PERIOD: Oct. 1, 1930. SOURCE: Population Census of Japan; [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet].
PERIOD: Population census on Oct. 1, 1920. SOURCE: [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet].
PERIOD: Population census on Oct. 1, 1925. SOURCE: [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet].
This study is an experiment designed to compare the performance of three methodologies for sampling households with migrants:
Researchers from the World Bank applied these methods in the context of a survey of Brazilians of Japanese descent (Nikkei), requested by the World Bank. There are approximately 1.2-1.9 million Nikkei among Brazil’s 170 million population.
The survey was designed to provide detail on the characteristics of households with and without migrants, to estimate the proportion of households receiving remittances and with migrants in Japan, and to examine the consequences of migration and remittances on the sending households.
The same questionnaire was used for the stratified random sample and snowball surveys, and a shorter version of the questionnaire was used for the intercept surveys. Researchers can directly compare answers to the same questions across survey methodologies and determine the extent to which the intercept and snowball surveys can give similar results to the more expensive census-based survey, and test for the presence of biases.
Sao Paulo and Parana states
Japanese-Brazilian (Nikkei) households and individuals
The 2000 Brazilian Census was used to classify households as Nikkei or non-Nikkei. The Brazilian Census does not ask ethnicity but instead asks questions on race, country of birth and whether an individual has lived elsewhere in the last 10 years. On the basis of these questions, a household is classified as (potentially) Nikkei if it has any of the following: 1) a member born in Japan; 2) a member who is of yellow race and who has lived in Japan in the last 10 years; 3) a member who is of yellow race, who was not born in a country other than Japan (predominantly Korea, Taiwan or China) and who did not live in a foreign country other than Japan in the last 10 years.
Sample survey data [ssd]
1) Stratified random sample survey
Two states with the largest Nikkei population - Sao Paulo and Parana - were chosen for the study.
The sampling process consisted of three stages. First, a stratified random sample of 75 census tracts was selected based on 2000 Brazilian census. Second, interviewers carried out a door-to-door listing within each census tract to determine which households had a Nikkei member. Third, the survey questionnaire was then administered to households that were identified as Nikkei. A door-to-door listing exercise of the 75 census tracts was then carried out between October 13th, 2006, and October 29th, 2006. The fieldwork began on November 19, 2006, and all dwellings were visited at least once by December 22, 2006. The second wave of surveying took place from January 18th, 2007, to February 2nd, 2007, which was intended to increase the number of households responding.
2) Intercept survey
The intercept survey was designed to carry out interviews at a range of locations that were frequented by the Nikkei population. It was originally designed to be done in Sao Paulo city only, but a second intercept point survey was later carried out in Curitiba, Parana. Intercept survey took place between December 9th, 2006, and December 20th, 2006, whereas the Curitiba intercept survey took place between March 3rd and March 12th, 2007.
Consultations with Nikkei community organizations, local researchers and officers of the bank Sudameris, which provides remittance services to this community, were used to select a broad range of locations. Interviewers were assigned to visit each location during prespecified blocks of time. Two fieldworkers were assigned to each location. One fieldworker carried out the interviews, while the other carried out a count of the number of people with Nikkei appearance who appeared to be 18 years old or older who passed by each location. For the fixed places, this count was made throughout the prespecified time block. For example, between 2.30 p.m. and 3.30 p.m. at the sports club, the interviewer counted 57 adult Nikkeis. Refusal rates were carefully recorded, along with the sex and approximate age of the person refusing.
In all, 516 intercept interviews were collected.
3) Snowball sampling survey
The questionnaire that was used was the same as used for the stratified random sample. The plan was to begin with a seed list of 75 households, and to aim to reach a total sample of 300 households through referrals from the initial seed households. Each household surveyed was asked to supply the names of three contacts: (a) a Nikkei household with a member currently in Japan; (b) a Nikkei household with a member who has returned from Japan; (c) a Nikkei household without members in Japan and where individuals had not returned from Japan.
The snowball survey took place from December 5th to 20th, 2006. The second phase of the snowballing survey ran from January 22nd, 2007, to March 23rd, 2007. More associations were contacted to provide additional seed names (69 more names were obtained) and, as with the stratified sample, an adaptation of the intercept survey was used when individuals refused to answer the longer questionnaire. A decision was made to continue the snowball process until a target sample size of 100 had been achieved.
The final sample consists of 60 households who came as seed households from Japanese associations, and 40 households who were chain referrals. The longest chain achieved was three links.
