In 2011, 87.2 percent of the total population of the United Kingdom were white British. A positive net migration in recent years combined with the resultant international relationships following the wide-reaching former British Empire has contributed to an increasingly diverse population.

Varied ethnic backgrounds

Black British citizens, with African and/or African-Caribbean ancestry, are the largest ethnic minority population, at three percent of the total population. Indian Britons are one of the largest overseas communities of the Indian diaspora and make up 2.3 percent of the total UK population. Pakistani British citizens, who make up almost two percent of the UK population, have one of the highest levels of home ownership in Britain.

Racism in the United Kingdom

Though it has decreased in comparison to the previous century, the UK has seen an increase in racial prejudice during the first decade and a half of this century. Racism and discrimination continues to be part of daily life for Britain’s ethnic minorities, especially in terms of work, housing, and health issues. Moreover, the number of hate crimes motivated by race reported since 2012 has increased, and in 2017/18, there were 3,368 recorded offenses of racially or religiously aggravated assault with injury, almost a thousand more than in 2013/14.

The project generated several key findings, in line with the original project themes: 1) The project demonstrates that ethnic diversity alone does not appear to be a key driver of Brexit support, despite much of the public/political narrative in the area. Instead, we demonstrate that it is patterns of segregation which determine when diversity drove Brexit support. Thus, how increasing ethnic diversity of society appears to trigger tensions is in more segregated forms. Where diverse communities are integrated relations actually appear to improve. 2) The project uniquely demonstrates that residential segregation is a significant negative driver of mental health among ethnic minority groups in the UK. Mental health policy in the UK acknowledges that ethnic minorities often suffer worse mental health than their majority group counterparts. This work demonstrates that community characteristics need to be considered in mental health policy; in particular, how patterns of residential segregation are a key determinant of minority group mental health. 3) We demonstrate that, as expected, the ethnic mix of a community is a strong predictor of patterns of interethnic harassment. However, we also demonstrate that, even controlling for this, how residentially segregated an area is a stronger and consistent predictor of greater harassment. This will help societies better identify potential drivers of harassment and areas where focus should be on minimising hate crime. 4) The project demonstrates the key role sites of youth engagement can play in building positive intergroup relations among young people. In particular, their efficacy for overcoming key obstacles to integration such as residential segregation.

The project has generated several other impacts related to the project themes of social capital/social cohesion and mental health, as relates to the Covid-19 pandemic: 1) The paper explores the potential impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on people’s perceptions of cohesion in their local communities; particularly for vulnerable groups/communities, such as ethnic minorities or those living in highly deprived neighbourhoods. To this end, we examine both trends over time in overall levels of cohesion as well as patterns of positive and negative changes experienced by individuals using nationally representative data from Understanding Society Study. We test whether rates of positive-/negative-change in cohesion over the pandemic-period differed across socio-demographic groups and neighbourhood characteristics. These trends are then compared to patterns of positive-/negative-change over time experienced in earlier periods to test whether the pandemic was uniquely harmful. We show that the overall levels of social cohesion are lower in June 2020 compared to all of the examined pre-pandemic periods. The decline of perceived-cohesion is particularly high in the most deprived communities, among certain ethnic minority groups and among the lower-skilled. Our findings suggest that the pandemic put higher strain on social-resources among vulnerable groups and communities, who also experienced more negative changes in other areas of life. 2) The study examines the impact of coronavirus-related restrictions on mental health among American adults, and how this relationship varies as a function of time and two measures of vulnerability (preexisting physical symptoms and job insecurity). We draw on data from two waves of Corona Impact Survey, which were fielded in late April and early of May 2020. Multilevel models were used to analyze the hierarchically nested data. Experiencing coronavirus disease-2019 restrictions significantly raise mental distress. This association is stronger for individuals with preexisting health conditions and those who worry about job prospects. These findings hold with the inclusion of region-wave covariates (number of deaths, wave dummy and aggregate measure of restrictions). Finally, there is a cross-level interaction: the restriction-distress connection is more pronounced in the second wave of data. Our research indicates that people who are more physically and/or financially vulnerable suffer more from the imposed restrictions, i.e. ‘social isolation’. The mental health impact of coronavirus pandemic is not constant but conditional on the level of vulnerability.

