İstanbul was by far the most populated city in Turkey in 2023, with almost **** million inhabitants. The capital city of Turkey, Ankara became the second most populated settlement, reaching a population of *** million.

In 2024, the major city of Istanbul had almost **** million inhabitants and was the province with the highest population in Turkey. The Turkish capital, Ankara, was the second-largest province, with **** million people residing there in the same year. Characteristics of the Turkish population The population of Turkey has been following a continuously increasing trend for a long time. As of 2024, there were approximately **** million people living in the country. That year, the male population was slightly higher than the female population, amounting to over **** million. When it comes to the gender distribution among the age groups, the gender gap was the highest among the 90-year-olds and older. In 2024, women constituted ** percent of that age group, whereas the share of men was slightly higher among 0-to-59-year-olds. Structure of Turkish households The demand for living alone has been increasing in many communities. The case is not much different in Turkey, where the proportion of single households has been on the rise steadily. The share of households with one person peaked in 2024 at nearly ** percent in the country. However, one-family households still registered the highest number of residents as of 2024, with roughly **** million. In comparison, one-person households counted *** million individuals.

Turkey TR: Completeness of Birth Registration: Urban data was reported at 99.100 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 94.600 % for 2008. Turkey TR: Completeness of Birth Registration: Urban data is updated yearly, averaging 94.600 % from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2013, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 99.100 % in 2013 and a record low of 87.000 % in 2003. Turkey TR: Completeness of Birth Registration: Urban data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of birth registration is the percentage of children under age 5 whose births were registered at the time of the survey. The numerator of completeness of birth registration includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered.; ; UNICEF's State of the World's Children based mostly on household surveys and ministry of health data.; ;

Turkey TR: Completeness of Birth Registration data was reported at 98.800 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 93.700 % for 2008. Turkey TR: Completeness of Birth Registration data is updated yearly, averaging 93.700 % from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2013, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 98.800 % in 2013 and a record low of 84.000 % in 2003. Turkey TR: Completeness of Birth Registration data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of birth registration is the percentage of children under age 5 whose births were registered at the time of the survey. The numerator of completeness of birth registration includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered.; ; UNICEF's State of the World's Children based mostly on household surveys and ministry of health data.; Weighted average;

As of January 31, 2021, the population of Turkey was almost ** million. Istanbul had the highest number of residents, with roundabout ** million comprising ** percent of the whole population. The second most populated city was Ankara, the capital of Turkey, which had nearly *** million residents. In 2021, there were ** cities in Turkey with a population of over *** million.

Turkey TR: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data was reported at 3.769 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.891 % for 2010. Turkey TR: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 2.052 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2015, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.769 % in 2015 and a record low of 1.891 % in 2010. Turkey TR: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. International migrant stock is the number of people born in a country other than that in which they live. It also includes refugees. The data used to estimate the international migrant stock at a particular time are obtained mainly from population censuses. The estimates are derived from the data on foreign-born population--people who have residence in one country but were born in another country. When data on the foreign-born population are not available, data on foreign population--that is, people who are citizens of a country other than the country in which they reside--are used as estimates. After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 people living in one of the newly independent countries who were born in another were classified as international migrants. Estimates of migrant stock in the newly independent states from 1990 on are based on the 1989 census of the Soviet Union. For countries with information on the international migrant stock for at least two points in time, interpolation or extrapolation was used to estimate the international migrant stock on July 1 of the reference years. For countries with only one observation, estimates for the reference years were derived using rates of change in the migrant stock in the years preceding or following the single observation available. A model was used to estimate migrants for countries that had no data.; ; United Nations Population Division, Trends in Total Migrant Stock: 2008 Revision.; Weighted average;

The population of Istanbul generally increased between 2007 and 2024, with some fluctuations from 2019 to 2023. During this period, the population of Istanbul went up by over ***** million people, rising from ***** million in 2007 to **** million in 2024. Istanbul is by far the most crowded city Turkey has a dynamic population that increases every year. Even though the population growth rate has decreased in recent years, it has always shown positive values. With a population reaching ** million, the most crowded Turkish city, Istanbul, has more inhabitants than many European countries, such as Austria, Greece, Bulgaria, and Belgium. Additionally, Ankara was the second most settled city in the country. The capital city of Turkey had a population of almost ********* of Istanbul’s, totaling **** million. Turkish women live longer than men In Turkey, the population has been tracked digitally by the Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) every year. The total population hit over ** million as of 2023, of whom over **** million were women. Considering the gender distribution, ***** percent of the country’s residents consisted of men. Interestingly, the share of women in Turkish society was significantly higher than that of men among the older age groups.

