https://www.procurementresource.com/privacy-policyhttps://www.procurementresource.com/privacy-policy
Get the latest insights on price movement and trend analysis of Isopropyl Alcohol in different regions across the world (Asia, Europe, North America, Latin America, and the Middle East Africa).
https://www.chemanalyst.com/ChemAnalyst/Privacypolicyhttps://www.chemanalyst.com/ChemAnalyst/Privacypolicy
Why did the Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) Price Change in July 2025? The North American Isopropyl Alcohol spot price showed an upward trend in Q2 2025, with an average quarter-over-quarter price increase of approximately 2%.
https://www.mordorintelligence.com/privacy-policyhttps://www.mordorintelligence.com/privacy-policy
The Isopropyl Alcohol Market report segments the industry into Application (Process and Preparation Solvent, Cleaning and Drying Agent, Coating and Dye Solvent, Intermediate, Other Applications), End-User Industry (Cosmetics and Personal Care, Healthcare, Electronics, Paints and Coatings, Chemicals, Other End-User Industries), and Geography (Asia-Pacific, North America, Europe, South America, Middle-East and Africa).
The price of isopropyl alcohol skyrocketed in the United States amid the coronavirus pandemic in March 2020, reaching 3,160 U.S. dollars per metric tons on March 31, 2020. On March 10, 2020, the U.S. price for this chemical was 880 U.S. dollars per metric ton. Isopropyl alcohol is one of the key ingredients used to produce hand sanitizer and medical disinfectants.
Isopropyl Alcohol Market Size 2025-2029
The isopropyl alcohol market size is forecast to increase by USD 737.8 million at a CAGR of 4.2% between 2024 and 2029.
The market exhibits growth, driven by its high volume consumption in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and solvents. The market's expansion is further fueled by capacity expansions and new plant announcements by key players to meet the surging demand. However, the market's growth trajectory is not without challenges. The volatility in crude oil prices significantly impacts the production cost, making it a critical factor to watch. As such, companies must navigate this price volatility to maintain their competitive edge and capitalize on the market's opportunities effectively. The market is witnessing significant growth due to its extensive applications in various industries, particularly in the production of high-purity grades for use in solvents, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products.
In summary, the market presents significant growth potential, underpinned by its diverse applications and capacity expansions. However, market participants must be agile in managing the risks associated with crude oil price fluctuations to maximize their profits and market share. However, the market faces challenges such as volatility in crude oil prices, which impact the production costs.
What will be the Size of the Isopropyl Alcohol Market during the forecast period?
Request Free Sample
A versatile solvent plays a significant role in various industries due to its unique properties. In spectrophotometric analysis, it serves as an essential reagent for measuring the absorption of light by substances. Waste minimization is a key trend in usage, with solvent evaporation techniques employed for efficient recovery and reuse. Bioremediation processes utilize in flammability rating reduction and as a solvent for extracting pollutants. Bulk packaging and product development cater to end-use applications, such as electronic components, laboratory reagents, cosmetic ingredients, food processing equipment, and high purity standards in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology research. IPA is a versatile solvent used in numerous applications, including as a raw material in the production of acetone, glycerol, and isopropyl acetate. In the plastics industry, IPA acts as a solvent and a plasticizer
Regulatory approvals and stringent industry standards ensure the antimicrobial properties and virucidal efficacy of in surface disinfection and sterilization techniques. Emerging applications include fungicidal effects, aerospace applications, and microfluidic devices. Technological trends favor material compatibility, bio-based production, and solvent purity testing. Renewable resources and solvent applications contribute to supply chain management and storage and handling. Non-toxic alternatives and sterilization techniques further expand market reach. Industrial solvents, analytical techniques, and antimicrobial properties continue to drive demand. Its role in pharmaceutical formulation, biodegradable materials, and various industries underscores its importance as a valuable industrial commodity. IPA is also used as an astringent in various cosmetics and skincare products. As a chemical intermediate, IPA is used in the production of agrochemicals, contributing to the agricultural sector's growth.