Rising ethnic diversity across countries is becoming a highly-charged issue. This is leading to intense academic, policy, and public debate, amid concerns that diversity may pose a threat to social cohesion. Within these debates, residential communities are increasingly seen as key sites across which both fractures may emerge, but also where opportunities for building cohesion exist. In light of this, research showing diverse communities weaken cohesion is worrying. Yet, there is a potentially key omission from this work: the role of residential segregation. While studies largely focus on the size of ethnic groups in an area they rarely...

This statistic shows the characteristics tourists find more attractive in the United Kingdom (UK) as of 2014. Of respondents, 42 percent were attracted to the UK's cultural and historic attractions, while 39 percent preferred cities. The survey was conducted in 5 key country markets.

The project data comprise socio-economic surveys of street proprietors, data visualisation of the surveys and additional spatial mappings, and focus group workshops. The first phase of this project incorporates qualitative, face-to-face surveys conducted in 2015, on Rookery Road (Birmingham); Stapleton Road (Bristol); Narborough Road (Leicester); and Cheetham Hill (Manchester). In total, the face-to-face surveys across four streets incorporate 910 units, 596 retail units, 68 vacant units, and 351 surveyed proprietors. The survey focuses on: when, how and why migrant proprietors arrive on these specific streets; the type and duration of shop activity; whether proprietors live locally; whether local and global networks are integral to economic activity; and the types of skill sets proprietors have, such as language, qualification, work experience and additional business interests. Data visualisations were then developed to highlight relationships between key data, and additional drawings were made to highlight the spatial composition of the street. The Phase 1 survey of these four streets was conducted by Suzanne Hall, Robin Finlay and Julia King. The second phase in 2016, conducted with Social Life, incorporates data on scoping discussions and focus group workshops on Rookery Road (Birmingham) and Narborough Road (Leicester) with proprietors, local interest groups, representative and elected leaders and local authorities. The focus group discussions included how traders and local businesses impact on the changing city, both through how people organise themselves economically and collectively beyond their own personal lives, and how they negotiate with the city around them.

The ‘Super-diverse streets’ project is an ESRC-funded exploration of the intersections between city streets, global migration and urban marginalisation. The research is a comparative analysis across UK cities and aims to examine the economic and social life of high streets, and how urban retail economies and spaces are shaped by and shape urban migration. The four high streets include: Rookery Road (Birmingham); Stapleton Road (Bristol); Narborough Road (Leicester); and Cheetham Hill (Manchester). Each street is selected for its location in an ethnically diverse as well as comparatively deprived urban locale, to engage with what kinds of street economies emerge in places where jobs are hard to come by, and the impacts of historic state under investment are hard-felt. Furthermore, Birmingham, Bristol, Leicester and Manchester are amongst UK cities that have the highest percentage of ‘country of birth’ citizens from outside of the UK, after London. The research is widely disseminated through the ‘Super-diverse Streets’ project website with mappings and visualisations and concise reports as well as a You Tube video on ‘Migrant Streets’ and a Royal Geographical Society educational podcast on ‘Diverse Places and Ordinary Streets'. Publications include journal articles and book chapters, and a research monograph is planned.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. Welfare State under Strain, 2014-2015: A Comparative Study of Diversity, Austerity and Public Opinion is a panel study which investigates the dynamics and drivers of public opinion about welfare in Great Britain and the Netherlands. The panel features a series of embedded survey experiments designed to test the impact of diversity, austerity, and various moderators on political attitudes. Identical experiments were conducted in the two countries, enabling examination of how national context mediates the effects of these factors on public opinion. Attitude change over time was also captured by surveying the same voters repeatedly, and the impact of the most powerful source of political information - election campaigns, was captured by timing survey waves before and immediately after European Parliament (2014), national (Britain, 2015) and regional (Netherlands, 2015) elections. The survey was commissioned following an Open Research Area grant awarded jointly by the UK Economic and Social Research Council and NWO Netherlands. The surveys were developed by a team of four based in the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Manchester and the European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations, University of Utrecht. Further information is available on the Research Councils UK award page. The first edition of this study contains the British data only, as the Dutch data are not yet available for public release. A future update will include the Dutch dataset and the integrated two country dataset. Main Topics: The questionnaire covered the following topics: political attitudes; general welfare support; austerity measures and economic security; deservingness and welfare chauvinism, interethnic/intergroup attitudes; ideological factors and demographic characteristics. The survey also included a vignette experiment. Active sampling Online (web-based) survey

