The net migration rate is the total sum of residents moving in and out of an area. When the figure is positive, more residents have moved into the region than inhabitants moving out. In 2024, the north-east of Italy had the greatest increase in inhabitants nationwide, with a net internal migration rate of 1.9 per 1,000 inhabitants, followed by the north-west. On the contrary, the south recorded a negative net migration rate of -2.9. Hence, this area is loosing inhabitants in favor of the northern regions. Similarly, the islands registered a negative rate of -2.1 per 1,000 residents.

In 2020, the North Italian regions of Emilia-Romagna and Trentino-South Tyrol had the largest increase in inhabitants, with a net migration of 2.9 per 1,000 inhabitants, respectively. On the contrary, Calabria recorded the lowest net migration rate, with a negative value of 4.3. Similarly, several regions in the South and in the Center showed negative figures, which means that the amount of residents who moved out of these regions was higher than the number of residents moving into the same areas.

From January to December 2024, around 66,000 migrants arrived in Italy by sea. Between 2014 and 2024, the number of migrants setting foot in the country peaked in 2016 at 181,000 individuals, whereas in 2019 only 11,400 people were rescued from the sea. In fact, stricter immigration policies were enacted between 2018 and 2019 by the right-wing and populist government supported by the League and the Five-Star Movement. Among the most frequent countries of origin declared upon arrivals in 2024, Bangladesh and Syria ranked in the first places. About 13,800 were Bangladeshi citizens, while around 12,500 immigrants came from Syria. Asylum seekers and minors among the migrants In 2023, the largest number of asylum applicants in Italy were from Bangladesh. In fact, 23,450 requests were recorded as of December 2023, while 18,300 applicants were from Egypt, the second most common nationality among asylum seekers. In recent years, many unaccompanied minors reached the Italian coasts. In 2024, 8,043 children migrated without their parents into the country. Contrasting opinions and distorted perceptions  According to the data published by Ipsos, a part of Italians tend to overestimate the size of the immigrated population. The results of this survey uncovered the presence of distorted perceptions in 2018: people thought that about 28 percent of the Italian population was not born in Italy, whereas the actual percentage was around ten. Furthermore, the public opinion on migration was controversial. In the same year, roughly half of the population perceived migrants as a risk for the Italian economy. On the other hand, 18 percent of Italians believed that migration could be a resource for the country.

Sector: Population

Algorithm: Migration balance on average resident population * 1,000

Phenomenon: Flow

Territorial comparisons: South Tyrol, North-East, Italy

In 2023, the difference between the total population change and the natural change in Italy equaled to ******* individuals.

This scatter chart displays death rate (per 1,000 people) against net migration (people) in Italy. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

This scatter chart displays fertility rate (births per woman) against net migration (people) in Italy. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

In 2020, the number of people who migrated to Italy decreased. The coronavirus pandemic has had an impact on the country's migration rate and significant restrictions on movement have been introduced. In particular, during the first wave of infections registered between March and May 2020, the number of immigrants dropped by 66.3 percent compared to the same period of 2019. However, also before the pandemic the number of people who moved to Italy was lower compared to the previous year.

Immigration enforcement has ambiguous implications for the crime rate of undocumented immigrants. On the one hand, expulsions reduce the pool of immigrants at risk of committing crimes, on the other they lower the opportunity cost of crime for those who are not expelled. We estimate the effect of expulsions on the crime rate of undocumented immigrants in Italy exploiting variation in enforcement toward immigrants of different nationality, due to the existence of bilateral agreements for the control of illegal migration. We find that stricter enforcement of migration policy reduces the crime rate of undocumented immigrants.

Abstract

The Migration Cost Surveys (MCS) project is a joint initiative of the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD) and the International Labor Organization (ILO). The project was initiated to support methodological work on developing a new Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator (10.7.1) on worker-paid recruitment costs. The surveys of migrant workers conducted in multiple bilateral corridors between 2015 and 2017 provide new systematic evidence of financial and some non-financial costs incurred by workers to obtain jobs abroad. The compiled dataset is divided into two waves (2015 and 2016) based on the questionnaire version used in the surveys. This document describes surveys conducted using the 2016 version of the MCS questionnaire.

