In 2023, around 29.1 percent of the total population in Japan was aged 65 years and older. Due to a low birth rate and high longevity, people aged 65 years and over were estimated to make up approximately 38.7 percent of the population in Japan by 2070. The share of children below 15 years old was expected to decrease to around 9.2 percent by that year.

Throughout the Common Era, Japan's population saw relatively steady growth between each century. Failed invasions and distance from Asia's mainland meant that Japan was unaffected by many pandemics, primarily bubonic plague, therefore its development was not drastically impeded in the same way as areas such as China or Europe. Additionally, religious practices meant that hygiene was prioritized much more in Japan than in other regions, and dietary customs saw lower rates of meat consumption and regular boiling of water in meals or tea; both of these factors contributed to lower rates of infection for many parasitic or water-borne diseases. Fewer international conflicts and domestic stability also saw lower mortality in this regard, and Japan was an considered an outlier by Asian standards, as some shifting trends associated with the demographic transition (such as lower child mortality and fertility) began taking place in the 17th century; much earlier time than anywhere else in the world. Yet the most significant changes came in the 20th century, as Japan's advanced healthcare and sanitation systems saw drastic reductions in mortality. Challenges Japan's isolation meant that, when pandemics did arrive, the population had less protection and viruses could have higher mortality rates; smallpox has been cited as the deadliest of these pandemics, although increased international contact in the late 19th century brought new viruses, and population growth slowed. Earlier isolation also meant that crop failure or food shortages could leave large sections of the population vulnerable, and, as mentioned, the Japanese diet contained relatively little meat, therefore there was a higher reliance on crops and vegetables. It is believed that the shortage of arable land and the acidity of the soil due to volcanic activity meant that agriculture was more challenging in Japan than on the Asian mainland. For most of history, paddy fields were the most efficient source of food production in Japan, but the challenging nature of this form of agriculture and changes in employment trends gradually led to an increased reliance in imported crops. Post-Sakoku Japan Distance from the Asian mainland was not the only reason for Japan's isolation; from 1603 to 1853, under the Tokugawa shogunate, international trade was restricted, migration abroad was forbidden, and most foreign interaction was centered around Nagasaki. American neo-imperialism then forced Japan to open trade with the west, and Japan became an imperial power by the early-1900s. Japanese expansion began with a series of military victories against China and Russia at the turn of the century, and the annexation of Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria by the 1930s, before things escalated further during its invasion of China and the Second World War. Despite its involvement in so many wars, the majority of conflicts involving Japan were overseas, therefore civilian casualties were much lower than those suffered by other Asian countries during this time. After Japan's defeat in 1945, its imperial ambitions were abandoned, it developed strong economic ties with the West, and had the fastest economic growth of any industrial country in the post-WWII period. Today, Japan is one of the most demographically advanced countries in the world, with the highest life expectancy in most years. However, its population has been in a steady decline for over a decade, and low fertility and an over-aged society are considered some of the biggest challenges to Japanese society today.

Approximately 36.5 million people in Japan were estimated to be within the age group 65 and over in 2024. This number was projected to increase until 2040 and then decline to about 20.1 million by 2120.

In 1800, the population of Japan was just over 30 million, a figure which would grow by just two million in the first half of the 19th century. However, with the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the emperor in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan would begin transforming from an isolated feudal island, to a modernized empire built on Western models. The Meiji period would see a rapid rise in the population of Japan, as industrialization and advancements in healthcare lead to a significant reduction in child mortality rates, while the creation overseas colonies would lead to a strong economic boom. However, this growth would slow beginning in 1937, as Japan entered a prolonged war with the Republic of China, which later grew into a major theater of the Second World War. The war was eventually brought to Japan's home front, with the escalation of Allied air raids on Japanese urban centers from 1944 onwards (Tokyo was the most-bombed city of the Second World War). By the war's end in 1945 and the subsequent occupation of the island by the Allied military, Japan had suffered over two and a half million military fatalities, and over one million civilian deaths.

The population figures of Japan were quick to recover, as the post-war “economic miracle” would see an unprecedented expansion of the Japanese economy, and would lead to the country becoming one of the first fully industrialized nations in East Asia. As living standards rose, the population of Japan would increase from 77 million in 1945, to over 127 million by the end of the century. However, growth would begin to slow in the late 1980s, as birth rates and migration rates fell, and Japan eventually grew to have one of the oldest populations in the world. The population would peak in 2008 at just over 128 million, but has consistently fallen each year since then, as the fertility rate of the country remains below replacement level (despite government initiatives to counter this) and the country's immigrant population remains relatively stable. The population of Japan is expected to continue its decline in the coming years, and in 2020, it is estimated that approximately 126 million people inhabit the island country.