As of 2023, the population density in London was by far the highest number of people per square km in the UK, at 5,690. Of the other regions and countries which constitute the United Kingdom, North West England was the next most densely populated area at 533 people per square kilometer. Scotland, by contrast, is the most sparsely populated country or region in the United Kingdom, with only 70 people per square kilometer. UK population over 67 million According to the official mid-year population estimate, the population of the United Kingdom was just almost 67.6 million in 2022. Most of the population lived in England, where an estimated 57.1 million people resided, followed by Scotland at 5.44 million, Wales at 3.13 million and finally Northern Ireland at just over 1.9 million. Within England, the South East was the region with the highest population at almost 9.38 million, followed by the London region at around 8.8 million. In terms of urban areas, Greater London is the largest city in the United Kingdom, followed by Greater Manchester and Birmingham in the North West and West Midlands regions of England. London calling London's huge size in relation to other UK cities is also reflected by its economic performance. In 2021, London's GDP was approximately 494 billion British pounds, almost a quarter of UK GDP overall. In terms of GDP per capita, Londoners had a GDP per head of 56,431 pounds, compared with an average of 33,224 for the country as a whole. Productivity, expressed as by output per hour worked, was also far higher in London than the rest of the country. In 2021, London was around 33.2 percent more productive than the rest of the country, with South East England the only other region where productivity was higher than the national average.

This spreadsheet is the underlying data for the biodiversity indicator E2, Expenditure on UK and international biodiversity.

Spending is one way of assessing the priority that is given to biodiversity within Government. Funding for conservation work is critical to delivery of country biodiversity and environment strategies. Adequate access to resources is essential for the effective implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in developing countries, along with other international biodiversity policy commitments, as part of more general development aid and poverty alleviation.

The increases in public sector expenditure in the UK should be considered in the context of the funding needed, in tandem with appropriate policy and legislative measures, to a level sufficient to meet UK and international biodiversity targets.

This is one of a suite of 24 UK biodiversity indicators published by JNCC on behalf of Defra; the latest publication date was 19 January 2016 - for indicator E2 the latest data are for 2015. The supporting technical document details the methodology used to create the indicator.

Distinct populations of the potato cyst nematode (PCN) Globodera pallida exist in the UK that differ in their ability to overcome various sources of resistance. An efficient method for distinguishing between populations would enable pathogen-informed cultivar choice in the field. Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture (SASA) annually undertake national DNA diagnostic tests to determine the presence of PCN in potato seed and ware land by extracting DNA from soil floats. These DNA samples provide a unique resource for monitoring the distribution of PCN and further interrogation of the diversity within species. We identify a region of mitochondrial DNA descriptive of three main groups of G. pallida present in the UK, and adopt a metagenetics approach to the sequencing and analysis of all SASA samples simultaneously. Using this approach we describe the distribution of G. pallida mitotypes across Scotland with field-scale resolution. Most fields contain a single mitotype, one fifth contain a mix of mitotypes, and less than 3 % contain all three mitotypes. Within mixed fields we were able to quantify the relative abundance of each mitotype across an order of magnitude. Local areas within mixed fields are dominated by certain mitotypes and indicate towards a complex underlying "pathoscape". Finally, we assess mitotype distribution at the level of the individual cyst, and provide evidence of "hybrids". This study provides a method for accurate, quantitative and high throughput typing of up to one thousand fields simultaneously, while revealing novel insights into the national genetic variability of an economically important plant-parasite.

