London was the most attractive financial center in Western Europe as of March 2024. According to five broad areas of competitiveness that the ranking was built on (business environment, human capital, infrastructure, financial sector development, and reputation), London received 747 points. Geneva ranked second, with a rating of 738. According to the Global Power City Index (GPCI), London was also the most attractive city worldwide for its economy, research and development, cultural interaction, livability, environment, and accessibility. Financial employment in the UK In 2022, the value added in the finance and insurance services sector in the United Kingdom as a percentage of total GDP was one of the largest in Europe. However, total employment in the financial services sector overall decreased since 2008. The mean weekly wage of full-time employees in the financial and insurance sector also dropped and never recovered from a sharp decrease in 2018. Largest European financial institutions In 2022, HSBC topped the list of the largest European banks in terms of total assets. With more than 2.86 trillion euros, the UK-based giant ranked before BNP Paribas, the largest banking institution in France. In the same year, HSBC also performed better than any other European bank in terms of pre-tax profit.

Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, was rated the most attractive financial center among the presented cities in Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, and Central Asia in 2024, with a rating of 677. It was followed by Almaty and Tallinn. To compare, Moscow had a Global Financial Centers Index (GFCI) rating of 590. The rating is based on an index incorporating numerous factors, including business environment, human capital, taxation, and infrastructure, among others. The global financial center ranking is led by New York.

After the domestic segment in the banking industry in Luxembourg, banks in the United States and United Kingdom segment had the highest aggregated balance sheet total of banks in the country, reaching around 89.58 billion euros.

Luxembourg is an international financial center in the European Union, with over 140 international banks having an office in the country. In the Global Financial Centers Index, Luxembourg was ranked as one of the most competitive financial centers in Europe. In 2018, banks in the Grand Duchy from the UK/US segment, China, France and Luxembourg saw an increase of their on-balance sheet business.

As of September 2024, New York ranked as the world's most attractive financial center, earning a score of 763 on a comprehensive financial center rating index that considers multiple factors. London followed closely in second place with a rating of 750. What are financial centers? A financial center is a city or region that serves as a strategic hub for the financial industry, bringing together banks, trading firms, stock exchanges, and other financial institutions. These hubs are typically distinguished by strong infrastructure, a stable regulatory and political environment, favorable taxation policies, and ample opportunities for business and trade growth. According to a 2024 survey of financial services professionals, the key factors influencing a financial center's competitiveness were the business environment, human capital, and infrastructure. Financial centers by region According to the Global Financial Centers Index, the most attractive financial hubs in North America are New York, San Francisco, and Chicago. In Latin America and the Caribbean, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, and Sao Paulo received the highest scores. When financial sector professionals were asked which financial centers were likely to become more significant in the next years, they pointed to Seoul, Singapore, Dubai.

The European Clearing Houses and Settlements market, valued at €2.02 billion in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, driven primarily by increasing regulatory scrutiny demanding greater transparency and risk mitigation in financial transactions. This necessitates robust clearing and settlement infrastructure, fueling demand for the services offered by established players like Euroclear, Clearstream Banking, and LCH Clearnet, as well as newer entrants leveraging technology advancements. The market's growth, while moderate at a CAGR of 1.59%, reflects a maturing yet crucial sector within the European financial ecosystem. The expansion is anticipated to be influenced by factors such as the rising adoption of digital assets and blockchain technology, potentially streamlining processes and reducing costs, although this adoption remains in its early stages. Competition will likely intensify as established players consolidate their market position and innovative fintech firms introduce novel solutions. Growth within specific segments, while not explicitly detailed, can be inferred. Given the evolving regulatory landscape and the increasing complexity of financial instruments, segments focusing on specialized clearing services (e.g., derivatives, securities lending) are likely to experience higher growth rates than more traditional segments. Geographical distribution of market share will likely favor established financial centers like London, Frankfurt, and Luxembourg, although the impact of Brexit and shifting regulatory landscapes may influence regional growth trajectories. The forecast period of 2025-2033 offers ample opportunity for market players to adapt to technological changes and navigate regulatory challenges, positioning themselves for success in a dynamic and increasingly competitive environment. Recent developments include: On June 2023, Cboe Clear Europe's plan to launch a central counterparty (CCP) clearing service for securities financing transactions (SFTs). Cboe Clear Europe is a wholly-owned subsidiary of derivatives and securities exchange network Cboe Clear Markets., In March 2023, Euroclear, a Brussels-based firm specializing in settling securities trades, announced its potential release of a new platform for trading securities using distributed ledger technology. Euroclear is currently developing and nearing completion of its inaugural minimum viable product (MVP) for a distributed ledger technology (DLT) platform. This platform is specifically tailored for the issuance and settlement of digital bonds.. Key drivers for this market are: Regulatory Requirements, Technological Advancements. Potential restraints include: Regulatory Requirements, Technological Advancements. Notable trends are: SEPA Schemes are Driving the Market.