Text A, Representation theorem for a right eigenvector of an irreducible non-negative matrix. Text B, Theorem for infinite series expansion of characteristic equation. Text C, Original definition of type-reproduction number. Text D, Extension theorem of type-reproduction number. (ZIP)

The annual population growth in Japan decreased by 0.1 percentage points compared to the previous year. In 2023, the population growth thereby reached its lowest value in recent years. Population growth refers to the annual change in population, and is based on the balance between birth and death rates, as well as migration.Find more key insights for the annual population growth in countries like South Korea and Hong Kong.

Chart and table of population level and growth rate for the Tokyo, Japan metro area from 1950 to 2025. United Nations population projections are also included through the year 2035.

Coefficients of multivariate and univariate negative binomial regressions.

DATASET: Alpha version 2000 and 2010 estimates of numbers of people per grid square, with national totals adjusted to match UN population division estimates (http://esa.un.org/wpp/) and MODIS-derived urban extent change built in. REGION: Asia SPATIAL RESOLUTION: 0.000833333 decimal degrees (approx 100m at the equator) PROJECTION: Geographic, WGS84 UNITS: Estimated persons per grid square MAPPING APPROACH: Land cover based, as described on the website and in: Gaughan AE, Stevens FR, Linard C, Jia P and Tatem AJ, 2013, High resolution population distribution maps for Southeast Asia in 2010 and 2015, PLoS ONE, 8(2): e55882 FORMAT: Geotiff (zipped using 7-zip (open access tool): www.7-zip.org) FILENAMES: Example - VNM00urbchg.tif = Vietnam (VNM) population count map for 2000 (00) adjusted to match UN national estimates and incorporating urban extent and urban population estimates for 2000. DATE OF PRODUCTION: July 2013 Dataset construction details and input data are provided here: www.asiapop.org and here: http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0055882

Shrinking cities due to low birthrates and aging populations represent a significant urban planning issue. The research question of this study is: which economic, social, and educational factors affect population decline in Japanese shrinking cities? By modeling shrinking cities using the case of Japanese cities, this study aims to clarify the indicators that affect the population change rate. The study employed Bayesian network analysis, a machine learning technique, using a dataset of economic, social, and educational indicators. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that social and educational indicators affect the population decline rate. Surprisingly, the impact of educational indicators is more substantial than that of economic indicators such as the financial strength index. Considering the limitations in fiscal expenditures, increasing investment in education might help solve the problem of shrinking cities because of low birthrates and aging populations. The results provide essential insights and can function as a planning support system.

Kendall rank correlation coefficient between the independent variables for the clusters with at least ten cells observed in 2005.

Modern lifestyles demand a number of products derived from petroleum-based sources that eventually cause carbon emissions. The quantification of lifestyle and household consumption impacts upon carbon emissions from both the embodied CO2 (EC) and materially retained carbon (MRC) viewpoints is critical to deriving amelioration policies and meeting emission reduction goals. This study, for the first time, details a methodology to estimate both EC and MRC for Japan, focusing on petrochemicals and woody products utilizing the time series input-output table, physical value tables and the national survey of family income and expenditure, leveraging time series input-output-based material flow analysis (IO-MFA), and structural decomposition analysis (SDA). Findings elucidated hot spots of deleterious consumption by age of householder and the critical factors which underpin them including intensity effects, pattern effects, and demographic shifts over time. Although demographic shifts associated with an aging, shrinking population in Japan decreased EC and MRC, the negative effect reduced in size over time during 1990–2005. Policy implications identify the potential to mitigate approximately 21% of required household emission reductions by 2030 through strategies including recycling initiatives and the recovery of carbon from products covered within current recycling laws and hot spot sectors which are not currently considered such as apparel.

Raw_data_GenepopMicrosatellite genotype data of wild Melitaea ambigua individuals in Japan.

For most of the past two centuries, falling birth rates have been associated with societal progress. During the demographic transition, where pre-industrial societies modernize in terms of fertility and mortality, falling death rates, especially among infants and children, are the first major change. In response, as more children survive into adulthood, women have fewer children as the need to compensate for child mortality declines. This transition has happened at different times across the world and is an ongoing process, with early industrial countries being the first to transition, and Sub-Saharan African countries being the most recent to do so. Additionally, some Asian countries (particularly China through government policy) have gone through their demographic transitions at a much faster pace than those deemed more developed. Today, in countries such as Japan, Italy, and Germany, birth rates have fallen well below death rates; this is no longer considered a positive demographic trend, as it leads to natural population decline, and may create an over-aged population that could place a burden on healthcare systems.