The BILBI indicators portal is an interface where users can explore CSIRO's biodiversity indicators for any signatory countries of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), plus USA. CSIRO’s global biodiversity indicators (BHI, BERI and PARC) enable governments and organisations to plan and track progress towards biodiversity goals. These indicators are all recognised as component indicators in the CBD Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and provide high-resolution coverage of a large proportion of Earth’s biodiversity across the entire land surface of the planet.

The Biodiversity Habitat Index (BHI) represents the proportion of biodiversity retained within a given area (such as a country or an ecoregion) in relation to the degree of habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation experienced.

The Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) measures the capacity of landscapes to retain species diversity in the face of climate change, as a function of the area, connectivity and integrity of natural ecosystems across those landscapes.

The Protected Area Representativeness and Connectedness Indices (PARC) represent the diversity of biological communities within a protected area system, as well as how connected protected areas are within the broader landscape.

This portal provides a country-level overview of CSIRO's biodiversity indices with a link to download indicator values for countries as well as biomes within countries. More information can be found at https://research.csiro.au/macroecologicalmodelling/bilbi . Lineage: There are 3 indicators available via this interface: BHI, BERI, and PARC. All of these indicators are derived using CSIRO's BILBI biodiversity modeling infrastructure (Biogeographic modelling Infrastructure for Large-scale Biodiversity Indicators). BILBI operates on a global 30-second grid and integrates terrain-adjusted climate data from WorldClim (www.WorldClim.org, v1) and soil data from SoilGrids (www.SoilGrids.org, v1), alongside biodiversity records for more than 400,000 plant, vertebrate and invertebrate species from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Spatial biodiversity models are generated using generalized dissimilarity modelling for each WWF biome/realm combination.

For BHI and BERI, habitat condition is assessed using downscaled Land Use Harmonisation surfaces, which combine land cover data from the ESA Land Cover Climate Change Initiative (www.esa-landcover-cci.org/) and coefficients from the PREDICTS database (www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/our-work/biodiversity/predicts.html).

The PARC-representativeness Indicator additionally incorporates protected area data from the World Database on Protected Areas (www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/our-work/world-database-protected-areas).

CSIRO Biodiversity Habitat Index (BHI v2) is a global 30 arc-second product for 2000,2005,2010,2015 and 2020. BHI estimates the level of species diversity expected to be retained within any given spatial reporting unit (e.g., a country, a broad ecosystem type, or the entire planet) as a function of the unit’s area, connectivity and integrity of natural ecosystems across it. Results for the indicator can either be expressed as 1) the ‘effective proportion of habitat’ remaining within the unit – adjusting for the effects of the condition and functional connectivity of habitat, and of spatial variation in the species composition of ecological communities (beta diversity); or 2) the effective proportion of habitat that can be translated, through standard species-area analysis, into a prediction of the proportion of species expected to persist (i.e. avoid extinction) over the long term. \t

The BHI is used to monitor and report past-to-present trends in the expected persistence of species diversity by repeatedly recalculating the indicator using best-available mapping of ecosystem condition or integrity observed at multiple points in time, e.g., for different years. A wide variety of data sources can be used for this purpose, spanning spatial scales from global to subnational, and including data assembled by countries for deriving ecosystem condition accounts under the UN SEEA Ecosystem Accounting framework. The BHI can also serve as a leading indicator for assessing the contribution that proposed or implemented area-based actions are expected to make towards enhancing the present capacity of ecosystems to retain species diversity, thereby providing a foundation for strategic prioritisation of such actions by countries.