Turkey TR: Population Density: People per Square Km data was reported at 104.914 Person/sq km in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 103.313 Person/sq km for 2016. Turkey TR: Population Density: People per Square Km data is updated yearly, averaging 68.854 Person/sq km from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2017, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 104.914 Person/sq km in 2017 and a record low of 36.572 Person/sq km in 1961. Turkey TR: Population Density: People per Square Km data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization and World Bank population estimates.; Weighted Average;

Abstract

The 1993 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is a nationally representative survey of ever-married women less than 50 years old. The survey was designed to provide information on fertility levels and trends, infant and child mortality, family planning, and maternal and child health. The TDHS was conducted by the Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies under a subcontract through an agreement between the General Directorate of Mother and Child Health and Family Planning, Ministry of Health and Macro International Inc. of Calverton, Maryland. Fieldwork was conducted from August to October 1993. Interviews were carried out in 8,619 households and with 6,519 women.

The Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is a national sample survey of ever-married women of reproductive ages, designed to collect data on fertility, marriage patterns, family planning, early age mortality, socioeconomic characteristics, breastfeeding, immunisation of children, treatment of children during episodes of illness, and nutritional status of women and children. The TDHS, as part of the international DHS project, is also the latest survey in a series of national-level population and health surveys in Turkey, which have been conducted by the Institute of Population Studies, Haeettepe University (HIPS).

More specifically, the objectives of the TDHS are to:

Collect data at the national level that will allow the calculation of demographic rates, particularly fertility and childhood mortality rates; Analyse the direct and indirect factors that determine levels and trends in fertility and childhood mortality; Measure the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice by method, region, and urban- rural residence; Collect data on mother and child health, including immunisations, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections among children under five, antenatal care, assistance at delivery, and breastfeeding; Measure the nutritional status of children under five and of their mothers using anthropometric measurements.

The TDHS information is intended to assist policy makers and administrators in evaluating existing programs and in designing new strategies for improving family planning and health services in Turkey.

MAIN RESULTS

Fertility in Turkey is continuing to decline. If Turkish women maintain current fertility rates during their reproductive years, they can expect to have all average of 2.7 children by the end of their reproductive years. The highest fertility rate is observed for the age group 20-24. There are marked regional differences in fertility rates, ranging from 4.4 children per woman in the East to 2.0 children per woman in the West. Fertility also varies widely by urban-rural residence and by education level. A woman living in rural areas will have almost one child more than a woman living in an urban area. Women who have no education have almost one child more than women who have a primary-level education and 2.5 children more than women with secondary-level education.

The first requirement of success ill family planning is the knowledge of family planning methods. Knowledge of any method is almost universal among Turkish women and almost all those who know a method also know the source of the method. Eighty percent of currently married women have used a method sometime in their life. One third of currently married women report ever using the IUD. Overall, 63 percent of currently married women are currently using a method. The majority of these women are modern method users (35 percent), but a very substantial proportion use traditional methods (28 percent). the IUD is the most commonly used modern method (I 9 percent), allowed by the condom (7 percent) and the pill (5 percent). Regional differences are substantial. The level of current use is 42 percent in tile East, 72 percent in tile West and more than 60 percent in tile other three regions. "File common complaints about tile methods are side effects and health concerns; these are especially prevalent for the pill and IUD.

