The population of Istanbul increased steadily from 2007 to 2022. During this period, the population of Istanbul went up by over ************* people, rising from **** million people in 2007 to **** million in 2022. Istanbul by far the most crowded city Turkey has a dynamic population that increases every year. Even though the population growth rate has decreased in recent years, it has always shown positive values. With a population reaching ** million, the most crowded Turkish city, Istanbul has more inhabitants than many European countries such as Austria, Greece, Bulgaria, and Belgium. Additionally, Ankara was the second most settled city in the country. The capital city of Turkey had a population of almost ********* of Istanbul’s, totaling *** million. Turkish women live longer than men In Turkey, the population has been tracked digitally by the Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) every year. The total population hit over ** million as of 2023, of whom above **** million were women. Considering the gender distribution, ***** percent of the country’s residents consisted of men. Interestingly, the share of women in Turkish society was significantly higher than men among the older age groups in 2022.

In 2023, the major city of Istanbul had almost **** million inhabitants and was the province with the highest population in Turkey. The Turkish capital, Ankara, was the second-largest province, with *** million people residing there in the same year. Characteristics of the Turkish population The population of Turkey has been following a continuously increasing trend for a long time. As of 2023, there were approximately **** million people living in the country. That year, the male population was slightly higher than the female population, amounting to over **** million. When it comes to the gender distribution among the age groups, the gender gap was the highest among the 90-year-olds and older. In 2023, women constituted ** percent of that age group, whereas the share of men was slightly higher among 0-to-59-year-olds. Structure of the Turkish households The demand for living alone has been increasing in many communities. The case is not much different in Turkey, where the proportion of single households has been on the rise steadily. The share of households with one person peaked in 2023 at nearly ** percent in the country. However, one-family households still registered the highest number of residents as of 2023, with roughly **** million. In comparison, one-person households counted *** million individuals.

Ottoman Plovdiv Geodataset is a digital addition to the monograph Ottoman Plovdiv: Space, Architecture, and Population (14th–17th centuries) by Grigor Boykov, published by the Austrian Academy of Sciences, ISBN. Analyses and conclusions presented in the book are based on this dataset. The geodataset is created and curated by Dr. Grigor Boykov, Institute for East European History, University of Vienna. For contacts: grigor.boykov@univie.ac.at Sources: A variety of primary sources contributed to the creation of the dataset. Except for 30-Meter SRTM DEM, several historical plans of the city were harvested for features: Plan of Plovdiv and its surroundings by A. Jägerschmid, 1828 (National Library "Ivan Vazov," Plovdiv. Kp II 60); City plan of Plovdiv by Lejean, 1867. (Guillaume Lejean, "Voyage en Bulgarie," Le Tour du monde, nouveau journal des voyages 26 (1873): 113–70); City plan of Plovdiv by Heinrich Kiepert, 1876. (Crop from Heinrich Kiepert, Karte des Sandjak Filibe (Philippopolis) aufgenommen nach Anordnung des dortigen Provinzial-Gouverneurs Mehemmed-Nusret-Pascha.); City plan of Plovdiv by Ferdinand v. Hochstetter, 1869. (Ferdinand von Hochstetter, "Reise durch Rumelien im Sommer 1869. 5. Philippopel," Mitteilungen der K. und K. Geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien 14 (1871): 65–80); City plan of Plovdiv by G. Ilinskij, 1878. (National Library "Ivan Vazov," Plovdiv. РЦ ІV 62); City plan of Plovdiv by Joseph Schnitter, 1891. Various Ottoman archival and narrative sources also contributed to creating the dataset. For detailed information about the source base of the dataset, please refer to the relevant section in Boykov's monograph. The geodataset consists of 33 layers. A brief information on each of the layers is provided below. For further information, please refer to the book. Layers:

Street polylines – created by manual feature extraction from Schmitter's 1891 plan in scale 1:5000.
Street polygons – created by manual feature extraction from Schmitter's 1891 plan and partial data from Ilinskij's 1878 plan in scale 1:4200. Mahalle – defines urban quarters' boundaries, based on variety of sources (see the book). Density_1472 – presents the distribution of population densities per quarter in 1472, based on data from Ottoman tax register PD 17/27, Bulgarian National Library, Sofia. Density_1489 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1489, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 26, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). Density_1516 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1516, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 77, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). Density_1525 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1525, based on data from Ottoman tax register MAD 519, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). Density_1530 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1530, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 370, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). Density_1570 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1570, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 494, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). Density_1596 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1596, based on data from Ottoman tax register KuK 65, Cadaster Archive, Ankara and TD 648 and TD 1001, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). Density_1614 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1614, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 729, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). TotalPop_1472 – presents the distribution of total population per quarter in 1472, based on data from Ottoman tax register PD 17/27, Bulgarian National Library, Sofia. TotalPop_1489 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1489, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 26, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). TotalPop_1516 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1516, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 77, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). TotalPop_1525 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1525, based on data from Ottoman tax register MAD 519, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). TotalPop_1530 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1530, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 370, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). TotalPop_1570 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1570, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 494, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). TotalPop_1596 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1596, based on data from Ottoman tax register KuK 65, Cadaster Archive, Ankara and TD 648 and TD 1001, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). TotalPop_1614 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1614, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 729, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA). Buildings_certain_location – polygons reflecting the location and shapes of certainly identifiable buildings from the Ottoman period. Buildings_tentative_location – polygons of buildings from the Ottoman period, whose existence is attested by the written sources, but precise location and shape are uncertain. Cemetery_Christian – the area of Christian graveyards, based on the plans of Schnitter and Ilinskij. Cemetery_Muslim – the area of Muslim graveyards, based on the plans of Schnitter and Ilinskij. Field – cultivated plots as reflected in the plans of Schnitter and Ilinskij. Orchard – orchards as reflected in the plans of Schnitter and Ilinskij. Forest – forests as reflected in the plans of Schnitter and Ilinskij. Fountain – public fountains (çeşme) as reflected in the plan of Ilinskij. Walls – reconstruction of the medieval walls of Plovdiv, based on observations and archaeological data Swap – the tentative shape of the swamp at the southeastern edge of the city. Islands – islands on the Maritsa, based on the plan of Schnitter Bridge – reconstruction of Lala Şahin's wooden bridge, based on the plan of Schnitter, visual sources, and archaeological data. Maritsa – the riverbed of the Maritsa before regulations, based on the plan of Schnitter. Contour – contour lines of the relief, extracted from 30-meter DEM.

This statistic shows the ten biggest cities in Turkey in 2021. At the end of 2021, approximately 15.2 million people lived in Istanbul, making it the biggest city in Turkey.

The urban population of Turkey

The total population of Turkey is on its way to reaching 80 million inhabitants, which is about the same amouint as the population of Germany. Slightly more than half of the Turkish population live in urban areas, with Istanbul being home to the largest portion of this urban population with close to 14 million inhabitants. This is about 20 percent of the entire population.

Istanbul is located at the entrance to the Black Sea, between Europe and Asia. It is attractive to both the people of Turkey as a place to live and work and foreign tourists who take advantage of its cultural and historic center. Due to its attractiveness and its location at the crossroads of the east and the west, the city has been investing in transportation infrastructure to support its strategic location and increasing growth.

Ankara, the capital of Turkey, is the second largest city and home to about 4.5 million people. Izmir is the third largest, with almost 3 million inhabitants. A vast amount of the country’s population is located in these three metropolises.

Abstract

The 2003 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS-2003) is a nationally representative sample survey designed to provide information on levels and trends on fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning and maternal and child health. Survey results are presented at the national level, by urban and rural residence, and for each of the five regions in the country. The TDHS2003 sample also allows analyses for some of the survey topics for the 12 geographical regions (NUTS1) which were adopted at the second half of 2002 within the context of Turkey's move to join the European Union.