How is this Isopropyl Alcohol Industry segmented?
The report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.
Application
Solvents
Chemical intermediates
Pharmaceutical
Others
End-user
Cosmetics and personal care
Cleaning agent
Food and beverages
Others
Technology
Indirect hydration
Direct hydration
Grade Type
Industrial grade IPA
Pharmaceutical grade IPA
Cosmetic grade IPA
Geography
APAC
Australia
China
India
Japan
South Korea
North America
US
Canada
Europe
Germany
UK
South America
Brazil
Middle East and Africa
By Application Insights
The solvents segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. It is a versatile solvent utilized extensively across various industries for diverse applications. In surface coatings, it functions as a solvent for paint stripping and an alcohol carrier in the production of paints and coatings. Its role extends to acting as a common solvent in refractory coatings. In the realm of solvent applications, it is employed as a solvent for inks and processing agents for natural products such as fats, gums, vegetable and animal oils, and waxes. Additionally, it is used in the manufacture of cleaning and disinfectant solutions for household and comm
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Explore the fluctuating price trends of isopropyl alcohol influenced by market demands, the COVID-19 pandemic, and geopolitical events, with insights on future stability and demand.
https://www.techsciresearch.com/privacy-policy.aspxhttps://www.techsciresearch.com/privacy-policy.aspx
India Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) Market achieved a total market volume of 67.34 thousand Metric Tonnes in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 79.71 thousand metric tonnes with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 2.81% during the forecast period.
Pages | 85 |
Market Size | 2024: 67.34 thousand Metric Tonnes |
Forecast Market Size | 2030: 79.71 thousand Metric Tonnes |
CAGR | 2025-2030: 2.81% |
Fastest Growing Segment | Pharmaceutical |
Largest Market | South India |
Key Players | 1. Deepak Fertilisers and Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (DFPCL) 2. Navin Fluorine International Ltd 3. Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd 4. Balaji Amines Ltd 5. Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd |
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
After two years of growth, the Iranian propyl and isopropyl alcohol market decreased by -8.1% to $5.4M in 2024. Overall, consumption, however, showed a relatively flat trend pattern. Propyl and isopropyl alcohol consumption peaked at $7.8M in 2015; however, from 2016 to 2024, consumption remained at a lower figure.
https://dataintelo.com/privacy-and-policyhttps://dataintelo.com/privacy-and-policy
The global Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) market is projected to witness substantial growth, reaching a market size of approximately USD 4.5 billion by 2032, up from USD 3 billion in 2023. This reflects a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 4.7% during the forecast period. The increasing demand for IPA across various sectors such as pharmaceuticals, personal care, and electronics is a significant driver of this growth. The robust expansion in applications, especially as a solvent and cleaning agent, coupled with heightened health awareness and industrial activities, is expected to propel the market forward.
One of the primary growth factors for the IPA market is its extensive use as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry. With rapid advancements in pharmaceutical formulations and the need for high-purity solvents for drug manufacturing, IPA has become an indispensable component. It is used in the production of a wide range of pharmaceuticals, including antiseptics, disinfectants, and sanitizers, which have seen an upsurge in demand, especially post-pandemic. Additionally, the global trend towards increased healthcare investments and pharmaceutical R&D activities further accelerates IPA consumption, contributing significantly to market growth.
Another critical factor driving the market is the rising demand for IPA in personal care and cosmetic applications. As consumers become more conscious of hygiene and grooming, the demand for products such as lotions, aftershaves, and hand sanitizers, which use IPA as a key ingredient, has soared. The personal care industry is witnessing a trend towards products that offer both aesthetic and functional benefits, reinforcing the need for IPA due to its quick evaporation and effective cleaning properties. Furthermore, the shift towards natural and organic formulations has augmented the requirement for IPA, as it serves as a safe and effective alcohol alternative in many personal care products.