Attracting business from London after Brexit – Can Paris, Dublin, Frankfurt or Amsterdam become Europe's new financial center? is an analytical report by GlobalData that assesses and compares the ability of four European cities (Paris, Dublin, Frankfurt and Amsterdam) to attract business, particularly financial services, out of London in the wake of the Brexit vote. The report offers detailed comparison of the cities' economies, business environments and infrastructure among other important aspects businesses would take into consideration when looking to relocate. Read More

We use a factor model and elastic net shrinkage to model a high-dimensional network of European credit default swap (CDS) spreads. Our empirical approach allows us to assess the joint transmission of bank and sovereign risk to the nonfinancial corporate sector. Our findings identify a sectoral clustering in the CDS network, where financial institutions are in the center and nonfinancial entities as well as sovereigns are grouped around the financial center. The network has a geographical component reflected in different patterns of real-sector risk transmission across countries. Our framework also provides dynamic estimates of risk transmission, a useful tool for systemic risk monitoring.

Luxembourg is an international financial center in the European Union, with over 140 international banks having an office in the country. In the Global Financial Centers Index, Luxembourg was ranked as one of the most competitive financial centers in Europe. In 2022, banks in the Grand Duchy with a domestic Luxembourg background had a cost-income ratio of approximately 67.6 percent.

HSBC Holdings had the highest tier 1 capital of all banks in Europe in 2023, with roughly 130.65 billion euros. It was followed by BNP Paribas and Banco Santander, with around 107.5 and 85.5 billion euros, respectively. Tier 1 capital displays the financial strength of a bank as it shows the bank’s core capital, including equity capital and disclosed reserves. Regulators use tier 1 capital for the purpose of ensuring that banks have enough capital in case of unexpected losses. The tier 1 capital level of HSBC in 2023 was among the highest in the world that year, but well below the one of ICBC, the bank with the highest tier 1 capital in the world. What is the tier 1 capital ratio minimum? After the financial crisis in 2008, it became clear that many banks were running on too much debt and did not hold enough equity. To prepare the banking industry for other financial crises, Basel III accords were implemented. The framework, developed on top of Basel II, requires banks to have a tier 1 capital ratio of a minimum six percent. European banks appear safe for now In 2023, all but one European banks reviewed passed the EU-wide stress test. The EU-wide stress test is run to assess Europe’s banking sector's ability to withstand shocks to the market and to ensure a repeat of the financial crisis does not happen again. The test, which requires banks to have a ratio of over 5.5 percent for fully loaded CET1 capital, saw Europe’s 48 largest banks score anywhere between 0.05 percent to almost 25 percent.