One of the major child health indicators is immunisation coverage. Among children age 12-23 months, the coverage rates for BCG and the first two doses of DPT and polio were about 90 percent, with most of the children receiving those vaccines before age one. The results indicate that 65 percent of the children had received all vaccinations at some time before the survey. On a regional basis, coverage is significantly lower in the Eastern region (41 percent), followed by the Northern and Central regions (61 percent and 65 percent, respectively). Acute respiratory infections (ARI) and diarrhea are the two most prevalent diseases of children under age five in Turkey. In the two weeks preceding the survey, the prevalence of ARI was 12 percent and the prevalence of diarrhea was 25 percent for children under age five. Among children with diarrhea 56 percent were given more fluids than usual.

Breastfeeding in Turkey is widespread. Almost all Turkish children (95 percent) are breastfed for some period of time. The median duration of breastfeeding is 12 months, but supplementary foods and liquids are introduced at an early age. One-third of children are being given supplementary food as early as one month of age and by the age of 2-3 months, half of the children are already being given supplementary foods or liquids.

By age five, almost one-filth of children arc stunted (short for their age), compared to an international reference population. Stunting is more prevalent in rural areas, in the East, among children of mothers with little or no education, among children who are of higher birth order, and among those born less than 24 months after a prior birth. Overall, wasting is not a problem. Two percent of children are wasted (thin for their height), and I I percent of children under five are underweight for their age. The survey results show that obesity is d problem among mothers. According to Body Mass Index (BMI) calculations, 51 percent of mothers are overweight, of which 19 percent are obese.

Geographic coverage

The Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is a national sample survey.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 12-49
• Children under five

Universe

The population covered by the 1993 DHS is defined as the universe of all ever-married women age 12-49 who were present in the household on the night before the interview were eligible for the survey.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample for the TDHS was designed to provide estimates of population and health indicators, including fertility and mortality rates for the nation as a whole, fOr urban and rural areas, and for the five major regions of the country. A weighted, multistage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used in the selection of the TDHS sample.

Sample selection was undertaken in three stages. The sampling units at the first stage were settlements that differed in population size. The frame for the selection of the primary sampling units (PSUs) was prepared using the results of the 1990 Population Census. The urban frame included provinces and district centres and settlements with populations of more than 10,000; the rural frame included subdistricts and villages with populations of less than 10,000. Adjustments were made to consider the growth in some areas right up to survey time. In addition to the rural-urban and regional stratifications, settlements were classified in seven groups according to population size.

The second stage of selection involved the list of quarters (administrative divisions of varying size) for each urban settlement, provided by the State Institute of Statistics (SIS). Every selected quarter was subdivided according tothe number of divisions(approximately 100 households)assigned to it. In rural areas, a selected village was taken as a single quarter, and wherever necessary, it was divided into subdivisions of approximately 100 households. In cases where the number of households in a selected village was less than 100 households, the nearest village was selected to complete the 100 households during the listing activity, which is described below.

After the selection of the secondary sampling units (SSUs), a household listing was obtained for each by the TDHS listing teams. The listing activity was carried out in May and June. From the household lists, a systematic random sample of households was chosen for the TDHS. All ever-married women age 12-49 who were present in the household on the night before the interview were eligible for the survey.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Two questionnaires were used in the main fieldwork for the TDHS: the Household Questionnaire and the Individual Questionnaire for ever-married women of reproductive age. The questionnaires were based on the model survey instruments developed in the DHS program and on the questionnaires that had been employed in previous Turkish population and health surveys. The questionnaires were adapted to obtain data needed for program planning in Turkey during consultations with population and health agencies. Both questionnaires were developed in English and translated into Turkish.

a) The Household Questionnaire was used to enumerate all usual members of and visitors to the selected households and to collect information relating to the socioeconomic position of the households. In the first part of the Household Questionnaire, basic information was collected on the age, sex, educational attainment, marital status and relationship to the head of household for each person listed as a household member