The burgeoning electronics sector also plays a crucial role in bolstering the IPA market. With the surge in electronic device production, particularly in Asia Pacific, IPA is increasingly used in cleaning and as a flux remover during the manufacturing of electronic components. The need for high-purity solvents for precision cleaning in electronics manufacturing has made IPA a preferred choice due to its non-toxic nature and excellent solvency properties. As the electronics industry continues to evolve with the advent of new technologies such as IoT and AI, the demand for IPA in electronic applications is set to experience an upward trajectory.
Isopentanol, also known as isoamyl alcohol, is gaining attention in the chemical industry due to its versatile applications. It is primarily used as a solvent and in the production of esters, which are essential in the fragrance and flavor industries. The growing demand for natural and synthetic flavors in food and beverages is driving the consumption of isopentanol. Additionally, its role as a precursor in the synthesis of various chemical compounds makes it a valuable asset in industrial applications. As industries continue to innovate and develop new products, the demand for isopentanol is expected to rise, contributing to its market growth.
Regionally, the Asia Pacific region dominates the global IPA market, driven by rapid industrialization and the presence of large manufacturing bases in countries like China and India. The pharmaceutical and electronics sectors in these countries are significant consumers of IPA, contributing to the region's market dominance. North America follows closely, with a well-established pharmaceutical industry and growing personal care sector driving IPA demand. The European market, while mature, is witnessing steady growth, supported by stringent hygiene standards and technological advancements in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, though smaller in comparison, present emerging markets with potential growth opportunities driven by increasing industrial activities and consumer awareness.
The Isopropyl Alcohol market is segmented by grade, including industrial grade, pharmaceutical grade, cosmetic grade, and electronic grade, each catering to specific industry requirements. Industrial grade IPA is primarily used in cleaning and degreasing applications due to its cost-effectiveness and efficiency in removing oils and other residues.
In 2022, the market volume of isopropyl alcohol worldwide amounted to roughly 2.3 million metric tons. It is forecast that the market volume of this organic compound will grow to around 2.88 million metric tons worldwide in the year 2030.
https://dataintelo.com/privacy-and-policyhttps://dataintelo.com/privacy-and-policy
The global High-purity Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) market size was valued at approximately USD 1.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 2.7 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% during the forecast period. The increasing demand for high-purity IPA across various industries, including semiconductors and pharmaceuticals, is a major growth factor driving this market. The purity levels of IPA are crucial in ensuring that the product meets stringent quality standards required in high-tech applications.
The semiconductor industry is one of the most significant growth drivers for high-purity IPA. With the rapid advancement in semiconductor technologies, there is an increasing need for ultra-clean environments during manufacturing processes. High-purity IPA is essential for cleaning and removing contaminants from semiconductor wafers, ensuring high performance and reliability of electronic components. The growing demand for consumer electronics and advancements in technologies such as 5G and IoT are further propelling the market growth.
Another prominent growth factor is the pharmaceutical industry's reliance on high-purity IPA. This chemical is extensively used as a solvent and disinfectant in pharmaceutical manufacturing, ensuring that products meet rigorous safety and efficacy standards. The global pharmaceutical market is expanding due to an aging population, increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, and continuous R&D activities. This burgeoning demand for pharmaceuticals directly translates into a rising need for high-purity IPA.
The healthcare sector also contributes significantly to the market growth. High-purity IPA is utilized in the production and sterilization of medical devices, ensuring that they remain free from microbial contamination. With the increasing focus on healthcare infrastructure, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for high-purity IPA is set to rise. The pressing need for high standards of hygiene and sterilization is likely to continue driving the market forward.
The role of Electronic Grade Ipa in the semiconductor industry cannot be overstated. As a critical component in the production of electronic devices, Electronic Grade Ipa ensures that the highest standards of cleanliness and purity are maintained. This grade of isopropyl alcohol is specifically formulated to meet the stringent requirements of the electronics industry, where even the slightest impurity can lead to significant performance issues. Its application extends beyond just cleaning; it is also used in the etching and deposition processes, contributing to the overall efficiency and reliability of semiconductor manufacturing. The demand for Electronic Grade Ipa is expected to rise in tandem with the growth of the semiconductor industry, driven by the increasing adoption of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning.