Aim: The historical circumstances promoting the transition from sexual to apomictic reproduction in dioecious plant species remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the divergence and demographic history of Lindera glauca, a dioecious tree considered to be facultatively apomictic in China while comprising only females (obligate apomicts) in Japan.

Location: East Asia (China and Japan)

Methods: Samples from 42 populations were genotyped using chloroplast DNA and nuclear microsatellite (nSSR) loci to assess genetic diversity and structure. The nSSR genotypes were also used to detect the mode of reproduction in Chinese and Japanese populations, respectively. Approximate Bayesian Computation on nSSRs and palaeoclimatic niche models provided further insights into the evolutionary and population demographic history.

Results: Chinese L. glauca was found to harbour both sexual and asexual genotypes. Chinese and Japanese L. glauca underwent roughly contemporaneous bottlenecks during a mid-Pleistocene glacial period, possibly marking the split-time of the island lineage from its mainland ancestor. In contrast to Chinese L. glauca, the Japanese lineage experienced a massive range contraction during the Last Glacial Maximum and postglacial expansions.

Main conclusions: While reproductive assurance plays an important role in the selection of apomixis in Chinese L. glauca, the lack of male plants in Japan likely reflects population demographic history driven by (Late) Quaternary climate change. Hence, the present study demonstrates a possible link between palaeoclimate change and the transition to exclusively apomictic reproduction in a dioecious tree.

Methods All 617 samples were genotyped at 19 nSSR loci using primers and amplification protocols developed specifically for Lindera glauca (Echt, Deemer, Kubisiak, & Nelson, 2006; Edwards & Niesenbaum, 2007; Xiong et al., 2016; Zhu, Ding, Yap, & Qiu, 2016; see Table S2). Alleles were manually scored and determined using genemarker (version 2.2.0; SoftGenetics, State College, PA, USA).

We performed demographic history analysis based on these data using ABC and also provided the R scripts.

We also provided a file of the Maxent process and the results.

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Population Health Management Market Size 2025-2029

The population health management market size is forecast to increase by USD 19.40 billion at a CAGR of 10.7% between 2024 and 2029.

Population health management (PHM) In the healthcare sector has witnessed significant growth due to several catalysts. The adoption of healthcare IT is a major driving factor, enabling the collection, integration, and analysis of large volumes of data from various sources. This data, including electronic health records (EHR), point of care data management software, and remote patient monitoring, is utilized for healthcare analytics and data analytics.

The rise in chronic diseases necessitates proactive care and management, which is addressed through predictive analytics and chronic disease management. Additionally, advancements in healthcare IT, such as telehealth, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, facilitate remote patient care and improved patient engagement. Genetic testing and data security are essential components of PHM, ensuring personalized medicine and data privacy. The focus on cost reduction and the increasing cost of installing PHM platforms further fuel market growth.

What will be the Size of the Population Health Management Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market is experiencing significant growth and transformation as healthcare providers shift towards patient-centered care and value-based models. Telemedicine adoption, patient satisfaction surveys, and remote patient monitoring are key trends driving market expansion. Patient segmentation, healthcare cost transparency, medical device integration, and precision medicine are also critical components of population health management. Healthcare data security and interoperability standards are essential considerations as healthcare organizations leverage healthcare analytics and data analytics to improve patient outcomes and reduce costs. Additionally, medical billing optimization, healthcare policy analysis, predictive modeling, clinical decision support, financial data, and healthcare workforce development are essential elements of this evolving market.
The future of population health management will be shaped by healthcare innovation, including virtual care, patient safety, personalized medicine, patient engagement, healthcare technology, quality improvement, patient needs, and precision healthcare. Telehealth, predictive analytics, cost-effective care, and digital health solutions are also expected to play a significant role In the market's development.

How is this Population Health Management Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The population health management industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.ComponentSoftwareServicesEnd-userLarge enterprisesSMEsDelivery ModeOn-PremiseCloud-BasedEnd-UseProvidersPayersEmployer GroupsGeographyNorth AmericaCanadaUSEuropeGermanyUKFranceItalyAsiaChinaIndiaJapanSouth KoreaRest of World (ROW)

By Component Insights

The software segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market's software segment is a significant and evolving sector, facilitating healthcare organizations in managing and enhancing the health outcomes of diverse populations. Software solutions collect, analyze, and utilize health data for informed decision-making. A population health management platform aggregates and integrates data from sources such as electronic health records, claims data, and patient-generated data. Advanced analytics enable the identification of at-risk populations, addressing chronic conditions, and improving patient outcomes. Value-based reimbursement models, such as fee-for-service and value-based payment, are driving the adoption of these platforms. Healthcare IT services, including data-driven healthcare, precision medicine, and care coordination, are integral to the software segment's growth.