Changes in landcover and habitat, especially related to urbanization, can impact species in various ways. Cathartid vultures, including the black vulture (Coragyps atratus) and the turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), have adapted to living in urban areas and are likely exposed to higher levels of urbanization and more frequent changes in habitat and landscape features. We examined how local and landscape features affect the roosting attendance of black vultures and turkey vultures to understand what factors impact vulture site selection and landscape use. We surveyed a total of twenty-nine overnight vulture roosts across the Charlotte Metropolitan Area, USA once a month between November and March from 2019-2021. During each survey, we counted the number of black vultures and turkey vultures roosting at the site. At each roosting site, we measured the temperature, wind speed, cloud cover, roost height, open space, and distance to water. In ten landscapes ranging from 0.4 km to 20 km radii surrounding the roost, we also measured developed landcover, developed-forest edge density, and landfill density. Analyses suggest that black vultures and turkey vultures are roosting in larger numbers in areas with less open space, near water, and in landscapes with more continuous forest landcover. As food availability is likely a major determinant of vulture presence, future research should investigate the food source most commonly used by vultures across urban and rural landscapes and the roosting site selection as it relates to food availability.

NJ Division of Fish and Wildlife manages turkey hunting in New Jersey through the use of Turkey Hunting Areas (THA). The Division, under authority of the Fish and Game Council designates these boundaries. Turkey Hunting Area boundaries are comprised of major and minor roads, waterways, and geographic formations. Included for reference are county and township data. THAs are updated on an as needed basis. Extirpated in New Jeresey by the late 1800s, wild turkeys were reintroduced to the state in the late 1970s and through the help of trap and transfer operations, can now be found in every New Jersey county and have adapted to all but the most urbanized areas. Turkeys are photographed, watched and hunted by many in New Jersey and visitors from elsewhere. Turkey hunters spend more than 3.5 million dollars each year as they enjoy approximately 50,000 recreation-days hunting turkeys. Money spent in the course of turkey hunting benefits a wide variety of New Jersey businesses. Please visit https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/ for more information and detailed instructions pertaining to permit/license issues.

Turkey TR: Completeness of Birth Registration: Rural data was reported at 97.700 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 91.600 % for 2008. Turkey TR: Completeness of Birth Registration: Rural data is updated yearly, averaging 91.600 % from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2013, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 97.700 % in 2013 and a record low of 79.000 % in 2003. Turkey TR: Completeness of Birth Registration: Rural data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of birth registration is the percentage of children under age 5 whose births were registered at the time of the survey. The numerator of completeness of birth registration includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered.; ; UNICEF's State of the World's Children based mostly on household surveys and ministry of health data.; ;

Abstract

The 2003 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS-2003) is a nationally representative sample survey designed to provide information on levels and trends on fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning and maternal and child health. Survey results are presented at the national level, by urban and rural residence, and for each of the five regions in the country. The TDHS2003 sample also allows analyses for some of the survey topics for the 12 geographical regions (NUTS1) which were adopted at the second half of 2002 within the context of Turkey's move to join the European Union.

Funding for the TDHS-2003 was provided initially by the Government of Turkey, as a project in the annual investment program of the State Planning Organization, and further funding was obtained from the European Union through the Turkey Reproductive Health Program implemented by the Ministry of Health.

The survey was fielded between December 2003 and May 2004. Interviews were completed with 10,836 households and with 8,075 ever-married women at reproductive ages (15-49). Ever-married women at ages 15-49 who were present in the household on the night before the interview or who usually live in that household were eligible for the survey.

The 2003 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS-2003) is the latest in a series of national-level population and health surveys that have been conducted by the Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies (HUIPS), in the last four decades. The primary objective of the TDHS-2003 is to provide data on socioeconomic characteristics of households and women, fertility, mortality, marriage patterns, family planning, maternal and child health, nutritional status of women and children, and reproductive health. The survey obtained detailed information on these issues from a sample of ever-married women in the reproductive ages (15-49). The TDHS-2003 was designed to produce information in the field of demography and health that to a large extent can not be obtained from other sources.

Specifically, the objectives of the TDHS-2003 included: - Collecting data at the national level that allows the calculation of demographic rates, particularly fertility and childhood mortality rates; - Obtaining information on direct and indirect factors that determine levels and trends in fertility and childhood mortality; - Measuring the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice by method, region, and urban-rural residence; - Collecting data relative to mother and child health, including immunizations, prevalence and treatment of acute respiratory tract infections among children under five, antenatal care, assistance at delivery, and breastfeeding; - Measuring the nutritional status of children under five and of their mothers; and - Collecting data at the national level on elderly welfare, knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS, and usage of iodide salt.