Regionally, Asia Pacific holds the largest market share for high-purity IPA, driven by the robust semiconductor and electronics manufacturing industries in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. North America follows closely, with strong demand from its pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors. Europe is also witnessing steady growth, propelled by advancements in its chemical and healthcare industries. Emerging markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are showing potential due to increasing industrialization and investments in healthcare infrastructure.
The high-purity IPA market is segmented based on purity levels, including 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, and others. Each purity level serves specific industrial needs, with 99.9% being the most sought after in highly specialized applications. The 99% purity level is commonly used in general cleaning and disinfecting applications across various industries. While not as pure as 99.9%, it provides an acceptable level of cleanliness for less demanding uses, making it a versatile component in the market.
The 99.5% purity level serves as a middle ground between general and highly specialized applications. It is used in sectors where a higher level of cleanliness is required but not to the extent needed in semiconductor or pharmaceutical manufacturing. This segment is growing steadily due to its balanced approach in delivering high purity at a relatively lower cost compared
https://dataintelo.com/privacy-and-policyhttps://dataintelo.com/privacy-and-policy
The global isopropyl alcohol market size was valued at approximately USD 3.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 6.1 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% during the forecast period. This significant growth is attributed to the increasing demand across various sectors, including medical and healthcare, industrial, and personal care, driven by the compound's versatility and effectiveness as a solvent and disinfectant.
One of the primary growth factors for the isopropyl alcohol market is its widespread application in the medical and healthcare sector. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of disinfectants, significantly boosting the demand for isopropyl alcohol-based products. Hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities have ramped up their use of isopropyl alcohol for sanitization and sterilization purposes. Moreover, with the growing awareness about hygiene and infection control, the demand for hand sanitizers—which prominently feature isopropyl alcohol—has skyrocketed and is expected to maintain an upward trajectory.
The industrial sector also contributes to the burgeoning demand for isopropyl alcohol. Its utility as a solvent in the manufacture of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and electronics showcases its indispensable role in industrial applications. The substance's effectiveness in cleaning and maintaining machinery and equipment, coupled with its use in the production of cleaning agents, paints, and coatings, further propels market growth. Additionally, the shift towards sustainable and safer solvents in various industrial processes bodes well for the future adoption of isopropyl alcohol.
In the realm of electronics manufacturing, the demand for high-purity solvents is paramount, and Electronic Grade Isopropanol plays a crucial role. This specific grade of isopropanol is essential for the cleaning and maintenance of sensitive electronic components, ensuring that no residues or impurities compromise the functionality of devices. As the electronics industry continues to evolve with advancements in technology, the need for reliable and effective cleaning agents like Electronic Grade Isopropanol becomes even more pronounced. The growth of sectors such as semiconductors, where precision and cleanliness are critical, further underscores the importance of this grade. Consequently, the market for Electronic Grade Isopropanol is poised to expand, driven by the increasing complexity and miniaturization of electronic devices.
Furthermore, the personal care and household sectors are significant contributors to the market's expansion. Isopropyl alcohol is extensively used in personal care products, including cosmetics and toiletries, for its properties as an antiseptic and solvent. The surge in consumer spending on personal care products, coupled with an increasing awareness of personal hygiene, fuels this demand. In household applications, isopropyl alcohol is commonly employed as a cleaning agent for its efficacy in disinfecting surfaces, thereby driving its market growth.
Regionally, the Asia Pacific market is expected to exhibit robust growth due to the rapidly expanding pharmaceutical and personal care industries in countries like China and India. The North American market benefits from substantial industrial and healthcare infrastructure, driving consistent demand. Europe is also a significant market, with stringent regulations promoting the use of effective disinfectants and solvents. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America, though smaller in market size, are anticipated to experience steady growth driven by improving healthcare facilities and increasing industrial activities.