Geographic coverage

Multinational coverage - India - Philippines - Nepal - Uzbekistan - Kyrgyz Republic - Tajikistan - Countries in Western Africa

Analysis unit

KNOMAD-ILO Migration Costs Surveys (KNOMAD-ILO MCS) have the following unit of analysis: individuals

Universe

Surveys of migrants from the following corridors are included: • India-Saudi Arabia • Philippines to Saudi Arabia • Nepal to Malaysia, Qatar and Saudi Arabia • Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan to Russia • West African countries to Italy

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

All surveys conducted for this project used either convenience or snowball sampling. Sample enrollment was restricted to migrants primarily employed in low-skilled positions. There is variation in terms of when migrants were interviewed in their migration life-cycle. Two surveys of recruited workers - that is workers who are recruited in their home countries for jobs abroad - namely Filipinos and Indians to Saudi Arabia, were conducted with migrants returning to their origin countries (for visits or permanently). The surveys of non-recruited migrants - Central Asian migrants to Russia and West African migrants to Italy - were administered in the destination countries, which permitted multiple bilateral migration channels to be documented (at cost of smaller sample sizes in some corridors, particularly with Italy as destination). The survey instruments for non-recruited migrants were worded in present tense for various aspect of stay in the destination country. The content of the variables remains analogous to the surveys of returnees. Finally, the survey of Nepalese migrants was conducted with migrants who were departing to their destination countries within a two-week period. Please refer to Annex Table 1 of the 2016 KNOMAD_ILO MCS Guide for a summary description of the samples included in the 2016 KNOMAD-ILO MCS dataset.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The 2016 KNOMAD-ILO Migration Costs Surveys consists of 7 survey modules: A. Respondent information B. Information on costs for current job C. Borrowing money for the foreign job D. Job search efforts and opportunity costs E. Work in foreign country F. Job environment G. Current status and contact information

Sampling error estimates

n/a

Data appraisal

n/a

In 2023, the biggest communities of foreign nationals in Italy were in Milan, Bologna, Florence, Turin, Rome, and Genoa, where more than ten percent of the inhabitants were not of Italian origin. These cities are mostly located in the north of the country. On the contrary, in the southern municipalities of Bari, Catania, and Palermo the incidence of the immigrant population is minimal, well below **** percent. Italian demographics In 2024, beyond **** million foreign residents lived in Italy, compared to the total population of ** million inhabitants. Projections assert that in the upcoming years, the number of Italian citizens will progressively decrease, mostly given to the aging population and low birth rates. In fact, it has been predicted that the median age could reach **** years by 2050, whereas the country experienced a constant decline in the number of births. In 2010, almost ******* babies came into life, but ten years later only ******* births were recorded. The divide between north and south From the distribution of immigrant residents, there is an evident separation between the northern Italian regions and the southern part of the country, making those territories less attractive for foreigners in terms of work opportunities. Analysis on the index of the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2005, in 2015 and 2025 reveal that the total wealth produced by the southern region represents only half of the one recorded in the north. Moreover, in 2023 the unemployment rate in northern regions was around **** percent, whereas in the south it reached ** percent.

ResourcesMapTeacher guide Student worksheetVocabulary and puzzlesSelf-check questionsGet startedOpen the map.Use the teacher guide to explore the map with your class or have students work through it on their own with the worksheet.New to GeoInquiriesTM? See Getting to Know GeoInquiries.AP skills & objectives (CED)Skill 2.B: Explain spatial relationships in a specified context or region of the world, using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.IMP-2.A: Explain factors that account for contemporary and historical trends in population growth and decline.IMP-2.C: Explain how different causal factors encourage migration.Learning outcomesStudents will identify and explain why some regions of the world experience high and low net migration rates.Students will analyze the relationship between Lampedusa, Italy’s relative location and refugee migration.

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Argentina was one of the main destinations for Italian emigrants. The highest rate of migration from Italy to Argentina occurred in the early 1900s, particularly in 1913, where ***** thousand people moved to the South American country. Subsequently, emigration to Argentina declined during the First World War, although it did increase again after 1918. As of 2018, Argentina hosted the largest Italian population outside of Italy with almost *********** Italians residing in the South American country.