Aggregation of the raw data for reporting by a region (country, ecoregion etc.) should follow the procedure in the folder " Calculating weighted geometric means of CSIRO BILBI indicators for a region" Lineage: The Biodiversity Habitat Index is calculated using the CSIRO BILBI biodiversity modelling infrastructure. BILBI is based on a global 30s grid, with environmental data comprising terrain adjusted www.WorldClim.org (v1) climate data and soil data from www.SoilGrids.org (v1). This was combined with www.GBIF.org (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) data to generate spatial biodiversity models (using Generalised Dissimilarity Modelling) for each WWF biome/realm combination. Habitat condition is calculated from downscaled Land Use Harmonisation surfaces ( using land cover data from www.esa-landcover-cci.org/) combined with coefficients from the PREDICTS database (www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/our-work/biodiversity/predicts.html).

The United Kingdom's banking landscape is diverse, with 328 Monetary Financial Institutions operating in the country as of June 2024. Of these, 117 were UK-headquartered banks, while the remaining institutions had origins in other European Union countries, developed nations, America, and Japan. This mix of domestic and international banks underscores the UK's position as a global financial hub. In fact, London was the second most attractive global financial center in 2024, outranked only by New York. HSBC dominates the UK banking sector Among the largest banks in the UK, HSBC Holdings stands out as a financial powerhouse. In 2023, HSBC reported the highest annual revenue of 51.92 billion British pounds, significantly outpacing its closest competitor, Barclays PLC, which reported a revenue of 25.38 billion pounds. HSBC's dominance extends beyond revenue, as it also holds the largest market capitalization on the London Stock Exchange, nearly triple that of the second-largest bank, Santander S.A. Furthermore, HSBC leads in risk-weighted assets, with over 670 billion pounds, indicating its substantial market presence and risk exposure. Digital banks in the UK The UK is also a major hub for digital banking in Europe, with several leading digital banks in Europe headquartered in the country. Revolut, in particular, has emerged as a standout player. Revolut's net profits skyrocketed in 2023, highlighting its strong market position and continued expansion. Wise and Monzo also contribute significantly to the UK's digital banking landscape, offering innovative financial services that cater to a rapidly growing customer base.

As of August 2021, the importance of diversity in mobile gaming ranks high amongst players worldwide, although reasons differ by country. The most important role of diversity in mobile games refers to the creation of a more inclusive and accepting environment in gaming, with players from Brazil being especially keen on this aspect. On the other hand, respondents from Germany and the United Kingdom believed diversity was more important for providing accurate representations of the world, thus being the second most important function among all respondents.

In 2020/21 there were approximately 696,000 Polish nationals living in the United Kingdom, the highest non-British population at this time. Indian and Irish were the joint second-largest nationalities at approximately 370,000 people.

In 2024, Russia had the largest population among European countries at 144.8 million people. The next largest countries in terms of their population size were Turkey at 87.5 million, Germany at 84.5 million, the United Kingdom at 69.1 million, and France at 66.5 million. Europe is also home to some of the world’s smallest countries, such as the microstates of Liechtenstein and San Marino, with populations of 39,870 and 33,581 respectively. Europe’s largest economies Germany was Europe’s largest economy in 2023, with a Gross Domestic Product of around 4.2 trillion Euros, while the UK and France are the second and third largest economies, at 3.2 trillion and 2.8 trillion euros respectively. Prior to the mid-2000s, Europe’s fourth-largest economy, Italy, had an economy that was of a similar sized to France and the UK, before diverging growth patterns saw the UK and France become far larger economies than Italy. Moscow and Istanbul the megacities of Europe Two cities on the eastern borders of Europe were Europe’s largest in 2023. The Turkish city of Istanbul, with a population of 15.8 million, and the Russian capital, Moscow, with a population of 12.7 million. Istanbul is arguably the world’s most famous transcontinental city with territory in both Europe and Asia and has been an important center for commerce and culture for over two thousand years. Paris was the third largest European city with a population of 11 million, with London being the fourth largest at 9.6 million.