The TDHS-2003 information is intended to contribute data to assist policy makers and administrators to evaluate existing programs and to design new strategies for improving demographic, social and health policies in Turkey. Another important purpose of the TDHS2003 is to sustain the flow of information for the interested organizations in Turkey and abroad on the Turkish population structure in the absence of reliable and sufficient vital registration system.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The results show that there have been important changes in various demographic and health indicators in a more positive direction than expected. The fertility data indicate that Turkey is achieving “replacement” fertility. The survey findings also document improvements in infant and child mortality and progress in mother and child health services.

Geographic coverage

The sample was designed to provide estimates for: - Turkey as a whole; - Urban and rural areas (each as a separate domain); - Each of the conventional major five regions of the country, namely the West, South, Central, North, and East regions - The 12 NUTS 13 regions, for selected indicators which are based on sufficient number of observations

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49
• Children under five

Universe

The population covered by the 1998 DHS is defined as the universe of all ever-married women age 15-49 in the household who were identified as eligible in the household schedule were interviewed. In addition, some information was collected for households and women in a sub-sample of one-half of all households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

A weighted, multistage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used in the selection of the TDHS-2003 sample. The sample was designed in this fashion because of the need to provide estimates for a variety of characteristics for various domains. These domains, which are frequently employed in the tabulation of major indicators from the survey, are: - Turkey as a whole; - Urban and rural areas (each as a separate domain); - Each of the conventional major five regions of the country, namely the West, South, Central, North, and East regions - The 12 NUTS 13 regions, for selected indicators which are based on sufficient number of observations

The major objective of the TDHS-2003 sample design was to ensure that the survey would provide estimates with acceptable precision for these domains for most of the important demographic characteristics, such as fertility, infant and child mortality, and contraceptive prevalence, as well as for the health indicators.

SAMPLE FRAME

Different criteria have been used to describe "urban" and "rural" settlements in Turkey. In the demographic surveys of the 1970s, a population size of 2,000 was used to differentiate between urban and rural settlements. In the 1980s, the cut-off point was increased to 10,000 and, in some surveys in the 1990s, to 20,000. A number of surveys used information on the administrative status of settlements in combination with population size for the purpose of differentiation. The urban frame of the TDHS-2003 consisted of a list of provincial centers, district centers, and other settlements with populations larger than 10,000, regardless of administrative status. The rural frame consisted of all district centers, sub-districts and villages not included in the urban frame. The urban-rural definitions of the TDHS-2003 are identical with those in the TDHS-1998.

Initial information on all settlements in Turkey was obtained from the 2000 General Population Census. The results of 2000 General Population Census provided a computerized list of all settlements (provincial and district centers, sub-districts and villages), their populations and the numbers of households.

STRATIFICATION

Currently Turkey is divided administratively into 81 provinces. For purposes of selection in prior surveys in Turkey, these provinces have been grouped into five regions. This regional breakdown has been popularized as a powerful variable for understanding the demographic, social, cultural, and economic differences between different parts of the country. The five regions, West, South, Central, North, and East regions, include varying numbers of provinces.

In addition to the conventional five geographic regions, a new system of regional breakdown was adopted in late 2002. In accordance with the accession process of Turkey to the European Union, the State Planning Office and the State Institute of Statistics constructed three levels of NUTS regions, which have since become official (Law No. 2002/4720). "NUTS" stands for "The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics". NUTS is a statistical region classification that is used by member countries of European Union (EU). The 81 provinces were designated as regions of NUTS 3 level; these were further aggregated into 26 regions to form the NUTS 2 regions. NUTS 1 regions were formed by aggregating NUTS 2 regions into 12 regions. Two of the NUTS 1 regions, Istanbul and the Southeastern Anatolia, were given special attention in the sample design process and a comparatively larger share of the total sample was allocated to these regions to ensure that statistically sound estimates for a larger number of indicators would be obtained than would be the case for the remaining 10 NUTS 1 regions. Policymakers, researchers and other concerned circles had voiced interest in information on demographic and health indicators for Istanbul and the Southeastern Anatolian regions in the past. Furthermore, as an add-on study, the Istanbul metropolitan area was designated by UN-Habitat as one of the mega-cities in their International Slum Survey series. In co-operation with UN-Habitat, HUIPS wished to be able to produce estimates for slum4 and non-slum areas within Istanbul; for this reason, the total sample size for Istanbul was kept at a relatively high magnitude.