Funding for the TDHS-2003 was provided initially by the Government of Turkey, as a project in the annual investment program of the State Planning Organization, and further funding was obtained from the European Union through the Turkey Reproductive Health Program implemented by the Ministry of Health.

The survey was fielded between December 2003 and May 2004. Interviews were completed with 10,836 households and with 8,075 ever-married women at reproductive ages (15-49). Ever-married women at ages 15-49 who were present in the household on the night before the interview or who usually live in that household were eligible for the survey.

The 2003 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS-2003) is the latest in a series of national-level population and health surveys that have been conducted by the Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies (HUIPS), in the last four decades. The primary objective of the TDHS-2003 is to provide data on socioeconomic characteristics of households and women, fertility, mortality, marriage patterns, family planning, maternal and child health, nutritional status of women and children, and reproductive health. The survey obtained detailed information on these issues from a sample of ever-married women in the reproductive ages (15-49). The TDHS-2003 was designed to produce information in the field of demography and health that to a large extent can not be obtained from other sources.

Specifically, the objectives of the TDHS-2003 included: - Collecting data at the national level that allows the calculation of demographic rates, particularly fertility and childhood mortality rates; - Obtaining information on direct and indirect factors that determine levels and trends in fertility and childhood mortality; - Measuring the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice by method, region, and urban-rural residence; - Collecting data relative to mother and child health, including immunizations, prevalence and treatment of acute respiratory tract infections among children under five, antenatal care, assistance at delivery, and breastfeeding; - Measuring the nutritional status of children under five and of their mothers; and - Collecting data at the national level on elderly welfare, knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS, and usage of iodide salt.

The TDHS-2003 information is intended to contribute data to assist policy makers and administrators to evaluate existing programs and to design new strategies for improving demographic, social and health policies in Turkey. Another important purpose of the TDHS2003 is to sustain the flow of information for the interested organizations in Turkey and abroad on the Turkish population structure in the absence of reliable and sufficient vital registration system.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The results show that there have been important changes in various demographic and health indicators in a more positive direction than expected. The fertility data indicate that Turkey is achieving “replacement” fertility. The survey findings also document improvements in infant and child mortality and progress in mother and child health services.

Geographic coverage

The sample was designed to provide estimates for: - Turkey as a whole; - Urban and rural areas (each as a separate domain); - Each of the conventional major five regions of the country, namely the West, South, Central, North, and East regions - The 12 NUTS 13 regions, for selected indicators which are based on sufficient number of observations

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49
• Children under five

Universe

The population covered by the 1998 DHS is defined as the universe of all ever-married women age 15-49 in the household who were identified as eligible in the household schedule were interviewed. In addition, some information was collected for households and women in a sub-sample of one-half of all households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

A weighted, multistage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used in the selection of the TDHS-2003 sample. The sample was designed in this fashion because of the need to provide estimates for a variety of characteristics for various domains. These domains, which are frequently employed in the tabulation of major indicators from the survey, are: - Turkey as a whole; - Urban and rural areas (each as a separate domain); - Each of the conventional major five regions of the country, namely the West, South, Central, North, and East regions - The 12 NUTS 13 regions, for selected indicators which are based on sufficient number of observations

The major objective of the TDHS-2003 sample design was to ensure that the survey would provide estimates with acceptable precision for these domains for most of the important demographic characteristics, such as fertility, infant and child mortality, and contraceptive prevalence, as well as for the health indicators.

SAMPLE FRAME

Different criteria have been used to describe "urban" and "rural" settlements in Turkey. In the demographic surveys of the 1970s, a population size of 2,000 was used to differentiate between urban and rural settlements. In the 1980s, the cut-off point was increased to 10,000 and, in some surveys in the 1990s, to 20,000. A number of surveys used information on the administrative status of settlements in combination with population size for the purpose of differentiation. The urban frame of the TDHS-2003 consisted of a list of provincial centers, district centers, and other settlements with populations larger than 10,000, regardless of administrative status. The rural frame consisted of all district centers, sub-districts and villages not included in the urban frame. The urban-rural definitions of the TDHS-2003 are identical with those in the TDHS-1998.

Initial information on all settlements in Turkey was obtained from the 2000 General Population Census. The results of 2000 General Population Census provided a computerized list of all settlements (provincial and district centers, sub-districts and villages), their populations and the numbers of households.

STRATIFICATION

Currently Turkey is divided administratively into 81 provinces. For purposes of selection in prior surveys in Turkey, these provinces have been grouped into five regions. This regional breakdown has been popularized as a powerful variable for understanding the demographic, social, cultural, and economic differences between different parts of the country. The five regions, West, South, Central, North, and East regions, include varying numbers of provinces.

In addition to the conventional five geographic regions, a new system of regional breakdown was adopted in late 2002. In accordance with the accession process of Turkey to the European Union, the State Planning Office and the State Institute of Statistics constructed three levels of NUTS regions, which have since become official (Law No. 2002/4720). "NUTS" stands for "The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics". NUTS is a statistical region classification that is used by member countries of European Union (EU). The 81 provinces were designated as regions of NUTS 3 level; these were further aggregated into 26 regions to form the NUTS 2 regions. NUTS 1 regions were formed by aggregating NUTS 2 regions into 12 regions. Two of the NUTS 1 regions, Istanbul and the Southeastern Anatolia, were given special attention in the sample design process and a comparatively larger share of the total sample was allocated to these regions to ensure that statistically sound estimates for a larger number of indicators would be obtained than would be the case for the remaining 10 NUTS 1 regions. Policymakers, researchers and other concerned circles had voiced interest in information on demographic and health indicators for Istanbul and the Southeastern Anatolian regions in the past. Furthermore, as an add-on study, the Istanbul metropolitan area was designated by UN-Habitat as one of the mega-cities in their International Slum Survey series. In co-operation with UN-Habitat, HUIPS wished to be able to produce estimates for slum4 and non-slum areas within Istanbul; for this reason, the total sample size for Istanbul was kept at a relatively high magnitude.

One of the priorities of the TDHS-2003 was to produce a sample design that was methodologically and conceptually consistent with the designs of previous demographic surveys carried out by the Hacettepe Institute of Population Studies. In surveys prior to the TDHS-1993, the five-region breakdown of the country was used for stratification. In TDHS-1993, a more detailed stratification taking into account subregions was employed to obtain a better dispersion of the sample. The criteria for subdividing the five major regions into subregions were the infant mortality rates of each province, estimated from the 1990 Population Census using indirect techniques.5 Using the infant mortality estimates as well as geographic proximity, the provinces in each region were grouped into 14 subregions at the time of the TDHS-1993. The sub-regional division

Background: Situated at the crossroads of Asia, Middle East and Europe, Turkey has an ethnically diverse population of over 78 milllion people. Aim: To investigate the population genetics and potential differences in the autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms across all the major geographic regions and largest metropolitan province of Turkey within the context of the Near Eastern/European genetic landscape. Subjects and methods: Samples from a total of 5299 unrelated individuals were analysed at 10 common [D2S1338, D3S1358, D8S1179, D16S539, D18S51, D19S433, D21S11, FGA, TH01, vWA] and five new European Standard Set (ESS) core autosomal STR loci [D1S1656, D2S441, D10S1248, D12S391, D22S1045]. Results: Allele frequencies, statistical parameters of forensic interest and population differentiation tests were calculated for nine population datasets corresponding to the seven major geographic regions, the largest metropolitan province, and a combined dataset for the entire country. Cumulative results confirmed the presence of significant differences among these nine autosomal datasets themselves and with those from the nearby populations, therefore justifying the differential use of these separate datasets on a case-by-case basis in forensic investigations. Conclusion: This collection of autosomal STR population datasets comprises the largest and most comprehensive of its kind from Turkey so far.

As of January 31, 2021, the population of Turkey was almost 85 million. Istanbul had the highest number of residents, with roundabout 16 million comprising 19 percent of the whole population. The second most populated city was Ankara, the capital of Turkey, which had nearly six million residents. In 2021, there were 24 cities in Turkey with a population of over one million.

50 Million Rows MSSQL Backup File with Clustered Columnstore Index.

This dataset contains -27K categorized Turkish supermarket items. -81 stores (Every city of Turkey has a store) -100K real Turkish names customer, address -10M rows sales data generated randomly. -All data has a near real price with influation factor by the time.

All the data generated randomly. So the usernames have been generated with real Turkish names and surnames but they are not real people. The sale data generated randomly. But it has some rules. For example, every order can contains 1-9 kind of item. Every orderline amount can be 1-9 pieces. The randomise function works according to population of the city. So the number of orders for Istanbul (the biggest city of Turkey) is about 20% of all data and another city for example orders for the Gaziantep (the population is 2.5% of Turkey population) is about 2.5% off all data. https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F1611072%2F9442f2a1dbae7f05ead4fde9e1033ac6%2Finbox_1611072_135236e39b79d6fae8830dec3fca4961_1.png?generation=1693509562300174&alt=media" alt=""> https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F1611072%2F1c39195270db87250e59d9f2917ccea1%2Finbox_1611072_b73d9ca432dae956564cfa5bfe42268c_3.png?generation=1693509575061587&alt=media" alt=""> https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F1611072%2Fa908389f33ae5c983e383d17f0d9a763%2Finbox_1611072_c5d349aa1f33c0fc4fc74b79b7167d3a_F3za81TXkAA1Il4.png?generation=1693509586158658&alt=media" alt="">

Abstract

The Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2008 has been conducted by the Haccettepe University Institute of Population Studies in collaboration with the Ministry of health General Directorate of Mother and Child Health and Family Planning and Undersecretary of State Planning Organization. The Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 2008 has been financed the scientific and Technological research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under the support program for Research Projects of Public Institutions.

The primary objective of the Turkey DHS 2008 is to provide data on fertility, contraceptive methods, maternal and child health. Detailed information on these issues is obtained through questionnaires, filled by face-to face interviews with ever-married women in reproductive ages (15-49).

Another important objective of the survey, with aims to contribute to the knowledge on population and health as well, is to maintain the flow of information for the related organizations in Turkey on the Turkish demographic structure and change in the absence of reliable vital registration system and ascertain the continuity of data on demographic and health necessary for sustainable development in the absence of a reliable vital registration system. In terms of survey methodology and content, the Turkey DHS 2008 is comparable with the previous demographic surveys in Turkey (MEASURE DHS+).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49
• Children under age of five

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Two main types of questionnaires were used to collect the TDHS-2008 data: a) The Household Questionnaire; b) The Individual Questionnaire for Ever-Married Women of Reproductive Ages.

The contents of these questionnaires were based on the DHS Model "A" Questionnaire, which was designed for the DHS program for use in countries with high contraceptive prevalence. Additions, deletions and modifications were made to the DHS model questionnaire in order to collect information particularly relevant to Turkey. Attention also was paid to ensuring the comparability of the DHS-2008 findings with previous demographic surveys carried out by the Hacettepe Institute of Population Studies. In the process of designing the TDHS-2003 questionnaires, national and international population and health agencies were consulted for their comments.

a) The Household Questionnaire was used to enumerate all usual members of and visitors to the selected households and to collect information relating to the socioeconomic position of the households. In the first part of the Household Questionnaire, basic information was collected on the age, sex, educational attainment, recent migration and residential mobility, employment, marital status, and relationship to the head of household of each person listed as a household member or visitor. The objective of the first part of the Household Questionnaire was to obtain the information needed to identify women who were eligible for the individual interview as well as to provide basic demographic data for Turkish households. The second part of the Household Questionnaire included questions on never married women age 15-49, with the objective of collecting information on basic background characteristics of women in this age group. The third section was used to collect information on the welfare of the elderly people. The final section of the Household Questionnaire was used to collect information on housing characteristics, such as the number of rooms, the flooring material, the source of water, and the type of toilet facilities, and on the household's ownership of a variety of consumer goods. This section also incorporated a module that was only administered in Istanbul metropolitan households, on house ownership, use of municipal facilities and the like, as well as a module that was used to collect information, from one-half of households, on salt iodization. In households where salt was present, test kits were used to test whether the salt used in the household was fortified with potassium iodine or potassium iodate, i.e. whether salt was iodized.

b) The Individual Questionnaire for ever-married women obtained information on the following subjects: - Background characteristics - Reproduction - Marriage - Knowledge and use of family planning - Maternal care and breastfeeding - Immunization and health - Fertility preferences - Husband's background
- Women's work and status - Sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS - Maternal and child anthropometry.

Cleaning operations

The questionnaires were returned to the Hacettepe Institute of Population Studies by the fieldwork teams for data processing as soon as interviews were completed in a province. The office editing staff checked that the questionnaires for all the selected households and eligible respondents were returned from the field.

İstanbul was by far the most populated city in Turkey in 2023, with almost 15.7 million inhabitants. The capital city of Turkey, Ankara became the second most populated settlement, reaching a population of 5.8 million.

In 2025, Moscow was the largest city in Europe with an estimated urban agglomeration of 12.74 million people. The French capital, Paris, was the second largest city in 2025 at 11.35 million, followed by the capitals of the United Kingdom and Spain, with London at 9.84 million and Madrid at 6.81 million people. Istanbul, which would otherwise be the largest city in Europe in 2025, is excluded as it is only partially in Europe, with a sizeable part of its population living in Asia. Europe’s population is almost 750 million Since 1950, the population of Europe has increased by approximately 200 million people, increasing from 550 million to 750 million in these seventy years. Before the turn of the millennium, Europe was the second-most populated continent, before it was overtaken by Africa, which saw its population increase from 228 million in 1950 to 817 million by 2000. Asia has consistently had the largest population of the world’s continents and was estimated to have a population of 4.6 billion. Europe’s largest countries Including its territory in Asia, Russia is by far the largest country in the world, with a territory of around 17 million square kilometers, almost double that of the next largest country, Canada. Within Europe, Russia also has the continent's largest population at 145 million, followed by Germany at 83 million and the United Kingdom at almost 68 million. By contrast, Europe is also home to various micro-states such as San Marino, which has a population of just 30 thousand.

The Turkish residential real estate market, valued at $99.05 million in 2025, exhibits robust growth potential, projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 11.16% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is driven by several factors. Increasing urbanization and a burgeoning young population fuel demand for housing, particularly in key cities like Istanbul, Antalya, and Bodrum, known for their tourism and economic activity. Government initiatives aimed at stimulating the construction sector and infrastructure development also contribute positively. Furthermore, Turkey's strategic geographic location and relatively affordable property prices compared to Western European nations attract both domestic and international investors. However, economic volatility and fluctuating exchange rates represent significant challenges. Inflationary pressures and potential interest rate hikes can impact affordability and deter buyers. Furthermore, the market's dependence on tourism in some regions makes it vulnerable to external shocks like global pandemics or geopolitical instability. The segmentation of the market, encompassing apartments/condominiums, villas, and landed houses, caters to diverse buyer preferences and contributes to the overall market dynamism. Leading developers such as Sinpas Group, Agaoglu Group, and others play a vital role in shaping the market's trajectory. The segment of apartments and condominiums dominates the market, driven by affordability and high population density in urban centers. Villas and landed houses cater to a more affluent segment, with significant demand in coastal areas and regions with scenic landscapes. While the Turkish domestic market forms the core of demand, international buyers, especially from the Middle East and Europe, contribute significantly, especially to the high-end segments. The analysis of past performance (2019-2024) reveals significant variations linked to economic cycles and international events. Projecting forward, a cautious optimism is warranted, with growth contingent on macro-economic stability and sustained investor confidence. Detailed regional breakdowns within Turkey and global comparisons will provide further granular insights into market dynamics. This insightful report provides a deep dive into the Turkish residential real estate market, offering a comprehensive analysis of its current state, future trends, and key players. With a focus on the period from 2019 to 2033, including a base year of 2025 and a forecast period spanning 2025-2033, this report is an essential resource for investors, developers, and industry professionals seeking to understand and capitalize on opportunities within this dynamic sector. The report leverages data from the historical period (2019-2024) to provide accurate and reliable projections. Keywords: Turkish real estate market, Istanbul property market, Antalya real estate, Bodrum property, Turkish residential market analysis, real estate investment Turkey, Turkish construction industry, Turkish housing market forecast. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Investment in Infrastructure Projects, The rising popularity of sustainable architecture. Potential restraints include: Volatility in Raw material prices. Notable trends are: Increasing FDI Flow in the Residential Real Estate Market in Turkey.

The vast majority of the population in the largest city in Turkey, Istanbul, fell in the group of middle-class and above consumers as of 2024. Additionally, about ** percent of the people were considered high-class consumers.

In 2024, Russia had the largest population among European countries at ***** million people. The next largest countries in terms of their population size were Turkey at **** million, Germany at **** million, the United Kingdom at **** million, and France at **** million. Europe is also home to some of the world’s smallest countries, such as the microstates of Liechtenstein and San Marino, with populations of ****** and ****** respectively. Europe’s largest economies Germany was Europe’s largest economy in 2023, with a Gross Domestic Product of around *** trillion Euros, while the UK and France are the second and third largest economies, at *** trillion and *** trillion euros respectively. Prior to the mid-2000s, Europe’s fourth-largest economy, Italy, had an economy that was of a similar sized to France and the UK, before diverging growth patterns saw the UK and France become far larger economies than Italy. Moscow and Istanbul the megacities of Europe Two cities on the eastern borders of Europe were Europe’s largest in 2023. The Turkish city of Istanbul, with a population of 15.8 million, and the Russian capital, Moscow, with a population of 12.7 million. Istanbul is arguably the world’s most famous transcontinental city with territory in both Europe and Asia and has been an important center for commerce and culture for over 2,000 years. Paris was the third largest European city with a population of ** million, with London being the fourth largest at *** million.

In 2024, the number of international tourists visiting Istanbul peaked at **** million. The number of foreign tourists arriving in Istanbul reached the second-highest value in 2019, at almost ** million. Due to travel restrictions during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the number of foreign tourist arrivals in Istanbul fell dramatically in 2020, decreasing by ******* compared to the previous year. Air travel in İstanbul After four years of construction, Istanbul Airport officially opened on October 29th, 2018, having replaced the Atatürk Airport from 2019 onwards. The airport also serves as the hub for Turkish Airlines. In 2023, Istanbul Airport saw approximately ** million passengers pass through, which made it the second-busiest airport in Europe that year. The first place was taken by Heathrow Airport, located in London. In the same year, the second-busiest airport in the city, Sabiha Gökçen Airport, counted over ** million air travelers, of which almost half were domestic passengers. Most visited museums Considered as the economic, cultural, and historic capital, İstanbul offers numerous cultural activities for visitors. Hence, the largest city recorded the highest number of museums among all provinces in Turkey, with ** public and private museums in 2022. That year, the Galata Tower became the most visited museum in İstanbul, welcoming over *** million visitors. Built as a watch tower in the Byzantine period for the first time in the 13th century, the Galata Tower has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage Temporary List since 2013.

As of April 21, 2022, the Turkish city with the highest Syrian refugee population was Istanbul, with over half a million. Gaziantep, Hatay, and Şanlıurfa were the cities hosting over 400 thousand Syrian refugees. Additionally, the city with the highest rate of Syrians compared to the local population was Kilis, with 42.4 percent.

In October 2024, the number of foreign tourist arrivals to Istanbul reached approximately 1.7 million. The total number of arrivals added up to 15.8 million from January to October 2024. Due to travel restrictions during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the number of foreign tourists arriving in Istanbul plunged significantly, especially in April and May 2020, having below one thousand visitors. In 2022, the number of foreign tourist arrivals began to increase again, peaking in July 2024 at over 1.9 million.

London was by far the largest urban agglomeration in the United Kingdom in 2025, with an estimated population of 9.8 million people, more than three times as large as Manchester, the UK’s second-biggest urban agglomeration. The agglomerations of Birmingham and Leeds / Bradford had the third and fourth-largest populations, respectively, while the biggest city in Scotland, Glasgow, was the fifth largest. Largest cities in Europe Two cities in Europe had larger urban areas than London, with Istanbul having a population of around 16.2 million and the Russian capital Moscow having a population of over 12.7 million. The city of Paris, located just over 200 miles away from London, was the second-largest city in Europe, with a population of more than 11.3 million people. Paris was followed by London in terms of population size, and then by the Spanish cities of Madrid and Barcelona, at 6.8 million and 5.7 million people, respectively. The Italian capital, Rome, was the next largest city at 4.3 million, followed by Berlin at 3.6 million. London’s population growth Throughout the 1980s, the population of London fluctuated from a high of 6.81 million people in 1981 to a low of 6.73 million inhabitants in 1988. During the 1990s, the population of London increased once again, growing from 6.8 million at the start of the decade to 7.15 million by 1999. London's population has continued to grow since the turn of the century, and despite declining between 2019 and 2021, it reached 8.9 million people in 2023 and is forecast to reach almost ten million by 2047.

The Plague of Justinian was the first major bubonic plague pandemic recorded in Europe, and was the first pandemic to ever be described or documented with any relative reliability. The plague takes its name from Emperor Justinian I, who ruled the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) at the time of the outbreak. The Byzantine capital of Constantinople (also known then as Byzantium, and Istanbul today) was the hardest hit city during the pandemic, and where the majority of sources are from. Until recently, it was only assumed that the outbreak was bubonic plague, due to the symptoms described by contemporary historians, but scientists were able to confirm that it was in fact Yersinia pestis (the bacterium that causes plague) in 2013. Constantinople overwhelmed It is thought that the plague was brought to Constantinople by Egyptian grain merchants, although a recent theory suggests it was brought from the Eurasian Steppes (from where Yersinia pestis originates) to Europe by Hunnic tribes. While the exact origins of the plague remain unclear, it is estimated that up to 300,000 people died in Constantinople in the first year of the outbreak. Contemporary sources claim that there were approximately 5,000 deaths in the city every day at the height of the pandemic, even reaching highs of 10,000 on some days. Constantinople outbreak was unique A 2019 study, conducted by researchers from Jerusalem and Princeton raises some important questions about the scale of the outbreak across Europe. They dispute the claim by some modern historians that this pandemic killed up to half of the population of the Mediterranean (or that it was instrumental to the collapse of the Eastern Roman Empire), instead suggesting that the scale of the outbreak in Constantinople was unique to that city. They use a variety of literary, archeological, and scientific sources to show that the plague was unlikely to have reached this magnitude across other cities at the time, nor did it spread in the same way that the Black Death did six centuries later. While future studies are likely to provide further insight into these theories, it is important to remember this contrasting hypothesis when studying pre-2019 sources.