The size of the Europe Data Center Storage market was valued at USD XXX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 6.60% during the forecast period.Europe Data Center Storage Market includes the systems and technologies for the storage and management of enormous data in the European region data centers. Data center storage refers to the specific hardware and software created to efficiently store, retrieve, and protect digital information. These include several kinds of storage devices such as HDDs, SSDs, tape libraries, and object storage systems.Data center storage is an important element in many applications, such as cloud computing, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and high-performance computing. It allows businesses and organizations to store and access their data reliably, securely, and efficiently, which is critical for the operations of e-commerce, financial transactions, and research activities.The European data center storage market is driven by the increasing adoption of cloud computing services, the growing volume of data generated by various sources, and the stringent data privacy regulations in the region. Recent developments include: June 2023: At the Huawei Intelligent Finance Summit 2023 (HiFS 2023), Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd introduced its first data center data infrastructure architecture, F2F2X (Flash-to-Flash-to-Anything). This architecture is designed to establish a dependable data foundation for financial institutions, specifically addressing challenges associated with new data types, evolving applications, and the need for enhanced data resilience., April 2023: Hewlett Packard Enterprise announced new file, block, disaster, and backup recovery data services designed to help customers eliminate data silos, reduce cost and complexity, and improve performance. The new file storage data services deliver scale-out, enterprise-grade performance for data-intensive workloads, and the expanded block services provide mission-critical storage with mid-range economics.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Digitalization and Emergence of Data-centric Applications, Rising Cloud Applications Among End Users. Potential restraints include: Compatibility and Optimum Storage Performance Issues. Notable trends are: IT and Telecom to Hold Significant Share.

The United States and United Kingdom segment of the banking industry in Luxembourg had the highest total net commission income in 2019, reaching around 1.36 billion euros. The lowest was for the German segment, with 43 million euros.

Luxembourg is an international financial center in the European Union, with over 140 international banks having an office in the country. In the Global Financial Centers Index, Luxembourg was ranked as one of the most competitive financial centers in Europe. The UK/US segment reached the highest net commission income with around 1.2 billion euros in 2017.

The global corporate debt solutions market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing corporate debt levels, stricter regulatory environments, and a rising need for efficient debt management strategies. While precise figures for market size and CAGR are unavailable in the provided text, considering typical growth rates in the financial services sector and the significant market drivers, we can reasonably estimate the 2025 market size to be approximately $150 billion, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7% projected from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by the increasing complexity of corporate financial structures and the growing prevalence of distressed debt situations, particularly within Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and large corporations facing economic headwinds. The market is segmented by solution type (debt recovery, credit restructuring, liquidation, and others) and by enterprise size (SMEs and large enterprises), offering diverse opportunities for specialized service providers. The geographic distribution reflects established financial centers and emerging markets, with North America and Europe currently holding significant shares, but rapid expansion is anticipated in Asia-Pacific driven by economic growth and rising corporate debt in developing economies. The market's expansion is influenced by several key trends including the increasing adoption of technology-driven solutions for debt management and recovery, a shift toward more proactive debt management strategies, and the growing demand for specialized expertise in navigating complex cross-border debt issues. However, economic downturns, regulatory changes, and the potential for increased competition represent challenges that could moderate growth. Key players in this market include both established financial institutions and specialized debt solution firms, each leveraging its unique expertise to capture a share of the expanding market. The continued evolution of the financial landscape will significantly shape the future trajectory of the corporate debt solutions market, making it crucial for companies to adapt and innovate to stay competitive.

The Europe Factoring Services Market size was valued at USD 2,255.51 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 7,238.39 billion by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 8.2 % during the forecasts period. Europe factoring services market can therefore be defined as a process of financial business where sellers transfer their receivables (invoices) to a financier known as factor for a lower price with an aim of improving on cash flow. It comprises factoring and other related products like supply chain finance and asset-based finance. Applications also include working capital that encompasses cash flow, credit risk, which is crucial in the reduction of risks when giving credit and controlling of liquidity in businesses. Applications are common in such industries as manufacturing, retailing and in services. Development in the market indicate that the society has move towards embracing digital factoring solutions due to increased technological methods in the market. Further, there is a growing trend with regards to special requests on factoring services due to the unstable market and the constantly changing position of the businesses globally and especially in Europe. Recent developments include: In February 2024, Barclays Bank UK PLC is set to acquire Tesco's retail banking business and form an exclusive, long-term partnership to provide Tesco-branded credit cards, personal loans, and deposits. , In January 2024, Aldermore announced its new agriculture finance division aimed to assist the farming industry to get the assets it needs to grow and diversify. In addition to leveraging our existing expertise, we will offer a refreshed customer experience backed by an experienced team. , In December 2023, EIB Group and BNP Paribas have recently signed a new securitization transaction to support France's small and mid-cap companies. The structure of this transaction has been designed to achieve the best possible risk-weighted asset relief over the next five years. This will increase lending ability to support financing for the real economy further. , In February 2022, Hitachi Capital (UK) PLC has rebranded to Novuna. Novuna is a trading style of Mitsubishi HC Capital UK PLC, a financial services company with millions of customers across the UK. The Novuna brand was established by Hitachi Capital (UK) PLC to deal with the recently established business, Mitsubishi HC Capital UK PLC. .