According to a Statista study on Diversity and equality in European companies employees in Ireland rated ethnic diversity at their companies higher than their counterparts in 14 other countries, with the UK, Spain, and the Netherlands having the second to fourth highest ratings respectively.

The population of the United Kingdom in 2023 was estimated to be approximately 68.3 million in 2023, with almost 9.48 million people living in South East England. London had the next highest population, at over 8.9 million people, followed by the North West England at 7.6 million. With the UK's population generally concentrated in England, most English regions have larger populations than the constituent countries of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, which had populations of 5.5 million, 3.16 million, and 1.92 million respectively. English counties and cities The United Kingdom is a patchwork of various regional units, within England the largest of these are the regions shown here, which show how London, along with the rest of South East England had around 18 million people living there in this year. The next significant regional units in England are the 47 metropolitan and ceremonial counties. After London, the metropolitan counties of the West Midlands, Greater Manchester, and West Yorkshire were the biggest of these counties, due to covering the large urban areas of Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds respectively. Regional divisions in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland The smaller countries that comprise the United Kingdom each have different local subdivisions. Within Scotland these are called council areas whereas in Wales the main regional units are called unitary authorities. Scotland's largest Council Area by population is that of Glasgow City at over 622,000, while in Wales, it was the Cardiff Unitary Authority at around 372,000. Northern Ireland, on the other hand, has eleven local government districts, the largest of which is Belfast with a population of around 348,000.

The history of modern Brazil begins in the year 1500 when Pedro Álvares Cabral arrived with a small fleet and claimed the land for the Portuguese Empire. With the Treaty of Torsedillas in 1494, Spain and Portugal agreed to split the New World peacefully, thus allowing Portugal to take control of the area with little competition from other European powers. As the Portuguese did not arrive with large numbers, and the indigenous population was overwhelmed with disease, large numbers of African slaves were transported across the Atlantic and forced to harvest or mine Brazil's wealth of natural resources. These slaves were forced to work in sugar, coffee and rubber plantations and gold and diamond mines, which helped fund Portuguese expansion across the globe. In modern history, transatlantic slavery brought more Africans to Brazil than any other country in the world. This combination of European, African and indigenous peoples set the foundation for what has become one of the most ethnically diverse countries across the globe.

Independence and Monarchy By the early eighteenth century, Portugal had established control over most of modern-day Brazil, and the population more than doubled in each half of the 1800s. The capital of the Portuguese empire was moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1808 (as Napoleon's forces moved closer towards Lisbon), making this the only time in European history where a capital was moved to another continent. The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was established in 1815, and when the Portuguese monarchy and capital returned to Lisbon in 1821, the King's son, Dom Pedro, remained in Brazil as regent. The following year, Dom Pedro declared Brazil's independence, and within three years, most other major powers (including Portugal) recognized the Empire of Brazil as an independent monarchy and formed economic relations with it; this was a much more peaceful transition to independence than many of the ex-Spanish colonies in the Americas. Under the reign of Dom Pedro II, Brazil's political stability remained relatively intact, and the economy grew through its exportation of raw materials and economic alliances with Portugal and Britain. Despite pressure from political opponents, Pedro II abolished slavery in 1850 (as part of a trade agreement with Britain), and Brazil remained a powerful, stable and progressive nation under Pedro II's leadership, in stark contrast to its South American neighbors. The booming economy also attracted millions of migrants from Europe and Asia around the turn of the twentieth century, which has had a profound impact on Brazil's demography and culture to this day.