Face-to-face [f2f]
1) Stratified sampling and snowball survey questionnaire
This questionnaire has 36 pages with over 1,000 variables, taking over an hour to complete.
If subjects refused to answer the questionnaire, interviewers would leave a much shorter version of the questionnaire to be completed by the household by themselves, and later picked up. This shorter questionnaire was the same as used in the intercept point survey, taking seven minutes on average. The intention with the shorter survey was to provide some data on households that would not answer the full survey because of time constraints, or because respondents were reluctant to have an interviewer in their house.
2) Intercept questionnaire
The questionnaire is four pages in length, consisting of 62 questions and taking a mean time of seven minutes to answer. Respondents had to be 18 years old or older to be interviewed.
1) Stratified random sampling 403 out of the 710 Nikkei households were surveyed, an interview rate of 57%. The refusal rate was 25%, whereas the remaining households were either absent on three attempts or were not surveyed because building managers refused permission to enter the apartment buildings. Refusal rates were higher in Sao Paulo than in Parana, reflecting greater concerns about crime and a busier urban environment.
2) Intercept Interviews 516 intercept interviews were collected, along with 325 refusals. The average refusal rate is 39%, with location-specific refusal rates ranging from only 3% at the food festival to almost 66% at one of the two grocery stores.
https://d-repo.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/statistical-ybhttps://d-repo.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/statistical-yb
PERIOD: Population census on Oct. 1, 1920. SOURCE: [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet and reports by the Hokkaido Agency].
PERIOD: Population census on Oct. 1, 1930. SOURCE: [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet].
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License information was derived automatically
First name, last name and country of origin of all researchers with inference accuracy ≥70% for a country whose names were well recognized by NamSor (i.e., Japan).
Number, percentage and rate (per 100,000 population) of homicide victims, by racialized identity group (total, by racialized identity group; racialized identity group; South Asian; Chinese; Black; Filipino; Arab; Latin American; Southeast Asian; West Asian; Korean; Japanese; other racialized identity group; multiple racialized identity; racialized identity, but racialized identity group is unknown; rest of the population; unknown racialized identity group), gender (all genders; male; female; gender unknown) and region (Canada; Atlantic region; Quebec; Ontario; Prairies region; British Columbia; territories), 2019 to 2023.
The third wave of the Asian Barometer survey (ABS) conducted in 2010 and the database contains nine countries and regions in East Asia - the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Mongolia, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and South Korea. The ABS is an applied research program on public opinion on political values, democracy, and governance around the region. The regional network encompasses research teams from 13 East Asian political systems and 5 South Asian countries. Together, this regional survey network covers virtually all major political systems in the region, systems that have experienced different trajectories of regime evolution and are currently at different stages of political transition.
The mission and task of each national research team are to administer survey instruments to compile the required micro-level data under a common research framework and research methodology to ensure that the data is reliable and comparable on the issues of citizens' attitudes and values toward politics, power, reform, and democracy in Asia.
The Asian Barometer Survey is headquartered in Taipei and co-hosted by the Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica and The Institute for the Advanced Studies of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Taiwan University.
13 East Asian political systems: Japan, Mongolia, South Koreas, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia; 5 South Asian countries: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal
-Individuals
Sample survey data [ssd]
Compared with surveys carried out within a single nation, cross-nation survey involves an extra layer of difficulty and complexity in terms of survey management, research design, and database modeling for the purpose of data preservation and easy analysis. To facilitate the progress of the Asian Barometer Surveys, the survey methodology and database subproject is formed as an important protocol specifically aiming at overseeing and coordinating survey research designs, database modeling, and data release.
As a network of Global Barometer Surveys, Asian Barometer Survey requires all country teams to comply with the research protocols which Global Barometer network has developed, tested, and proved practical methods for conducting comparative survey research on public attitudes.
Research Protocols:
A model Asian Barometer Survey has a sample size of 1,200 respondents, which allows a minimum confidence interval of plus or minus 3 percent at 95 percent probability.
Face-to-face [f2f]
A standard questionnaire instrument containing a core module of identical or functionally equivalent questions. Wherever possible, theoretical concepts are measured with multiple items in order to enable testing for construct validity. The wording of items is determined by balancing various criteria, including: the research themes emphasized in the survey, the comprehensibility of the item to lay respondents, and the proven effectiveness of the item when tested in previous surveys.