The global share registry services market, valued at $1396.5 million in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, driven by increasing regulatory scrutiny, the rise of digitalization within financial institutions, and the expanding need for efficient shareholder management solutions. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.8% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a sustained demand for these services, particularly amongst publicly listed companies and large institutional investors. Market segmentation reveals a significant reliance on both share register and share transfer services, with a relatively even split between issuer and investor applications. This points to a robust ecosystem supporting both the administration of securities for corporations and the management of investment portfolios for individual and institutional shareholders. Key players like Computershare, Equiniti, and Link Group are vying for market dominance, focusing on technological advancements to offer streamlined, secure, and cost-effective solutions. The expansion into emerging markets and further integration with other financial technologies will be crucial factors in future market growth. Growth in this market is expected to be propelled by several converging factors. The increasing complexity of global regulatory compliance mandates more robust and transparent shareholder management systems. The ongoing digital transformation within finance necessitates the adoption of advanced share registry technologies to improve efficiency, reduce operational costs, and enhance security. Simultaneously, a rise in retail and institutional investments fuels the demand for efficient and accessible share registry services. The market's regional distribution is likely to reflect established financial centers, with North America and Europe maintaining significant market share. However, growth in Asia-Pacific, driven by economic expansion and increasing market capitalization in emerging economies, presents a substantial opportunity for expansion and market penetration for existing and new players alike. Competition within the sector is expected to intensify, prompting innovation and a focus on providing comprehensive, integrated solutions.

The European credit card market, valued at €2.47 billion in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.83% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key drivers. Increasing digitalization and e-commerce adoption across Europe are significantly boosting credit card transactions. Furthermore, the expanding middle class and rising disposable incomes in several European countries are contributing to increased consumer spending and a greater reliance on credit cards for purchases. Government initiatives aimed at promoting financial inclusion and the proliferation of contactless payment technologies are also playing a vital role in market expansion. Segmentation analysis reveals that general-purpose credit cards hold the largest market share, driven by their versatility and widespread acceptance. Within applications, food and groceries, along with restaurants and bars, represent significant segments, highlighting the prevalence of credit card use for everyday spending. Major players like Visa and Mastercard dominate the provider landscape, while banks such as Capital One, Citi Bank, and Chase maintain strong market positions. However, the market faces some restraints including concerns over increasing debt levels among consumers and the rise of alternative payment methods like mobile wallets and Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) services. This competitive pressure necessitates continuous innovation and strategic adaptations by established players to retain their market share. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates sustained, albeit moderate, growth, influenced by evolving consumer preferences and technological advancements. Growth will likely be uneven across European nations, with countries exhibiting higher economic growth rates and greater digital adoption potentially experiencing faster credit card market expansion. The ongoing shift towards digital banking and the integration of credit cards within broader fintech ecosystems will further shape the market's trajectory. Specific regional variations will depend on factors such as regulatory environments, consumer behavior, and the availability of alternative payment solutions. Continued monitoring of these trends is critical for effective strategic planning within the European credit card market. Recent developments include: February 2023: ASOS, the global online fashion destination, and Capital One UK announced a new and exclusive credit card partnership. The partnership will likely launch a new ASOS credit card for eligible shoppers, available later this year. It is projected to provide a range of features and benefits that only come with using a credit card when they shop at ASOS and elsewhere, such as Section 75 protection on purchases over EUR 100., November 2022: Germany's leading international provider of ticketing services and live entertainment CTS EVENTIM presented its own branded credit card issued by Advanzia Bank. The Eventimcard offered an integrated loyalty program that gives cardholders VIP entry to venues owned or operated by CTS EVENTIM, free ticket delivery, and all the benefits included in the Mastercard Gold.. Key drivers for this market are: Usage of Credit Card give the bonus and reward points. Potential restraints include: Usage of Credit Card give the bonus and reward points. Notable trends are: Increasing Card Transactions in Europe have a Major Impact on Credit Card.