BackgroundInfluenza A viruses are characterised by their rapid evolution, and the appearance of point mutations in the viral hemagglutinin (HA) domain causes seasonal epidemics. The A(H3N2) virus has higher mutation rate than the A(H1N1) virus. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the evolutionary dynamics of the A(H3N2) viruses circulating in Italy between 2004 and 2012 in the light of the forces driving viral evolution.MethodsPhylodinamic analyses were made using a Bayesian method, and codon-specific positive selection acting on the HA coding sequence was evaluated.ResultsGlobal and local phylogenetic analyses showed that the Italian strains collected between 2004 and 2012 grouped into five significant Italian clades that included viral sequences circulating in different epidemic seasons. The time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the tree root was between May and December 2003. The tMRCA estimates of the major clades suggest that the origin of a new viral strain precedes the effective circulation of the strain in the Italian population by 6–31 months, thus supporting a central role of global migration in seeding the epidemics in Italy. The study of selection pressure showed that four codons were under positive selection, three of which were located in antigenic sites. Analysis of population dynamics showed the alternation of periods of exponential growth followed by a decrease in the effective number of infections corresponding to epidemic and inter-epidemic seasons.ConclusionsOur analyses suggest that a complex interaction between the immune status of the population, migrations, and a few selective sweeps drive the influenza A(H3N2) virus evolution. Our findings suggest the possibility of the year-round survival of local strains even in temperate zones, a hypothesis that warrants further investigation.

The study aimed to explore whether the 1-in-X bias is also present in relation to immigration growth rates. We tested this research question on a representative sample of adult residents in Trento, Italy, between March and April 2019. Participants were presented with data comparing the foreign immigrant-to-resident population ratio in Italy for 2001 (1 in 40) and 2011 (1 in 15), using two distinct formats—1-in-X and percentages. They were then asked to express the perceived increase. Baseline measures of several individual-level factors, including cultural worldviews, perceptions of immigration, numeracy, science literacy, and economic literacy, were also collected to explore the potential role of individual differences in influencing the effect of the 1-in-X format on the perceived increase in immigrants. The results confirmed the existence of the 1-in-X bias, demonstrating that the immigration growth rate in the 1-in-X format was perceived as higher than in the percentage format, even after controlling for the effects of the idiosyncratic variables. The results of this study provide insight into how different numerical formats can influence public perceptions of immigration growth rates, offering suggestions to policymakers, communicators, and stakeholders about how the presentation of information can shape public opinion.

Multilingual MigrationskB (MGKB) is a mulitlingual extended version of English MGKB. The tweets geotagged with Geo location from 32 European Countries (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom) are extracted and filtered by 11 languages (English, French, Finnish, German, Greek, Dutch, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Spain, Swedish). Metadata information about the tweets, such as Geo information (place name, coordinates, country code) are included. MGKB contains sentiments, offensive and hate speeches, topics, hashtags, user mentions in RDF format. The schema of MGKB is an extension of TweetsKB for migration related information. Moreover, to associate and represent the potential economic and social factors driving the migration flows, the data from Eurostat and FIBO ontology was used. To represent multilinguality, the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC-CRM) is used. The extracted economic indicators, i.e., GDP Growth Rate, Total Unemployment Rate, Youth Unemployment Rate, Long-term Unemployment Rate and Income per househould, are connected with each tweet in RDF using geographical and temporal dimensions. For this version, the Multilingual MGKB is delivered separated by year. The extracted topic words are also published. Code: https://github.com/migrationsKB/MRL Please contact Yiyi Chen (yiyi.chen@partner.kit.edu) for pretrained models (Sentiment analysis/hate speech detection/ETM) if necessary.

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the United States was one of the main destinations for Italian emigrants. The largest number of people leaving Italy for the U.S. was registered in **********************************************, particularly in ****, before a sharp decline occurred in 1914 due to the First World War.Nowadays, the U.S. is still one of the main destinations for Italians. More specifically, as of January 2021, *** percent of all Italians moving abroad over the last year went to the United States.

Differentiation measures (Fst), probability (p-value) and migration rate (Nm) between populations/subpopulations of L. infantum strains (n = 52) from the Emilia-Romagna region (northeastern Italy) as assumed by STRUCTURE.

From 1820 until 1957, almost six million people migrated from Southern Europe to the United States, with roughly five million of those coming from Italy. The highest rate of migration came as the nineteenth century ended, and lasted until the Great Depression (although there was a large decrease during the First World War). The years with the highest level of migration were in 1907 and 1914, where almost 340 thousand people migrated from Southern Europe to the United States.

The analysis of 202 HA protein (231 codons) of A(H3N2) virus using SLAC, FEL, MEME and FUBAR methods (described in methods). The statistically significant values are reported in bold.Selection pressure analysis.