Government bodies and healthcare providers, including hospitals, clinics, and healthcare facilities, are strategic collaborators in implementing population health management solutions. The software segment's innovation is fueled by technical knowledge, AI diagnostics, machine learning, edge computing, wearable devices, and IoT integration. Security risks, such as data encryption, predictive models, and cybersecurity, are addressed through interoperability tools and health metrics. The market's growth is influenced by healthcare expenditures, big data, and tailored interventions for chronic conditions.

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The Software segment was valued at USD 16.04 billion in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Machine l

In 2023, approximately 3.4 million residents of foreign nationality were registered in Japan, making up below three percent of the population. The total number of foreign residents increased by almost 1.3 million in the last decade. Development of immigration to JapanExcept for a large minority of people of Korean descent who have lived in Japan since the first half of the twentieth century, immigration of people from other countries did not become an issue in Japan until the 1980s when the economy required more labor. A revision of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act in 1990 allowed people of Japanese descent, so-called nikkeijin, to enter the country and work without restrictions. The nikkeijin who entered Japan in the years that followed mainly came from Brazil and other South American countries. Chinese immigration increased as well throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. A breakdown of foreign residents by major nationalities shows that Chinese immigrants overtook Koreans as the largest minority group in 2007. People from Vietnam were the strongest growing minority in the 2010s. Recent immigration reformDue to its demographic changes, Japan has a relatively low unemployment rate. As a consequence, a large share of companies reports labor shortages. The temporary immigration of foreign workers is considered one of the possible solutions to this problem, next to the increasing labor market participation of women and the elderly. In December 2018, the Japanese parliament passed a major immigration reform that became enacted in April 2019. The reform allowed lower- and semi-skilled workers to enter the country and work in one of 14 different industries suffering from a lack of labor. The vast majority of participants are not allowed to bring their family members and are expected to return to their respective countries after their terms in Japan end.

This statistic shows the change in the United States' Japanese population from 1980 to 2010. In 1980, there were 720,000 Japanese-Americans (Japanese immigrants and people with Japanese heritage) living in the United States.

In Japan, the population sex ratio has seen slight changes over the past decades. In 2021, the number of men was around 94.6 for every 100 women, constituting a decrease from 96.1 in 1950.

What is the sex ratio? The population sex ratio is determined by the sex ratio at birth, different mortality rates between men and women, as well as losses and gains through migration. In the absence of alteration, the sex ratio in human populations is quite constant, with only minor deviations. While the sex ratio at birth is usually 105 to 107, the population sex ratio, which refers to the total number of males for every 100 females, is often below 100. The reason for the shift mostly lies in differing lifestyles and physical constitutions of men and women. In general, women tend to be more resistant to disease throughout life, while men tend to engage in higher risk behavior or violence.

Influences and consequences
The sex ratio at birth and its possible determinants such as gestation environment, climate change, chemical pollution or socio-economic factors have long been subject to scientific research. Recently the impact of natural disasters, like the nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011, was presumed to influence the sex ratio at birth. The adult gender ratio has long been recognized as a key population-level determinant of behavior. However, there are many different or competing theories in existing literature about the social impacts of gender imbalance on topics such as violence, family stability, reproduction etc.

In 2022, the average life expectancy of women in Japan was approximately 87.1 years, whereas the life expectancy of men reached around 81.1 years. The average life expectancy of both men and women in Japan indicated a decrease for two consecutive years. Aging workforce Japan has one of the highest proportions of senior citizens worldwide, with almost 30 percent of the country’s population aged 65 years and older. The growing average life expectancy and declining fertility rates led to this demographic shift. To secure the nation's workforce despite the aging population, the Japanese government amended the Act on Stabilization of Employment of Elderly Persons in 2021 and requested Japanese enterprises to raise the retirement age to 70 for employees who wish to continue working after turning 60 or 65. Causes of death The leading causes of death in Japan are malignant neoplasms, heart diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases. Lung cancer is the most mortal cancer site among Japanese men and women, but its mortality risk has declined from the 1990s onward. This development can be partially attributed to the downward trend in tobacco consumption. Since peaking in the 1970s, tobacco consumption in Japan has steadily declined, noticeable from the continuous decrease in the cigarette industry’s annual sales volume growth. Apart from a growing awareness regarding health risks, this downward movement can be explained by a tightening of prefectural no-smoking policies in the streets, many restaurants, and public places in general.