One of the priorities of the TDHS-2003 was to produce a sample design that was methodologically and conceptually consistent with the designs of previous demographic surveys carried out by the Hacettepe Institute of Population Studies. In surveys prior to the TDHS-1993, the five-region breakdown of the country was used for stratification. In TDHS-1993, a more detailed stratification taking into account subregions was employed to obtain a better dispersion of the sample. The criteria for subdividing the five major regions into subregions were the infant mortality rates of each province, estimated from the 1990 Population Census using indirect techniques.5 Using the infant mortality estimates as well as geographic proximity, the provinces in each region were grouped into 14 subregions at the time of the TDHS-1993. The sub-regional division

IntroductionPlastics are found in ecosystems worldwide and can have widespread impacts on organisms and the environment. Cathartid vultures, including the black vulture (Coragyps atratus) and the turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), have adapted to urbanized environments, making frequent use of human-made structures and anthropogenic resources. Thus, urban vultures are likely exposed to more plastic materials than rural vultures, which they intentionally or unintentionally ingest when foraging or loafing.MethodsOur objective was to determine the extent and type of plastic ingested by black and turkey vultures in an urban environment by (1) measuring the plastic content of regurgitated pellets collected along an urban-to-rural gradient, and (2) identifying the plastics within pellets. We dissected 1,087 pellets collected at eight vulture congregation sites in the Charlotte Metropolitan Area, United States between January 2021 and July 2022.Results and DiscussionSixty percent of pellets contained plastic materials, with an average plastic composition by weight of 2.66 ± 8.76%. Repeated measures linear mixed models of the proportion of pellets that were plastic suggested that black and turkey vultures are ingesting more plastic materials when congregation sites are surrounded by more developed landcover and a greater density of commercial food providers, such as food stores and restaurants, within 20km. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of a subset of pellets indicated that the most common types of plastic ingested by vultures were silicone rubber (used in tires and automobile/boat seals) and polyethylene (used in plastic bags and food packages). Future research should investigate the relative importance of plastic sources in vulture diets, vulture behavioral changes associated with plastic ingestion, and the consequences of plastic pollution on species health and urban ecosystem functioning.

Turkey TR: Completeness of Birth Registration: Male data was reported at 99.000 % in 2013. Turkey TR: Completeness of Birth Registration: Male data is updated yearly, averaging 99.000 % from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2013, with 1 observations. Turkey TR: Completeness of Birth Registration: Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of birth registration is the percentage of children under age 5 whose births were registered at the time of the survey. The numerator of completeness of birth registration includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered.; ; UNICEF's State of the World's Children based mostly on household surveys and ministry of health data.; ;

Plastics are found in ecosystems worldwide and can have widespread impacts on organisms and the environment. Cathartid vultures, including the black vulture (Coragyps atratus) and the turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), have adapted to urbanized environments, making frequent use of human-made structures and anthropogenic resources. Thus, urban vultures are likely exposed to more plastic materials than rural vultures, which they intentionally or unintentionally ingest when foraging or loafing. Our objective was to determine the extent and type of plastic ingested by black and turkey vultures in an urban environment by (1) measuring the plastic content of regurgitated pellets collected along an urban-to-rural gradient, and (2) identifying the plastics within pellets. We dissected 1,087 pellets collected at eight vulture congregation sites in the Charlotte Metropolitan Area, United States between January 2021 and July 2022. Sixty percent of pellets contained plastic materials, with an average plastic composition by weight of 2.66 ± 8.76 %. Repeated measures linear mixed models of the proportion of pellets that were plastic suggested that black and turkey vultures are ingesting more plastic materials when congregation sites are surrounded by more developed landcover and a greater density of commercial food providers, such as food stores and restaurants, within 20 km. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of a subset of pellets indicated that the most common types of plastic ingested by vultures were silicone rubber (used in tires and automobile/boat seals) and polyethylene (used in plastic bags and food packages). Future research should investigate the relative importance of plastic sources in vulture diets, vulture behavioral changes associated with plastic ingestion, and the consequences of plastic pollution on species health and urban ecosystem functioning.

