The gross domestic product per capita varied between provinces of Turkey. Under the observed period, Istanbul generally registered the highest GDP per capita. However, from 2021, Kocaeli ranked first, with its GDP per capita totaling almost ****** U.S. dollars in 2023. The capital city, Ankara, came third in the ranking, with a GDP per capita of ****** U.S. dollars.

The gross domestic product per capita varied between regions of Turkey, especially when comparing the Western and Eastern parts of the country. The TR10 Istanbul region consistently produced more GDP, totaling over **** thousand U.S. dollars per capita in 2022. TRC2 Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır was the least prosperous region, recording only *** thousand U.S. dollars of GDP per capita.

This study employs the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and the Economic Fitness Index (EFI) as two different measures of economic complexity. The ECI is based on the methodology developed by Hausmann et al. (2014b), while the EFI was introduced by Tacchella et al. (2012) and later improved by Servedio et al. (2018) and Operti et al. (2018).
We used the International Trade Database at the Product Level (BACI) to determine global product complexities. The BACI dataset includes detailed export data for over 200 countries and territories. To ensure accuracy and eliminate fluctuations in export data, Hidalgo (2021) recommends excluding countries with exports of less than 1 billion US dollars, countries with a population of less than 1 million, and products with a global export value of less than 500 million US dollars from the dataset. To avoid endogeneity issues, we followed Boschma et al. (2013) and excluded Turkey from the sample. After cleaning the data in accordance with Hidalgo (2021) and Boschma et al. (2013), we calculated global product complexities for 124 to 141 countries from 2007 to 2020. Since foreign trade statistics of provinces obtained from TURKSTAT are classified according to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC revision 3) at 4-digit codes, we converted BACI dataset based on Harmonized System (HS) classification using Eurostat Metadata Server (RAMON) conversion tables.

Variables: countrycode: NUTS-3 codes of provinces country: Provinces id: identification numbers (given by the authors) gdpper: Real GDP per capita. dist: Distance of provinces from Istanbul in kilometers
eci: Economic Complexity Index (Hidalgo et al. 2014) fit: Economic Fitness Index (Tacchella et al. 2012, Servedio et a. 2018, Operti et al. 2018). ind_elec_cons: Ratio of industrial electricity consumption to total electricity consumption. education: Percentage of high school, faculty, master, and doctorate graduates in the population aged 15 and over. reer: Real Effective Exchange Rate. openness: Share of province-level exports and imports on total provincial GDP. ethnicity: is calculated as the average of the votes received by Kurdish political parties in the provinces. secim: An alternative for ethnicity. Calculated as the the ratio of the number of municipalities won by Kurdish political party mayoral candidates to the total number of municipalities in each province. East: A dummy variable for the provinces located to the east of the capital city, Ankara, are considered as eastern provinces and are labeled as 1, while the provinces located to the west are labeled as 0 and considered as western provinces. onuc: A dummy variable for 13 provinces that are in the scope of cross-border trade regulation are labeled as 1.

Il Prodotto Interno Lordo pro capite in Turchia è stato registrato per l'ultima volta a 15147,84 dollari statunitensi nel 2024. Il PIL pro capite in Turchia è equivalente al 120 percento della media mondiale. Questa pagina fornisce il valore più recente riportato per il PIL pro capite della Turchia, oltre alle pubblicazioni precedenti, il massimo e il minimo storico, le previsioni a breve termine e le previsioni a lungo termine, il calendario economico, il consenso degli esperti e le notizie.