Corporate Finance Services Market Outlook

The global Corporate Finance Services market size was valued at approximately USD 65 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 110 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.1% during the forecast period. This growth is fueled by the increasing need for companies to optimize their financial structures to remain competitive and achieve strategic goals. The demand for expert advisory services in mergers and acquisitions, capital raising, risk management, and valuation is rising, driven by globalization, technological advancements, and complex regulatory environments.

A significant growth factor in the Corporate Finance Services market is the increasing volume of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) across various industries. Companies are seeking to expand their market presence, diversify their portfolios, and achieve economies of scale through strategic acquisitions. This surge in M&A activities necessitates professional advisory and due diligence services to navigate complex transactions and ensure value creation. Furthermore, the globalization of businesses has led to cross-border transactions, increasing the demand for corporate finance services that offer expertise in international markets and regulatory frameworks.

Capital raising is another crucial driver of growth in the Corporate Finance Services market. Companies need substantial financial resources to fund expansion plans, innovate, and remain competitive in dynamic markets. Professional services that facilitate debt and equity financing, initial public offerings (IPOs), and private placements are in high demand. The rise of fintech and alternative financing mechanisms has also expanded the spectrum of capital-raising options, creating new opportunities for corporate finance advisors to guide businesses through these complex processes.

Risk management and valuation services play a pivotal role in the corporate finance landscape. As businesses operate in increasingly volatile environments marked by economic uncertainties, regulatory changes, and cybersecurity threats, the need for robust risk management frameworks has intensified. Corporate finance services that offer comprehensive risk assessment and mitigation strategies are crucial for safeguarding assets and ensuring business continuity. Additionally, accurate valuation services are essential for informed decision-making, whether it involves investment opportunities, financial reporting, or litigation support.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe dominate the Corporate Finance Services market, driven by a mature corporate sector, advanced financial markets, and the presence of global financial hubs. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period. The rapid economic development, increasing foreign direct investments, and a burgeoning startup ecosystem in countries like China and India are propelling demand for corporate finance advisory services. The Middle East and Africa, along with Latin America, are also witnessing growth as businesses in these regions seek to enhance their financial strategies and leverage global market opportunities.

Service Type Analysis

The Corporate Finance Services market is segmented by service type, including Mergers & Acquisitions, Capital Raising, Risk Management, Valuation Services, and Others. Each service type addresses specific financial needs of businesses, contributing to overall market growth. Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) services are pivotal for companies aiming for strategic growth through consolidation and expansion. These services involve due diligence, negotiation, and integration planning, ensuring that transactions are value-accretive and aligned with corporate objectives. The complexity of M&A transactions necessitates specialized advisory services to navigate regulatory approvals, cultural integration, and financial assessments.

Capital Raising services encompass a broad spectrum of financial instruments and mechanisms designed to secure funding for businesses. This includes debt financing, equity financing, and hybrid instruments, each tailored to meet the unique needs of companies. Professional advisors in this segment assist in structuring and negotiating terms, ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements, and optimizing the cost of capital. The rise of alternative financing, such as crowdfunding and venture capital, has diversified the capital-raising landscape, offering new avenues for businesses to access funding.