The isopropyl alcohol market is segmented by grade, including 99% purity, 70% purity, 91% purity, and others. The 99% purity segment holds a significant share, driven by its application in industries requiring high-purity solvents. This grade is particularly favored in pharmaceuticals and electronics manufacturing, where the presence of impurities can compromise product quality. The growing pharmaceutical and electronics industries, especially in developing regions, further bolster the demand for high-purity isopropyl alcohol. Moreover, the stringent regulations in these industries necessitate the use of high-quality raw materials, reinforcing the market for 99% purity isopropyl alcohol.
https://www.chemanalyst.com/ChemAnalyst/Privacypolicyhttps://www.chemanalyst.com/ChemAnalyst/Privacypolicy
The market for Iso Propyl Alcohol (IPA) in Spain stood at 44.72 Thousand Tonnes in 2020 and is forecast to reach 61.36 Thousand Tonnes by 2030, growing at a healthy CAGR of 3.05% until 2030. Read all about the Spain Isopropyl Alcohol Market size, share, analysis, report, trends and forecast in a detailed report. Spain Isopropyl Alcohol Market Report by ChemAnalyst provides deep market insight that will help your business to grow.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
In 2024, the Latin American propyl and isopropyl alcohol market was finally on the rise to reach $321M for the first time since 2021, thus ending a two-year declining trend. Over the period under review, consumption, however, recorded a relatively flat trend pattern. Over the period under review, the market attained the peak level at $343M in 2012; however, from 2013 to 2024, consumption stood at a somewhat lower figure.
https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/privacy-policy/https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/privacy-policy/
Isopropyl Alcohol Market size was valued at USD 3.23 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 6.04 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 8.16 % from 2024 to 2031.Global Isopropyl Alcohol Market DriversThe market drivers for the Isopropyl Alcohol Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:Industrial uses: Isopropyl alcohol is frequently employed as a solvent in a range of industrial procedures, such as cleaning, disinfection, and manufacturing. The expansion of sectors like electronics, cosmetics, and medicines affects the need for IPA.Demand for disinfection: Isopropyl alcohol is used for sanitization in homes, labs, and hospitals since it is an efficient disinfectant. The market for IPA-based disinfectants is driven by the growing emphasis on hygiene and cleanliness, particularly in light of public health issues like pandemics.Applications in medicine: Medication and topical treatments are among the goods made with isopropyl alcohol as a solvent. The expansion and innovation of the pharmaceutical sector fuel the need for IPA.Electronics industry: Because isopropyl alcohol dissolves impurities without harming them, it is frequently used to clean circuit boards and electronic components. The need for IPA is increased by the growth of the electronics sector, which is fueled by technological improvements and the rising need for electronic gadgets.
https://www.kbvresearch.com/privacy-policy/https://www.kbvresearch.com/privacy-policy/
The Europe Isopropyl Alcohol Market would witness market growth of 7.5% CAGR during the forecast period (2023-2030). In the year 2020, the Europe market's volume surged to 285.44 kilo tonnes, showcasing a growth of 6.7% (2019-2022). Isopropyl alcohol is a printing and ink-manufacturing solvent. It
https://www.chemanalyst.com/ChemAnalyst/Privacypolicyhttps://www.chemanalyst.com/ChemAnalyst/Privacypolicy
Iso Propyl Alcohol demand in Netherland stood at 45.63 Thousand Tonnes in 2020 and is forecast to reach 67.13 Thousand Tonnes by 2030, growing at a healthy CAGR of 3.74% until 2030. Read all about the Netherland Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) Market size, share, analysis, report, trends and forecast in a detailed report. Netherland Isopropyl Alcohol Market Report by ChemAnalyst provides deep market insight that will help your business to grow.
https://www.marknteladvisors.com/privacy-policyhttps://www.marknteladvisors.com/privacy-policy
GCC Isopropyl Alcohol Market size is estimated to grow at a CAGR of around 5.2% during the forecast period 2024-2030.
https://dataintelo.com/privacy-and-policyhttps://dataintelo.com/privacy-and-policy
The global market size for electronic grade isopropyl alcohol was valued at USD 2.3 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 4.1 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5%. This remarkable growth is driven by the increasing demand for high-purity solvents in the electronics industry, particularly for applications in semiconductor and display technologies.
