents about community attachment, cohesiveness, participation, satisfaction, and experiences with crime and self-protection. Incident-level offense and arrest data for 1987 and 1992 were obtained from the Baltimore Police Department. The Maryland Department of Public Safety and Corrections provided data on all of the admissions to and releases from prisons in neighborhoods in Baltimore City and Baltimore County for 1987, 1992, and 1994.

This statistic shows the most common ways in which adults in Scotland tried to reduce the risk of being a victim of crime in the fiscal year 2017/18. The most common method was making concealed valuables less visible as well as not leaving home empty, and the least common method was carrying means of self-defence.