The global check cashing service market is a significant sector experiencing steady growth. While the exact market size for 2025 is not provided, based on industry trends and the inclusion of companies like Ocwen Financial Corporation and Encore Capital Group (both heavily involved in financial services including check cashing), a reasonable estimate would place the 2025 market size at approximately $15 billion USD. Assuming a conservative Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5% – reflecting a balance between moderate economic growth and the ongoing shift toward digital payment methods – the market is projected to reach approximately $20 billion by 2033. This growth is driven by factors such as the continued prevalence of unbanked and underbanked populations, particularly in developing economies, who rely heavily on check cashing services. Furthermore, the increasing demand for convenient and quick financial solutions, especially among low-income earners and those with limited access to traditional banking, fuels this market expansion. However, the market faces certain constraints, primarily the increasing adoption of digital payment systems and the expansion of financial inclusion initiatives which aim to bring more people into the formal banking system. The segmentation of the market into pre-printed checks, payroll checks, government checks, and others, alongside the applications (personal and company), provides opportunities for targeted market strategies and innovative service offerings. Growth will likely be geographically diverse, with developing nations in Asia and Africa potentially exhibiting higher growth rates than mature markets in North America and Europe. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of large, established financial services companies and smaller, regional players. The major players are continuously innovating to improve their services and expand their reach, while also adapting to evolving regulations and the rise of FinTech competitors. The strategic focus of these companies includes enhancing their digital platforms, offering supplementary financial products, and improving customer experience to maintain their market share against emerging technologies. Further growth hinges on addressing the needs of underserved populations and navigating the challenges posed by the ongoing evolution of the financial technology landscape. The strategic partnerships and acquisitions seen in this space suggest a dynamic market responsive to changing customer preferences and technological advances.

The 2019 EU-wide transparency exercise provides detailed bank-by-bank data on capital positions, risk exposure amounts, leverage exposures and asset quality for 131 banks across 27 countries of the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). The data, which is exclusively based on supervisory reporting, is published at the highest level of consolidation for the reference dates of 30 September 2018, December 2018, 31 March 2019 and 30 June 2019 with the exception of the sovereign figures which are available only for the reference dates December 2018 and June 2019.

The EU-wide transparency exercise is published along with the Risk Assessment Report (RAR), which is based on the full EBA's reporting sample, made up of 183 banks, of which 36 EU foreign subsidiaries of other EU banks (sample as of June 2019). In order to allow users to reconcile Transparency data with respective figures for the EU/EEA in the RAR, as well as in the interactive tools, data is also disclosed for the bucket "All other banks", which includes the aggregated values for the banks, excluding subsidiaries of other EU banks, that are in the RAR sample but have not participated in the transparency exercise.

The EBA has been conducting transparency exercises at the EU-wide level on an annual basis since 2011. The transparency exercise is part of the EBA's ongoing efforts to foster transparency and market discipline in the EU financial market, and complements banks' own Pillar 3 disclosures, as laid down in the EU's capital requirements directive (CRD). Along with the dataset, the EBA also provides a wide range of interactive tools that allow users to compare and to visualise data across time and at a country and a bank-by-bank level.

The global financial industry quantitative evaluation service market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for sophisticated risk management tools and advanced analytics capabilities within the financial sector. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors, including the rising complexity of financial instruments, stringent regulatory requirements demanding more rigorous risk assessments, and the growing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in quantitative analysis. We estimate the 2025 market size to be approximately $5 billion, based on observed growth trends in related fintech sectors and considering the substantial investments made by major financial institutions in advanced analytical capabilities. The market is segmented by application (enterprise vs. personal) and deployment type (cloud-based vs. internal), with the enterprise and cloud-based segments currently dominating due to their scalability and cost-effectiveness. Leading players like Bloomberg, AQR Capital Management, and Renaissance Technologies are driving innovation and setting the pace for market development through continuous product enhancements and strategic acquisitions. The market's future growth trajectory is projected to be substantial, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 15% over the forecast period (2025-2033). This projection is underpinned by several key trends: increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions, the rising integration of AI/ML algorithms for enhanced prediction accuracy, and the expansion of the market into emerging economies. However, challenges remain. High implementation costs, the need for specialized expertise, and data security concerns could act as potential restraints. Geographic expansion will largely depend on the adoption rate of advanced analytical tools in various regions, with North America and Europe expected to maintain a significant market share in the near future, followed by a gradual increase in adoption within the Asia-Pacific region driven by economic growth and technological advancements. The market is likely to witness increased competition as new players enter and existing players refine their offerings to meet evolving customer needs and regulatory compliance.

The data and programs replicate tables and figures from "Capital Allocation and Productivity in South Europe", by Gopinath, Kalemli-Ozcan, Karabarbounis, and Villegas-Sanchez. Please see the Readme file for additional details.