One of the key growth factors in the electronic grade isopropyl alcohol market is the rising demand for semiconductors. The semiconductor industry, which forms the backbone of modern electronics, requires high-purity solvents like isopropyl alcohol for various cleaning and etching processes. As technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of miniaturization and performance, the need for ultra-pure solvents becomes even more critical. This trend is expected to drive substantial growth in the market over the forecast period.
Another significant growth factor is the increasing adoption of electronic devices globally. From smartphones and tablets to smart home devices and wearables, the proliferation of electronic gadgets has created a robust demand for materials that ensure their reliability and performance. High-purity isopropyl alcohol plays a crucial role in the manufacturing and maintenance of these devices, thus propelling market growth. Additionally, the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G technology is anticipated to further augment the demand for electronic grade isopropyl alcohol.
The surge in demand for LCD and LED displays also contributes to the market's expansion. Industries such as automotive, consumer electronics, and aerospace increasingly rely on advanced display technologies, which require meticulous cleaning and manufacturing processes. Electronic grade isopropyl alcohol, known for its excellent solvent properties and high purity, is essential in these applications. This has led to a significant uptick in its consumption, thereby supporting market growth.
The Pharmaceutical Grade Isopropyl Alcohol Sales sector is witnessing a notable surge, driven by its critical role in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. This grade of isopropyl alcohol is essential for maintaining stringent hygiene standards, particularly in the production of pharmaceuticals and sanitization products. As global health awareness increases, the demand for high-purity solvents in pharmaceutical applications is expected to rise. This trend is further supported by the growing emphasis on infection control and the need for effective disinfectants in medical settings. The pharmaceutical industry's reliance on isopropyl alcohol for its antiseptic properties underscores its importance in ensuring product safety and efficacy.
Regionally, Asia Pacific is expected to dominate the electronic grade isopropyl alcohol market due to its strong electronics manufacturing base, particularly in countries like China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The region's robust growth in consumer electronics, automotive, and semiconductor industries makes it a crucial market for high-purity solvents. Additionally, favorable government policies and investments in technology infrastructure are likely to bolster market growth in this region.
The purity level of electronic grade isopropyl alcohol is a critical factor that determines its suitability for various applications. The segment with 99.99% purity level is expected to witness the highest growth due to its use in ultra-sensitive electronics manufacturing processes such as semiconductor wafer cleaning and advanced photolithography. This high purity level ensures minimal contamination and maximal performance, making it indispensable for high-precision applications. As the demand for advanced electronic devices increases, the market for 99.99% pure isopropyl alcohol is set to expand significantly.
The 99.9% purity level is also a substantial segment in the market. This grade is commonly used in less critical but still highly demanding applications such as PCB manufacturing and certain stages of semiconductor processing. The balance between high purity and cost-effectiveness makes the 99.9% grade a popular choice among manufacturers. As the electronics industry continues to evolve, the demand for this level of purity is expected to grow steadily.
https://www.marketresearchintellect.com/privacy-policyhttps://www.marketresearchintellect.com/privacy-policy
Check out Market Research Intellect's Isopropyl Alcohol Ipa Market Report, valued at USD 5.5 billion in 2024, with a projected growth to USD 8.7 billion by 2033 at a CAGR of 6.5% (2026-2033).
https://www.procurementresource.com/privacy-policyhttps://www.procurementresource.com/privacy-policy
Get the latest insights on price movement and trend analysis of Isopropyl Alcohol in different regions across the world (Asia, Europe, North America, Latin America, and the Middle East Africa).