The New Republic

Despite his popularity, King Pedro II was overthrown in a military coup in 1889, ending his 58 year reign and initiating six decades of political instability and economic difficulties. A series of military coups, failed attempts to restore stability, and the decline of Brazil's overseas influence contributed greatly to a weakened economy in the early 1900s. The 1930s saw the emergence of Getúlio Vargas, who ruled as a fascist dictator for two decades. Despite a growing economy and Brazil's alliance with the Allied Powers in the Second World War, the end of fascism in Europe weakened Vargas' position in Brazil, and he was eventually overthrown by the military, who then re-introduced democracy to Brazil in 1945. Vargas was then elected to power in 1951, and remained popular among the general public, however political opposition to his beliefs and methods led to his suicide in 1954. Further political instability ensued and a brutal, yet prosperous, military dictatorship took control in the 1960s and 1970s, but Brazil gradually returned to a democratic nation in the 1980s. Brazil's economic and political stability fluctuated over the subsequent four decades, and a corruption scandal in the 2010s saw the impeachment of President Dilma Rousseff. Despite all of this economic instability and political turmoil, Brazil is one of the world's largest economies and is sometimes seen as a potential superpower. The World Bank classifies it as a upper-middle income country and it has the largest share of global wealth in Latin America. It is the largest Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking), and sixth most populous country in the world, with a population of more than 210 million people.

In 2023, the population of the United Kingdom reached 68.3 million, compared with 67.6 million in 2022. The UK population has more than doubled since 1871 when just under 31.5 million lived in the UK and has grown by around 8.2 million since the start of the twenty-first century. For most of the twentieth century, the UK population steadily increased, with two noticeable drops in population occurring during World War One (1914-1918) and in World War Two (1939-1945). Demographic trends in postwar Britain After World War Two, Britain and many other countries in the Western world experienced a 'baby boom,' with a postwar peak of 1.02 million live births in 1947. Although the number of births fell between 1948 and 1955, they increased again between the mid-1950s and mid-1960s, with more than one million people born in 1964. Since 1964, however, the UK birth rate has fallen from 18.8 births per 1,000 people to a low of just 10.2 in 2020. As a result, the UK population has gotten significantly older, with the country's median age increasing from 37.9 years in 2001 to 40.7 years in 2022. What are the most populated areas of the UK? The vast majority of people in the UK live in England, which had a population of 57.7 million people in 2023. By comparison, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland had populations of 5.44 million, 3.13 million, and 1.9 million, respectively. Within England, South East England had the largest population, at over 9.38 million, followed by the UK's vast capital city of London, at 8.8 million. London is far larger than any other UK city in terms of urban agglomeration, with just four other cities; Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, and Glasgow, boasting populations that exceed one million people.

In 2023, almost nine million people lived in Greater London, making it the most populated ceremonial county in England. The West Midlands Metropolitan County, which contains the large city of Birmingham, was the second-largest county at 2.98 million inhabitants, followed by Greater Manchester and then West Yorkshire with populations of 2.95 million and 2.4 million, respectively. Kent, Essex, and Hampshire were the three next-largest counties in terms of population, each with around 1.89 million people. A patchwork of regions England is just one of the four countries that compose the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with England, Scotland and Wales making up Great Britain. England is therefore not to be confused with Great Britain or the United Kingdom as a whole. Within England, the next subdivisions are the nine regions of England, containing various smaller units such as unitary authorities, metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan districts. The counties in this statistic, however, are based on the ceremonial counties of England as defined by the Lieutenancies Act of 1997. Regions of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland Like England, the other countries of the United Kingdom have their own regional subdivisions, although with some different terminology. Scotland’s subdivisions are council areas, while Wales has unitary authorities, and Northern Ireland has local government districts. As of 2022, the most-populated Scottish council area was Glasgow City, with over 622,000 inhabitants. In Wales, Cardiff had the largest population among its unitary authorities, and in Northern Ireland, Belfast was the local government area with the most people living there.