Survey Topics: 1.Economic Evaluations: What is the economic condition of the nation and your family: now, over the last five years, and in the next five years? 2.Trust in institutions: How trustworthy are public institutions, including government branches, the media, the military, and NGOs. 3.Social Capital: Membership in private and public groups, the frequency and degree of group participation, trust in others, and influence of guanxi. 4.Political Participatio: Voting in elections, national and local, country-specific voting patterns, and active participation in the political process as well as demonstrations and strikes. Contact with government and elected officials, political organizations, NGOs and media. 5.Electoral Mobilization: Personal connections with officials, candidates, and political parties; influence on voter choice. 6.Psychological Involvement and Partisanship: Interest in political news coverage, impact of government policies on daily life, and party allegiance. 7.Traditionalism: Importance of consensus and family, role of the elderly, face, and woman in theworkplace. 8.Democratic Legitimacy and Preference for Democracy: Democratic ranking of present and previous regime, and expected ranking in the next five years; satisfaction with how democracy works, suitability of democracy; comparisons between current and previous regimes, especially corruption; democracy and economic development, political competition, national unity, social problems, military government, and technocracy. 9.Efficacy, Citizen Empowerment, System Responsiveness: Accessibility of political system: does a political elite prevent access and reduce the ability of people to influence the government. 10.Democratic vs. Authoritarian Values: Level of education and political equality, government leadership and superiority, separation of executive and judiciary. 11.Cleavage: Ownership of state-owned enterprises, national authority over local decisions, cultural insulation, community and the individual. 12.Belief in Procedural Norms of Democracy: Respect of procedures by political leaders: compromise, tolerance of opposing and minority views. 13.Social-Economic Background Variables: Gender, age, marital status, education level, years of formal education, religion and religiosity, household, income, language and ethnicity. 14.Interview Record: Gender, age, class, and language of the interviewer, people present at the interview; did the respondent: refuse, display impatience, and cooperate; the language or dialect spoken in interview, and was an interpreter present.
Quality checks are enforced at every stage of data conversion to ensure that information from paper returns is edited, coded, and entered correctly for purposes of computer analysis. Machine readable data are generated by trained data entry operators and a minimum of 20 percent of the data is entered twice by independent teams for purposes of cross-checking. Data cleaning involves checks for illegal and logically inconsistent values.
In 2023, **** percent of foreigners who were arrested in Japan for criminal offenses or law violations were **********. That year, Chinese nationals accounted for the ************** share of arrests, at approximately **** percent.
Citizens of countries with greater ethnic diversity or histories of legalized racial and ethnic discrimination such as the United States and South Africa are more likely to respond that ethnic discrimination is a significant problem in their societies. Meanwhile, those in less ethnically diverse nations such as Japan and South Korea are more likely to respond that ethnic discrimination is not a significant problem in their societies.
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License information was derived automatically
Results data consisted of identified significant loci S1 Table, lead SNPs S2 Table, and independent significant SNPs S3 Table in the Japanese population.
In 2022, nearly 411 thousand South Korean nationals were living in Japan, indicating an increase from approximately 410 thousand in the previous year. In 1984, about 646 thousand South Koreans were living in Japan.
In 2017, ** percent of Italian consumers have never gone to ethnic restaurants, and ** percent of them have never bought takeaway ethnic food. It is not that surprising, seeing the excellent reputation of their own cuisine among Italians. However, if we want to see the glass half full, the other half of respondents did purchase ethnic food, ** percent of them even went to ethnic restaurants more than twice a month.
Popular cuisines in Italy
What would ethnic food lovers eat then? According to a survey done in 2018, ** percent of them liked Chinese cuisine, ** percent preferred Japanese, while **** percent loved Mexican food. Eight percent would opt for Turkish food.
Ethnic food among young people
Asian cuisine seemed to be appreciated by young people. Italian teenagers between 13 and 19 years old answered to a poll on their ethnic food tastes. **** percent of them stated that they liked Japanese food, Chinese food had the preference of **** percent. Also, **** percent of teenagers asked would like to try African cuisine.
Asian cuisine seems to have conquered the palate of Brazilian consumers. According to a big data study, Japanese food was by far the most popular type of ethnic food in Brazil in 2019, as more than ** percent of the consumers surveyed quoted it as their favorite. The second most preferred type of ethnic cuisine was Indian, with *** percent. When it comes to fast-food, McDonald's was the favorite fast-food restaurant among Brazilians.
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PERIOD: Oct. 1, 1930. SOURCE: Population Census of Japan; [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet].