In 2023, the expenditure of the Italian government on university education amounted to *** percent of the GDP. It was significantly below the European Union spending on tertiary education, which consisted of *** percent of the Gross Domestic Product. In the same year, the country invested ** billion euros for financing the whole education system.

Time series data for the statistic Government expenditure on tertiary education as % of GDP (%) and country Italy. Indicator Definition:Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/The indicator "Government expenditure on tertiary education as % of GDP (%)" stands at 0.7516 as of 12/31/2017. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an increase of 3.04 percent compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percent is 3.04.The 3 year change in percent is -5.51.The 5 year change in percent is -3.80.The 10 year change in percent is 3.57.The Serie's long term average value is 0.681. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2017, is 10.38 percent higher, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percent from it's minimum value, on 12/31/1970, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2017, is +122.27%.The Serie's change in percent from it's maximum value, on 12/31/1999, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2017, is -9.93%.

In 2022, the Italian government invested around 8,400 euros per primary school pupil and almost 7,800 euros per high school student. However, figures were considerably below the European average. In particular, compared to other EU countries, Italy spent 1,600 euros less per lower secondary school pupil and 860 euros less per upper secondary school student. The largest gap was recorded in tertiary education spending. Public investments per Italian university student were 3,200 euros below the European mean.

Time series data for the statistic Government expenditure on education not specified by level, constant US$ (millions) and country Italy. Indicator Definition:Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) not specified by level in millions US$ in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant US$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/The indicator "Government expenditure on education not specified by level, constant US$ (millions)" stands at 0.0 Thousand usd as of 12/31/2010. Regarding the Ten-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes a decrease of -100.00 percent compared to the value ten years prior.The 10 year change in percent is -100.00.

Italy IT: Government Expenditure on Tertiary Education: % of Government Expenditure on Education data was reported at 19.586 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 19.566 % for 2013. Italy IT: Government Expenditure on Tertiary Education: % of Government Expenditure on Education data is updated yearly, averaging 16.325 % from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2014, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.586 % in 2014 and a record low of 8.976 % in 1979. Italy IT: Government Expenditure on Tertiary Education: % of Government Expenditure on Education data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.World Bank: Education Statistics. Expenditure on tertiary education is expressed as a percentage of total general government expenditure on education. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median;

Italy: Public spending on education, percent of GDP: The latest value from 2021 is 4.22 percent, a decline from 4.44 percent in 2020. In comparison, the world average is 4.48 percent, based on data from 158 countries. Historically, the average for Italy from 1970 to 2021 is 4.24 percent. The minimum value, 2.9 percent, was reached in 1971 while the maximum of 4.77 percent was recorded in 1984.

Italy IT: Current Education Expenditure: Primary: % of Total Expenditure in Primary Public Institutions data was reported at 95.445 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 96.756 % for 2013. Italy IT: Current Education Expenditure: Primary: % of Total Expenditure in Primary Public Institutions data is updated yearly, averaging 95.182 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2014, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 97.054 % in 1998 and a record low of 92.234 % in 2004. Italy IT: Current Education Expenditure: Primary: % of Total Expenditure in Primary Public Institutions data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.World Bank: Education Statistics. Current expenditure is expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Current expenditure is consumed within the current year and would have to be renewed if needed in the following year. It includes staff compensation and current expenditure other than for staff compensation (ex. on teaching materials, ancillary services and administration).; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median;

Historical dataset showing Italy education spending by year from 1995 to 2021.

Education spending in Italy constantly augmented from 1995 to 2023. Public investments grew steadily between the late 1990s and the 2000s, before recording a stagnation during and after the 2010-2011 Euro crisis. However, government expenditure has increased since 2018, and the Italian government allocated 83.6 billion euros for education in 2023.

Time series data for the statistic Adjusted savings: education expenditure (current US$) and country Italy. Indicator Definition:Education expenditure refers to the current operating expenditures in education, including wages and salaries and excluding capital investments in buildings and equipment.The indicator "Adjusted savings: education expenditure (current US$)" stands at 82.64 Billion usd as of 12/31/2021. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an increase of 11.71 percent compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percent is 11.71.The 3 year change in percent is -4.52.The 5 year change in percent is 19.64.The 10 year change in percent is -8.14.The Serie's long term average value is 48.44 Billion usd. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2021, is 70.63 percent higher, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percent from it's minimum value, on 12/31/1971, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2021, is +2,090.55%.The Serie's change in percent from it's maximum value, on 12/31/2008, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2021, is -17.75%.

Italy IT: All Education Staff Compensation: Primary: % of Total Expenditure in Primary Public Institutions data was reported at 78.039 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 78.631 % for 2013. Italy IT: All Education Staff Compensation: Primary: % of Total Expenditure in Primary Public Institutions data is updated yearly, averaging 78.102 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2014, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 80.567 % in 1998 and a record low of 74.649 % in 2004. Italy IT: All Education Staff Compensation: Primary: % of Total Expenditure in Primary Public Institutions data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. All staff (teacher and non-teachers) compensation is expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programs, and other allowances and benefits.; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median;

In Italy, spending on tertiary education reached *** billion euros in 2023, compared to *** billion euros in 2022. Italy is one of the countries with the smallest share of the population holding a university degree in Europe.

Italy IT: All Education Staff Compensation: Tertiary: % of Total Expenditure in Tertiary Public Institutions data was reported at 52.568 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 53.581 % for 2013. Italy IT: All Education Staff Compensation: Tertiary: % of Total Expenditure in Tertiary Public Institutions data is updated yearly, averaging 59.017 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2014, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 62.173 % in 1998 and a record low of 52.148 % in 2003. Italy IT: All Education Staff Compensation: Tertiary: % of Total Expenditure in Tertiary Public Institutions data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. All staff (teacher and non-teachers) compensation is expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programs, and other allowances and benefits.; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median;

Italy IT: Government Expenditure per Student: Primary: % of(GDP) Gross Domestic Productper Capita data was reported at 21.192 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 21.392 % for 2013. Italy IT: Government Expenditure per Student: Primary: % of(GDP) Gross Domestic Productper Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 22.791 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2014, with 17 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24.099 % in 2003 and a record low of 20.685 % in 2012. Italy IT: Government Expenditure per Student: Primary: % of(GDP) Gross Domestic Productper Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.World Bank: Education Statistics. Government expenditure per student is the average general government expenditure (current, capital, and transfers) per student in the given level of education, expressed as a percentage of GDP per capita.; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median;

Italy IT: Adjusted Savings: Education Expenditure data was reported at 72.331 USD bn in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 70.753 USD bn for 2015. Italy IT: Adjusted Savings: Education Expenditure data is updated yearly, averaging 48.534 USD bn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2016, with 47 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 99.729 USD bn in 2008 and a record low of 3.760 USD bn in 1971. Italy IT: Adjusted Savings: Education Expenditure data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. Education expenditure refers to the current operating expenditures in education, including wages and salaries and excluding capital investments in buildings and equipment.; ; UNESCO; data are extrapolated to the most recent year available; ;

This dataset provides a comparative analysis of education and health indicators across top countries, including Poland, Finland, Italy, and the USA etc... The data covers a range of indicators related to education, such as literacy rates, enrollment rates, and education spending, as well as health indicators such as life expectancy, infant mortality rates, and healthcare spending. The data is sourced from various official and publicly available data sources, including the World Bank, the United Nations, and country-specific government websites. Researchers, analysts, and educators can use this dataset to gain insights into the education and health outcomes of different countries, as well as to identify areas for improvement and best practices. The dataset is ideal for cross-country comparative analysis and can be used to inform policy-making, research, and educational programs.

The government activity which received the greatest share of government spending among member states of the European Union in 2022 was social protection. Social protection refers to welfare measures such as family and child benefits, unemployment benefits, social assistance programs and other social security expenditures. Some member states, such as Finland, Luxembourg, and Italy, spend more than 40 percent on this function, while countries such as Malta, Hungary, and Croatia spend less than 30 percent. Other common government activities such as providing health care, expenditure on economic affairs such as infrastructure and subsidies, education services, and public order such as the police force.

France FR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data was reported at 20.964 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 20.364 % for 2022. France FR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 18.827 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.121 % in 2014 and a record low of 14.574 % in 1990. France FR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

France FR: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data was reported at 7,045.149 EUR mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 6,796.350 EUR mn for 2022. France FR: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 5,766.558 EUR mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,045.149 EUR mn in 2023 and a record low of 2,247.099 EUR mn in 1981. France FR: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

France FR: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP data was reported at 2.208 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.158 % for 2013. France FR: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 1.926 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2014, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.208 % in 2014 and a record low of 1.517 % in 1981. France FR: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.