The 2000 Families: Migration Histories of Turks in Europe project explores migration processes, the multi-generational transmission of social, cultural, religious and economic resources, values and behavior. The research is targeted Turkish migrant and non-migrant families, their members in European countries and those who did not migrate to European countries or returned to Turkey, and involves survey interviews with approximately 6000 family members across three generations.

The study consists of three parts: Family Tree (Pilot and Main), Proxy interviews (Pilot and Main) and Personal interviews (Pilot and Main).

I. Information on first generation man (IKE): male ancestor is migrant or non-migrant; still alive; place of birth; year of birth (age); ethnic family origin; left his place of birth for more than five years; migration within Turkey; country of first destination; place of first destination (NUTS); year or age of internal migration; year or age of international emigration; ever moved to Europe for more than five years and country; year or age of moving; country of current (last) residence; duration of stay in Europe; number of siblings; place in the rank; age; sex of siblings; sibling moved to Europe between 1960-1974; emigration motive(s); spouse is alive; emigration(s) of spouse; year of emigration(s) of spouse; current (last) marriage was his first marriage; end of the first marriage; arranged marriage; year of marriage; ethnic family origin of spouse; spouse is (was) a relative; religion of spouse (or partner); highest level of education; first main job (ISCO-88 and ISEI); job title of current or last job (ISCO-88 and ISEI); kind of job; occupation of the father of IKE (ISCO-88 and ISEI); religion (denomination); left the country before he died; age or year of death; country of death; legal marital status at time of death; information on IKE´s children, grandchildren and great grandchildren.

Additionally coded was: children code; grandchildren code; rank number of children, grandchildren and great grandchildren; generation.

II. 1. Information about respondent and migration history: migration status; year of first migration; age of first migration; country of current stay (NUTS); name of the city, town or village; degree of urbanization; city is usual place of living; name of the nearest city; usual place of living, degree of urbanization, nearest city, and country of usual place of living; place of birth, and degree of urbanization; nearest city to place of birth; country of place of birth; respondent left his country for at least one year and number of countries; destination countries; age of migration; main reason for moving; regularly movement between two countries; names of these two countries;

1. Achieved education and occupation: completed education or still in education; literacy; age when finished education; country in which the respondent finished his education; highest level of education; information on first occupation and current (or last) occupation (ISCO-88 und ISEI); country of first job; occupational status; number of supervised employees; ethnic or national origin of the person who directly manages (managed) the respondent in this current or last job; number of Turkish colleagues; working hours; usual take home pay; currency; covered period of payment.

2. Family: marriage and fertility: legal marital status; stable relationship; living together with a partner; number of marriages; age when first married; end of the first marriage due to death of a partner or divorce; divorced; age when first marriage ended; age or year of first divorce; age when married current or most recent spouse; number of children; sex and age of these children.

3. Family relations: year of birth of mother and father; parents are alive; living together with parents; country of current stay; frequency of contact with parents; distance to the living place of parents; frequency of provided advice and financial support for own parents in the last 12 months; frequency of received support and financial support; attitude towards intergenerational relations and gender roles; responsible person for family finances.

4. Attachment to Turkey and to the country and identity: Turkish citizenship; feeling connected to people from Turkey; portion of friends with Turkish background; citizenship of the country of residence; feeling connected with country nationals; preferred country to win the Eurovision Song Contest;...

The Turkish construction industry, valued at $53.31 billion in 2025, exhibits robust growth potential, projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.12% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key drivers. Government infrastructure projects, particularly in transportation (roads, railways, airports) and energy & utilities (power plants, renewable energy infrastructure), significantly contribute to market expansion. Furthermore, a burgeoning population and increasing urbanization within Turkey are driving demand for residential and commercial construction. Tourism infrastructure development also plays a significant role, stimulating investment in hotels, resorts, and related facilities. However, challenges persist. Economic fluctuations and potential material cost increases pose risks to project timelines and profitability. Furthermore, skilled labor shortages and regulatory complexities can impact project execution. The industry's segmentation reveals a diversified market, with residential construction likely representing the largest segment, followed by infrastructure projects due to substantial government spending. Major players like Renaissance Construction, Enka Insaat, and Limak Insaat hold significant market share, though a number of mid-sized and smaller firms also contribute to the industry's dynamism. The geographic distribution of projects is largely concentrated within Turkey, though international involvement from companies with projects across multiple regions may influence regional market shares. The forecast period (2025-2033) suggests continued growth, though the pace may be influenced by macroeconomic factors. Successfully navigating challenges like inflation and supply chain disruptions will be critical for sustained expansion. The focus on sustainable building practices and the adoption of innovative technologies like Building Information Modeling (BIM) will shape the future competitive landscape. Companies that effectively manage risks, embrace technological advancements, and adapt to evolving regulatory requirements are poised to capture the greatest market share. The long-term outlook remains positive, fueled by ongoing urbanization, infrastructure development, and the government's commitment to economic growth. However, careful monitoring of economic indicators and proactive risk management are essential for stakeholders to navigate the inherent uncertainties of the construction sector. Recent developments include: March 2023: Alarko Holding has announced the acquisition of 30,000 square meters of indoor geothermal greenhouse from Ser Farm Greenhouse Food Agriculture and Industry Joint Stock Company in the province of Afyonkarahisar in Türkiye. The price of acquisition was TL 60.17 million (approx. USD 3.16 million)., December 2022:Groupe ADP member TAV Airports has secured a concession extension to operate Ankara Esenboga Airport in Turkey for another 25 years. This followed an auction held by the Turkish State Airports Authority (DHMI), where TAV emerged as the winner with its bid of EUR 475m (USD 503m). TAV’s existing contract to operate Ankara Esenboğa Airport is valid until May 2025. The new contract begins from 24 May 2025 to 23 May 2050, with TAV planning to spend around EUR 300m during this period to develop the airport.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Increasing manufacturing sites4.; The increasing middle-income group and access to mortgage finance. Potential restraints include: 4., Increasing manufacturing sites4.; The increasing middle-income group and access to mortgage finance. Notable trends are: Demand for Upgrading & Ongoing Infrastructure Projects to Boost the Construction Sector.

Turkey TR: International Migrant Stock: Total data was reported at 2,964,916.000 Person in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,367,034.000 Person for 2010. Turkey TR: International Migrant Stock: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 1,055,660.500 Person from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2015, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,964,916.000 Person in 2015 and a record low of 144,529.000 Person in 1975. Turkey TR: International Migrant Stock: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. International migrant stock is the number of people born in a country other than that in which they live. It also includes refugees. The data used to estimate the international migrant stock at a particular time are obtained mainly from population censuses. The estimates are derived from the data on foreign-born population--people who have residence in one country but were born in another country. When data on the foreign-born population are not available, data on foreign population--that is, people who are citizens of a country other than the country in which they reside--are used as estimates. After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 people living in one of the newly independent countries who were born in another were classified as international migrants. Estimates of migrant stock in the newly independent states from 1990 on are based on the 1989 census of the Soviet Union. For countries with information on the international migrant stock for at least two points in time, interpolation or extrapolation was used to estimate the international migrant stock on July 1 of the reference years. For countries with only one observation, estimates for the reference years were derived using rates of change in the migrant stock in the years preceding or following the single observation available. A model was used to estimate migrants for countries that had no data.; ; United Nations Population Division, Trends in Total Migrant Stock: 2012 Revision.; Sum;

The number of ferry passengers in Istanbul, Turkey's most populous city, increased by **** percent between 2022 and 2023 and amounted to around ** million passengers, remaining still below the pre-pandemic level of **** million travelers. Ferries are one of the most important modes of transportation in Istanbul since the city is divided by a sea lane called the Bosporus, located between the European and Asian continents.